Albanian drummers playing in the street of Prizren, Kosovo

Albania is a Southeast European nation that was ruled by Enver Hoxha's communist government for much of the later part of the 20th century, it is now a democratic country. Even before Hoxha's reign began, Albania was long controlled by the Ottoman Empire and other conquering powers, leading to a diversity of influences that is common in the much-fragmented Balkan region and resulting in a diverse and unique musical sound. Albanians (and the ethnic-Albanian Kosovars of nearby Serbia) are commonly divided into three groupings: the northern Ghegs and southern Labs and Tosks. Turkish influence is strongest around the capital city, Tirana, while Shkodër has been long considered the center for musical development in Albania. Author: Chmouel Boudjnah. ... Author: Chmouel Boudjnah. ... View of Prizren Prizren (Serbian Cyrillic Призрен; Albanian Prizreni) is an historic city located in Kosovo at 42. ... Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë/Kosova, Serbian: Косово и Метохија/Kosovo i Metohija) is a UN-administered province of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... Enver Hoxha, (IPA , October 16, 1908–April 11, 1985) was the paramount leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Communist Albanian Party of Labour. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë/Kosova, Serbian: Косово и Метохија/Kosovo i Metohija) is a UN-administered province of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ... Motto: None Anthem: Bože Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian Government • President • Prime Minister Republic Boris Tadić Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Independence Part of Serbia and Montenegro Area  - Total    - Water (%)   88,361 km² (112th if ranked) 34,166 sq mi  N/A Population  - 2005 est. ... Geg is a northern Albanian dialect. ... Tosk may refer to several things: Tosk, a dialect of Albanian. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Shkodër Ãœsküdar, a district of Istanbul, was also known as Scutari. ...

Music has always been a potent means of national expression for Albanians. Under Hoxha's regime, this was channeled into songs of patriotic devotion to the party; since the arrival of democracy in 1991, lyrics have come to focus on long-suppressed traditions like kurbet (seeking work outside of Albania) and support for various political parties, candidates and ideas^[1]. Pop musicians have developed too, long banned under the socialists, with Ardit Gjebrea being foremost among them. Albanian popular music (këngë popullore) is generally based on Italian models^[2]. Defense of the homeland is a commonplace of military patriotism: commemorating the students at the École Polytechnique, Paris, 1814 // Introduction Patriotism denotes positive attitudes by individuals to their own civic or political community, and to actions towards other countries, or to non-civic groups, are not generally described as patriotic... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ...

Folk music was encouraged to some degree under the socialist government, which promoted a quinquennial music festival at Gjirokastër provided that the musicians expressed frequent support for the party leaders. After the fall of socialism, Albanian Radio-Television launched a 1995 festival in Berat that has helped to continue musical traditions^[2]. Gjirokastër, as seen from the Citadel. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Berat (Albanian: Berat or Berati) is a town located in south-central Albania at 40°42′N 19°57′E. It has a population of around 45,500 people (2003 est). ...

Characteristics

Albania's political, military and cultural domination by outside elements has contributed to the country's modern music scene. Albanian music is a fusion of the musics of Southeastern Europe, especially that of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled Albania for more than 500 years. However, the Albanian people kept themselves culturally apart from the Ottomans, with many living in rural and remote mountains. Outside of Albania, many scholars have identified Albanian music as variations of Turkish or Greek models; more recent scholarship has identified an identifiably Albanian style of folk music^[3]. Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. ...

Folk music

Main article: Albanian folk music

Albanian folk music falls into three sylistic groups, with other important music areas around Shkoder and Tirana; the major groupings are the Ghegs of the north and southern Labs and Tosks. The northern and southern traditions are contrasted by the "rugged and heroic" tone of the north and the "relaxed, gentle and exceptionally beautiful" form of the south. These disparate styles are unified by "the intensity that both performers and listeners give to their music as a medium for patriotic expression and as a vehicle carrying the narrative of oral history"^[2], as well as certain characteristics like the use of obscure rhythms such as 3/8, 5/8 and 10/8^[4]. A cultural area is a region (area) with one relatively homogenous human activity or complex of activities (culture). ... Shkodër (Albanian: Shkodër or Shkodra, Serbian Skadar, Latin Scutari, German Skutari) is a city located in North West Albania, in the District of Shkodër and it is the capital of the County of Shkodër. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Geg is a northern Albanian dialect. ... Tosk may refer to several things: Tosk, a dialect of Albanian. ... Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ...

Albanian folk songs can be divided into major groups, the heroic epics of the north, and the sweetly melodic lullabies, love songs, wedding music, work songs and other kinds of song. The music of various festivals and holidays is also an important part of Albanian folk song, especially those that celebrate St. Lazarus Day (the llazore), which inauguarates the springtime. Lullabies and laments are very important kinds of Albanian folk song, and are generally performed by solo women^[5]. A lullaby is a soothing song sung to children before they go to sleep. ... // European and American weddings From the sixteenth to the twentieth century a church wedding would involve the bride walking alone slowly down the church aisle to a processional tune and returning together with her new husband to a lively recessional tune. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A lament or dirge is a song or poem expressing grief or regret. ...

Northern Albania

The Ghegs from north of the Shkumbini River are known for a distinctive variety of sung epic poetry. Many of these are about Skanderbeg, a legendary 15th century warrior who led the struggle against the Turks, and the "constant Albanian themes of honour, hospitality, treachery and revenge". These traditions are a form of oral history for the Ghegs, and also "preserve and inculcate moral codes and social values", necessary in a society that, until the early 20th century, relied on blood feuds as its "primary means of law enforcement"^[6]. Styles of epics include këngë trimash (songs of bravery), këngë kreshnikësh, ballads and maje krahi (cries)^{[citation needed]}. Major epics include Mujo and Halil and Halil and Hajrije^[5]. The Shkumbin (Albanian indefinite form, the definite form is Shkumbini) is a river in central Albania, flowing into the Adriatic Sea. ... Scanderbeg and the people, sculpture by Janaq Paço and Genc Hajdari in the National Museum, Kruje, Albania Gjergj Kastrioti (George Kastrioti) (1405 - January 17, 1468), better known as Skanderbeg, is the most prominent figure in the history of Albania. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... A ballad is a story in a song, usually a narrative song or poem. ...

The most traditional variety of epic poetry is called Rapsodi Kreshnike (Poems of Heroes). These epic poems are sung, accompanied by a lahuta, a one-stringed fiddle. It is rarely performed in modern Albania, but is found in the northern highlands^[2]. The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ...

Somewhat further south, around Dibër and Kërçovë in Macedonia, the lahuta is not used, replaced by the çifteli, a two-stringed instrument in which one string is used for the drone and one for the melody. Though men are the traditional performers, except for the Vajze të betuar, women have increasingly been taking part in epic balladry^[2]. Map showing Dibër within Albania The District of Dibër (Albanian: Rrethi i Dibrës) is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. ... Çifteli is a string instrument mainly used in the Albanian folk music. ... Drone can refer to many things: // In music A drone is a continuous note or chord. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Along with the def, çifteli and sharki are used in a style of dance and pastoral songs. Homemade wind instruments are traditionally used by shepherds in northern Albania; these include the zumarë, an unusual kind of clarinet. This shepherds' music is "melancholic and contemplative" in tone^[2]. The songs called maje-krahi are another important part of North Albanian folk song; these were originally used by mountaineers to communicate over wide distances, but are now seen as songs. Maje-krahi songs require the full range of the voice and are full of "melismatic nuances and falsetto cries"^[5]. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. ... In a draw in a mountainous region, a shepherd guides a flock of about 20 sheep amidst scrub and olive trees. ...

Southern Albania

Southern Albanian music is soft and gentle, and polyphonic in nature. Vlorë in the southwest has perhaps the most unique vocal traditions in the area, with four distinct parts (taker, thrower, turner and drone) that combine to create a complex and emotionally cathartic melody. Author Kim Burton has described the melodies as "decorated with falsetto and vibrato, sometimes interrupted by wild and mournful cries". This polyphonic vocal music is full of power that "stems from the tension between the immense emotional weight it carries, rooted in centuries of pride, poverty and oppression, and the strictly formal, almost ritualistic nature of its structure"^[2]. Vlora (Photo by Marc Morell) Vlorë (Albanian: Vlorë or Vlora; Greek: Αυλών/Aulōn (ancient), Αυλώνα/Avlóna (modern); Italian: Valona) is the second largest port city of Albania, after Durrës, with a population of about 85,000 (2003 estimate). ... Falsetto (fall-SET-oh) is a singing technique that produces sounds that are pitched higher than the singers normal range. ... Vibrato is a musical effect where the pitch or frequency of a note or sound is quickly and repeatedly raised and lowered over a small distance for the duration of that note or sound. ...

South Albania is also known for funeral laments with a chorus and one to two soloists with overlapping, mournful voices. There is a prominent folk love song tradition in the south, in which performers use free rhythm and consonant harmonies, elaborated with ornamentation and melisma^[5]. In music, ornaments are musical flourishes that are not necessary to the overall melodic (or harmonic) line, but serve to decorate or ornament that line. ... In music, melisma is the technique of changing the note (pitch) of a syllable of text while it is being sung. ...

The Tosk people are known for ensembles consisting of violins, clarinets, llautë (a kind of lute) and def. Eli Fara, a popular émigré performer, is from Korçë, but the city of Përmet is the center for southern musical innovation, producing artists like Remzi Lela and Laver Bariu. Lela is of special note, having founded a musical dynasty that continues with his descendents playing a part in most of the major music institutions in Tirana^[2]. The violin is a bowed stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a perfect fifth apart, the lowest being the G just below middle C. It is the smallest and highest-tuned member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Albanian Singer with a lot of fame throughout Albania. ... Korçë (Albanian: Korçë or Korça, Greek: Κορυτσά, Korytsá, Italian: Corizza, South Slavic: Корча, Korcha or Корче, Korče, Aromanian: Curceaua, (Turkish: Görice) is a major city in south-eastern Albania, located at 40°37′N 20°46′E near the border with Greece. ... -1...

Southern instrumental music includes the sedate kaba, an ensemble-driven form driven by a clarinet or violin alongside accordions and llautës. The kaba is an improvised and melancholic style with melodies that Kim Burton describes as "both fresh and ancient", "ornamented with swoops, glides and growls of an almost vocal quality", exemplifying the "combination of passion with restraint that is the hallmark of Albanian culture."^[2] Kaba is: a different orthography for a holy place of Islam, see Kaaba; a town in Hungary, see Kaba (Hungary); a genre of instrumental music from Albania, see Kaba (music). ...

The ethnic Greek inhabitants of Dropulli, whose music is very similar to the music of Epirus in Greece. These Greek-Albanians have a rougher and more aggressive sound than other forms of Albanian music, and lack the polyphonic complexity, but otherwise the same scales and rhythmic patterns as the rest of the country^[2].

Popular music

The city of Shkodër has long been the cultural capital of Albania, and its music is considered the most sophisticated in the country. Bosnian sevdalinka is an important influence on music from the area, which is complex, with shifts through major and minor scales with an Turkish sound and a romantic and sophisticated tone^[2]. Traditional musicians from Shkodër include Bujar Qamili, Luçija Miloti, Xhevdet Hafizi and Bik Ndoja. Sevdalinka is a genre of folk music originating from Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

Albania's capital, Tirana, is the home of popular music dominated by Gypsy influences and has been popularized at home and in emigrant communities internationally by Merita Halili, Parashqevi Simaku and Myslim Leli^[2]. In recent times, influences from Western Europe and the United States have led to the creation of bands that play rock, pop and hip hop among many other genres. The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... For the 1979 song by M, see Pop Muzik. ... Hip hop music (also referred to as rap or rap music) is a style of popular music. ...

The most successful Albanian pop artistes are Giovanni & Sebastian. They have had over twenty number one singles in their homeland. Whilst success outside of this country has been limited, Giovanni has enjoyed success with such artists as Barbara Streisand and Robin Gibb. Sebastian has produced a number of films, the most famous of which is the Albanian spoken remake of The Towering Inferno.

1930s art song

The urban art songs of 1930s Albania can be traced back to the 19th century folk music of Albanian cities. These songs are a major part of Albania's music heritage, but have been little-studied by ethnomusicologists, who prefer to focus on the rural folk music that they see as being more authentically Albanian. Urban art songs are strongly influenced by the music of the Ottoman authorities who controlled Albania for a very long time, introducing elements of Turkish music, especially the Ottoman modal scales, to local folk styles. The northern part of Albania took more readily to Turkish music because both traditions use monophony, while the south of Albania has long been based on polyphony and a Greek modal system^[5]. Ethnomusicology (from the Greek ethnos = nation and mousike = music), formerly comparative musicology, is the study of music in its cultural context, cultural musicology. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÜ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean...

Out of this melting pot of local and imported styles came a kind of lyrical art song based in the cities of Shkodra, Elbasan, Berat and Korça. Though similar traditions existed in other places, they were little recorded and remain largely unknown. By the end of the 19th century, Albanian nationalism was inspiring many to attempt to remove the elements of Turkish music from Albanian culture, a desire that was intensified following independence in 1912; bands that formed during this era played a variety of European styles, including marches and waltzes. Urban song in the early 20th century could be divided into two styles: the historic or nationalistic style, and the lyrical style^[5]. The lyrical style included a wide array of lullabies and other forms, as well as love songs. Alternate meaning: crucible (science) The melting pot is a metaphor for the way in which heterogenous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (iron, tin; people of different backgrounds and religions, etc. ... Shkodër (Albanian: Shkodër or Shkodra, Serbian Skadar, Latin Scutari, German Skutari) is a city located in North West Albania, in the District of Shkodër and it is the capital of the County of Shkodër. ... Elbasan (Albanian: Elbasan or Elbasani) is a city in central Albania. ... Berat (Albanian: Berat or Berati) is a town located in south-central Albania at 40°42′N 19°57′E. It has a population of around 45,500 people (2003 est). ... Korçë (Albanian: Korçë or Korça, Greek: Κορυτσά, Korytsá, Italian: Corizza) is a major city in south-eastern Albania, located at 40°37′ N 20°46′ E near the border with Greece. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology that holds that (ethnically or culturally defined) nations are the fundamental units for human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Stars and Stripes Forever by John Philip Sousa is considered amongst the greatest marches ever written. ... For a musical genre, see Waltz(music). ...

By the end of the 1930s, urban art song had been incorporated into classical music, while the singer Marie Kraja made a popular career out of art songs; she was one of Albania's first popular singers. The first recordings, however, of urban art song came as early as 1937, with the orchestral sounds of Tefta Tashko-Koço^[5]. 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

1950s and beyond

Modern Albanian popular music uses instruments like the çifteli and sharki, which have been used in large bands since the Second World War to great popular acclaim; the same songs, accompanied by clarinet and accordion, are performed at small weddings and celebrations^[2]. Çifteli is a string instrument mainly used in the Albanian folk music. ... A southeasterly wind which sometimes blows in the Persian Gulf. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... A button accordion An accordion is a musical instrument of the handheld bellows-driven free reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as squeezeboxes. ...

Albanian music in Macedonia and Kosovo

Main articles: Music of the Republic of Macedonia, Music of Kosovo The Republic of Macedonia, formally known by international organizations and foreign states as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), is a diverse country, with a Slav Macedonian majority (65%) and a large Albanian minority (25%), and Turks, Cincars, Gypsies, Greeks and Serbs. ... Kosovo is a region of Serbia and Montenegro inhabited mostly by ethnic Albanians as well as Serbs and Montenegrins. ...

Kosovo is part of the country Serbia and Montenegro, and it is mostly ethnically Albanian. There are also many Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia, especially around Lake Presp and Lake Ohrid. Prior to the Kosovo War, there was a thriving music industry in Kosovo, as well as in Macedonia. The Macedonian band Vëllezërit Aliu became well- known for the traditional vocal duets accompanied by drum box, electric bass, synthesizer and clarinet or saxophone^[2]. Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë/Kosova, Serbian: Косово и Метохија/Kosovo i Metohija) is a UN-administered province of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Lake Ohrid is straddling the mountainous border between the southwestern region of the Republic of Macedonia and eastern Albania, 340 sq km (130 sq mi) in area. ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...

The Kosovar music industry was home to many famous musicians, often Roma, including Pristina's Mazllum Shaqiri and the more romantic, more elaborate Qamil i Vogël of Djakovica^[2]. Roma may refer to: Roma people, also known as Gypsies Rome, the capital of Italy, its name in Italian and several other languages ROMA, Representational Oligonucleotide Microarray Analysis, a genomics technology A.S. Roma, an Italian football (soccer) team Roma (mythology), Roman deity Roma (film), three films of that name... Prishtinë/Prishtina (Albanian indefinite/definite form) or Priština (Приштина) (Serbian) is the capital city of Kosovo, a landlocked province of Serbia located at 42°65′ N 21°17′ E. It is estimated that the current population of Prishtina is as high as 500,000. ... Đakovica (Cyrillic: Ђаковица) (in Albanian Gjakova or Gjakovë) is a city located in Kosovo, at 42. ...

Classical music

Main article: Albanian classical music

One pivotal composer in modern Albanian classical music was Mart Gjoka, who composed several vocal and instrumental music which uses elements of urban art song and the folk melodies of the northern highlands; Gjoka's work in the early 1920s marks the beginning of professional Albanian classical music^[7]. Later, the Albanian-American emigres Fan S. Noli and Murat Shendu achieved some renown, with Noli using urban folk songs in his Byzantine Overture and is also known for a symphonic poem called Scanderberg^[5]. Shehu spent much of his life in prison for his religious beliefs, but managed to compose melodramas like The Siege of Shkodër, The Red Scarf and Rozafa, which helped launch the field of Albanian opera^{[citation needed]}. Other famous art composers include Thoma Nassi, Kristo Kono and Frano Ndoja. Preng Jakova became well-known for operas like Scanderbeg and Mrika, which were influenced by traditional Italian opera, the belcanto style and Albanian folk song. Undoubtedly the most famous Albanian composer, however, was Esk Zadeja, known as the Father of Albanian classical music^[7]; he composed in many styles, from symphonies to ballets, beginning in 1956, and also helped found the Music Conservatory of Tirana, the Theatre of Opera and Ballet, and the Assembly of Songs and Dances. The 1920s were a decade sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Theophan (Fan) Stylian Noli (January 6, 1882 - March 13, 1965) was an Albanian bishop and politician, who served briefly as prime minister and regent of Albania in 1924. ... Poster for The Perils of Pauline (1914). ... Preng Jakova (1917-1969) was an Albanian composer, and studied clarinet at the Conservatory Santa Cecilia of Rome. ... Italian opera can be divided into three periods, the Baroque, the Romantic and the modern. ... Belcanto (Bel Canto, bel canto) (Italian, beautiful singing) is an Italian musical term. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Later in the 20th century, Albanian composers came to focus on ballets, opera and other styles; these included Tonin Harapi, Nikolla Zoraqi, Thoma Gaqi, Feim Ibrahimi and Shpetim Kushta. Since the fall of the Communist regime, new composers like Aleksander Peii, Sokol Shupo, Endri Sina and Vasil Tole have arisen, as have new music institutions like the Society of Music Professionals and the Society of New Albanian Music^[7]. Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Sound samples

• Download sample of a kaba

Notes and references

September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Arbatsky, Yuri (1953). Beating the Tupan in the Central Balkans, The Newbery Library.
• Koco, Eno (2004). Albanian Urban Lyric Song in the 1930s, Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810848902.
• Sugarman, Jane C. (1997). Engendering Song: Singing and Subjectivity at Prespa Albanian Weddings, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226779734.