It has been suggested that Cuban folk music be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

The Caribbean island of Cuba has been influential in the development of multiple musical styles in the 19th and 20th centuries. The roots of most Cuban musical forms lie in the cabildos, a form of social club among African slaves brought to the island. The cabildos were formed from the Igbos, Araras, Bantu, Carabalies, Yorubas, and other civilizations/tribes. Cabildos preserved African cultural traditions, even after the Emancipation in 1886 forced them to unite with the Roman Catholic church. At the same time, a religion called Santería was developing and had soon spread throughout Cuba, Haiti and other nearby islands. Santería influenced Cuba's music, as percussion is an inherent part of the religion. Each orisha, or deity, is associated with colors, emotions, Roman Catholic saints and drum patterns called toques. By the 20th century, elements of Santería music had appeared in popular and folk forms. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Music of Cuba. ... The batá is a double-headed drum shaped like an hourglass with one cone larger than the other. ... Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta; also yuca in Spanish, mandioca, aipim, or macaxeira in Portuguese, and mandio in Guaraní) is a woody perennial shrub of the spurge family, that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop for its edible starchy tuberous root. ... For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ... Changui is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of Guantánamo Province. ... A charanga is a Cuban orchestra composed of piano, strings, vocals, flute and Cuban musical style characterized by this kind of orchestration. ... Conga music is a style of Cuban music used to dance Conga. ... Danzón is the official music of Cuba, and derives from a European-influenced ballroom dance played by Cuban ensembles. ... Roberto Fazz. ... Punto Guajiro (also called Punto Cubano),with its Andalucian origins, has been evolving in Cuba since the 1700s, is the country music from the Western and Central provinces of Cuba. ... Cuban Guaracha Traditionally an early form of peasant street music with satirical lyric content somewhat in the Son rhythm style. ... The habanera is a musical style or genre from Cuba with a characteristic Habanera rhythm; it is one of the oldest mainstays of Cuban music and the first of the dances from Cuba to be exported all over the world. ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... Hip hop music arrived in Cuba via radio and TV broadcasts from Miami. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... Nueva trova was a movement in Cuban music that emerged in the mid-1960s. ... Pilón is a Cuban musical form and a popular dance created in the 1950s,[1] its creation is often attributed to bandleader and singer Pacho Alonso. ... Rock and roll in Cuba began in the late 1950s, with artists covering American songs translated into Spanish, as was occurring in Mexico at the same time. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Salsa Dance is the name given in New York to Casino Dance, developed in Havana in the early 1960s. ... Son is a style of Cuban music which became popular in the second half of the 19th century in the eastern province of Oriente. ... Arsenio Rodríguez initially developed son montuno from son. ... Timba is the Cuban counterpart of salsa music, and is often understood to be a sub-category of salsa. ... A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as; musical genre, nationality or locality of musicians, or holiday. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... El Himno de Bayamo (The Bayamo Anthem) is the national anthem of Cuba. ... The music of the Caribbean is a diverse grouping of musical genres. ... The music of the Lesser Antilles encompasses the musics of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Virgin Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Montserrat. ... West Indian redirects here. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Cabildos in Spain are administrative entities. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... “Lukumi / Yoruba Religion / La Religión” redirects here. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... An Orisha, also spelled Orisa and Orixa, is a spirit that reflects one of the manifestations of Olodumare (God) in the Yoruba spiritual or religious system. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are often depicted as having halos. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Cuban music has its principal roots in Spain and West Africa, but over time has been influenced by diverse genres from different countries. Most important among these are France, the United States, and Jamaica. Reciprocally, Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries, contributing not only to the development of jazz and salsa, but also to Argentinian tango, Ghanaian high-life, West African Afrobeat, and Spanish "nuevo flamenco". Cuban music of high quality includes "classical" music, some with predominantly European influences, and much of it inspired by both Afro-Cuban and Spanish music. Several Cuban-born composers of "serious" music have recently received a much-deserved revival. Within Cuba, there are many popular musicians working in the rock and reggaeton idioms. Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20th century. ... Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos. ... Tango music is traditionally played by an orquesta típica, a sextet which includes two violins, piano, doublebass, and two bandoneons. ... Highlife is a musical genre that originated in Ghana and Sierra Leone in the 1920s and spread to other West African countries. ... Afrobeat is a combination of Yoruba music, jazz, and funk rhythms, fused with African percussion and vocal styles, popularized in Africa in the mid to late 1960s. ... Flamenco is a Spanish musical genre. ... For other uses, see Rock music (disambiguation). ... Reggaeton (spelled also with the acute diacritic in English and known as Reguetón and Reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of dance music which became popular with Latin American (or Latino) youth during the early 1990s and spread to North American, European, Asian, and Australian audiences during the...

Folk music

claves

The natives of Cuba were the Taíno, Arawak and Ciboney people, known for a style of music called areito. Large numbers of African slaves and European immigrants brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included zapateo, fandango, zampado, retambico and canción. Later, northern European forms like waltz, minuet, gavotte and mazurka appeared among urban whites. Fernando Ortíz, a Cuban folklorist, described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spanish or Canary Islanders who grew tobacco on small farms. The African slaves and their descendants reconstructed large numbers of percussive instruments and corresponding rhythms, the most important instruments being the clave, the congas and batá drums. Chinese immigrants have contributed the cornetín chino ("Chinese cornet"), a Chinese wind instrument still played in the comparsas, or carnival groups, of Santiago de Cuba and have been since over 100 years ago. Image File history File links Claves. ... Image File history File links Claves. ... The term clave may refer to Clave, a rhythmic pattern Claves, a percussion instrument This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The reconstruction of Taino village, Cuba The Taíno are pre-Colombian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles. ... The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for cassava flour), was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in the Caribbean. ... Ciboney (also Siboney) is a word derived from the Caribbean Indian language of the Arawak. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Zapateo (which literally means shoe tapping) is a flamenco-derived 2/4 folkloric tap dance characterized by precise and alternate rhythmical patterns of feet movements and stampings on the floor. ... This page is about the flamenco style; for other meanings, see Fandango (disambiguation). ... The Caribbean island of Cuba has been influential in the development of multiple musical styles in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Canción is a genre of Latin American music that was popular in the first half of the 20th century. ... A waltz (German: , Italian: , French: , Catalan: ) is a ballroom and folk dance in   time, done primarily in closed position. ... A minuet, sometimes spelled menuet, is a social dance of French origin for two persons, usually in 3/4 time. ... A gavotte dance in Brittany, France, 1878 The gavotte (also gavot or gavote) originated as a French folk dance, taking its name from the Gavot people of the Pays de Gap region of Dauphiné, where the dance originated. ... The mazurka (Polish: mazurek, probably named after Polands Masuria district) is a Polish folk dance in triple metre with a lively tempo, containing a heavy accent on the third or second beat. ... Fernando Ortiz (1881 - 1969) was a Cuban ethnomusicologist and scholar of Afro-Cuban culture. ... Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ... // This article is about crop plantations. ... Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. ... This article is about the product manufactured from Tobacco plants (Nicotiana spp. ... The term clave may refer to Clave, a rhythmic pattern Claves, a percussion instrument This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Conga is a drum, a type of music, and a type of dance (Conga Line). ... The batá is a double-headed drum shaped like an hourglass with one cone larger than the other. ... Music of China appears to date back to the dawn of Chinese civilization, and documents and artifacts provide evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC _ 256 BC). ... A comparsa (conga de comparsa) is the band which plays a conga during a Cuban Carnival celebration. ... Carnival or Carnivale is an annual Christian festival season. ... Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some 540 miles (869 km) east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana. ...

Hernando de la Parra's archives give many of our earliest available information on Cuban music. He reported instruments including the clarinet, violon and vihuela. There were few professional musicians at the time, and fewer still of their songs survive. One of the earliest is "La Ma-Teodore", which is similar to ecclesiastic European forms and 16th century folk songs. Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a perfect fifth apart. ... Orpheus playing a vihuela. ...

Guajira

Main article: Guajira Punto Guajiro (also called Punto Cubano),with its Andalucian origins, has been evolving in Cuba since the 1700s, is the country music from the Western and Central provinces of Cuba. ...

The original guajira was earthy, strident rural acoustic music, possibly related to Puerto Rican jibaro. It appeared in the early 20th century, and is led by a 6-string guitar called a tres, known for a distinctive tuning. A jíbaro is most commonly used to denote Puerto Rican mountain men, that is, those from the lush, mountainous heartland as opposed to those from the coast or the capital, San Juan. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Tres is a 3 course chordophone which was created in Cuba. ... In music, tuning is the process of producing or preparing to produce a certain pitch in relation to another, usually at the unison but often at some other interval. ...

Música campesina

Main article: Música campesina

Música campesina is a rural form of improvised music derived from a local form of décima and verso called punto. It has been popularized by artists like Celina González, and has become an important influence on modern son. Decima is a style of octosyllabic, 10-line poetry. ... The verso of a broadsheet, pamphlet or any printed document is the side that is meant to be read second or the left-hand page of a folded sheet. ... Punto may refer to: A car: Fiat Punto A style of Panamanian music: punto music A style of cuban music: punto guajiro This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Cuban singer, Celina Gonzalez Celina Gonzalez (born 1928) is a Cuban singer and songwriter of musica campesina, traditional music of the Cuban countryside. ...

While remaining mainly unchanged in its forms (thus provoking a steady decline in interest among the Cuban youth), some artists have tried to renew música campesina with new styles, lyrics, themes and arrangements.

Classical music

Among internationally heralded composers of the "serious" genre can be counted the Baroque composer Esteban Salas, whose music recently has been released on a number of CDs. Some consider him the most advanced composer in the New World at the close of the Eighteenth Century. In the 19th century, several major composers came from Cuba. These included Robredo Manuel, who helped transform contradanza into a litany of future styles, Laureano Fuentes, who wrote an opera, Selia, that is still well-remembered, and Gaspar Villete, who was respected across the Atlantic in Europe. Jose White, a mulatto of half-Haitian origin, was a violinist of international merit, much praised in Paris, who also composed a Violin Concerto reminiscent of Mendelssohn. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Contredanse (also contra-dance and other variant spellings) refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. ...

It was Ignacio Cervantes, however, who did the most to assert a sense of Cuban musical nationalism, using Afro-Cuban and guajiro techniques. Aaron Copeland once referred to him as a "Cuban Chopin" because of his Chopinesque piano compositions. Cervantes' nationalistic followers, who espoused a philosophy called Afrocubanismo, included Alejandro Caturla, whose music is sometimes redolent of Bartok-mixed-with-Delius, and the percussion stylist Amadeo Roldán. Caturla and Roldán's music would be performed in the U.S. and Europe at concerts of Henry Cowell's Pan-American Association of Composers. Ignacio Cervantes Kawanagh (Havana, 31 July 1847 – Havana, 29 April 1905) was a Cuban virtuoso pianist and composer, considered to be one of the most influential to the Music of Cuba. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Area inhabited by the Wayuus, between Colombia and Venezuela. ... Alejandro García Caturla (1906-1940) was a Cuban composer of contemporary classical music. ... Amadeo Roldán (Jun 12, 1900 in Paris - Mar 7, 1939 in Havana) was a Cuban composer and violinist. ... Henry Cowell (March 11, 1897 - December 10, 1965) was an American composer, musical theorist, pianist, teacher, publisher, and impresario. ...

Probably the greatest Cuban musical mind of the Twentieth Century and of all time was Ernesto Lecuona, whose serious works have earned him the title "the Cuban Gershwin," and he recently underwent a revival with the release of at least five CDs covering all of his piano works. Lecuona started as a child prodigy who later on could compose in his head a la Mozart. His most famous work is the "Malagueña", part of his "Spanish Suite" of piano pieces, often erroneously identified as music of a Spanish composer. He also composed several symphonic works and light operas which are owned by his estate, several of which have not yet been performed publically. Ernesto Lecuona (August 6, 1896 - 1963) was a Cuban composer and performer, undoubtedly the greatest and most legendary Cuban musician of his time. ...

Other significant composers in need of a revival include Joaquin Nin (often misindentified as "Spanish") and Gonzalo Roig, who specialized in orchestrating national themes, and was the composer of the most well-known Cuban operetta, Cecilia Valdez. After the Cuban Revolution in 1959, a new crop of classical musicians came onto the scene. The most important of these is guitarist Leo Brouwer, who made significant innovations in classical guitar, and is currently the director of the Havana Symphonic Orchestra. His directorship in the early 1970s of the Cuban Instititute of Instrumental and Cinematographic Arts (ICAIC) was instrumental in the formation and consolidation of the nueva trova movement. Joaquin Nin (September 29, 1859 – October 24, 1949) was a Cuban pianist and composer. ... The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of Fulgencio Batistas dictatorial government on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements in the country. ... Leo Brouwer (born March 1, 1939) is a Cuban composer, guitarist and conductor. ... Nueva trova was a movement in Cuban music that emerged in the mid-1960s. ...

Cuban-born classical pianists include many who have recorded with the world's greatest symphonies, including Jorge Bolet (friend of Rachmaninoff and Liszt specialist), Horacio Gutierrez (former Tchaikovsky Competition silver medalist), and prize-winning pianist and owner of the "Elan" classical CD company, Santiago Rodriguez, a Russian-music specialist. A number of Cuban concert pianists still living in Cuba have been recorded on various major music record labels. Guitarist Manuel Barrueco is considered by some to be the world's greatest classical guitarist. Jorge Bolet (November 15, 1914–October 16, 1990) was a pianist and conductor. ... Horacio Gutiérrez (born in Havana) is a virtuoso pianist originally from Cuba. ... Manuel Barrueco (pronounced Mah-noo-éhl Bah-roo-éh-koh) is a classical guitarist. ...

Danzón

Main article: Danzón Danzón is the official music of Cuba, and derives from a European-influenced ballroom dance played by Cuban ensembles. ...

The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is most influentially represented by danzón, which is an elegant dance that became established in Cuba before being exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. Its roots lay in European social dances like the English country dance, French contredanse and Spanish contradanza. Danzon developed in the 1870s in the region of Matanzas, where African culture remained strong. It had developed in full by 1879 . Played by orquesta tipica, an informal military marching band, danzóns evolved from the habanera by incorporating African elements, and were played by artists like Miguel Failde. Failde added elements from the French contredanse, and laid the way for future artists like José Urfe, Enrique Jorrín and Antonio María Romeu. Danzón is the official music of Cuba, and derives from a European-influenced ballroom dance played by Cuban ensembles. ... English Country Dance, sometimes abbreviated ECD, is a form of folk dance. ... Thursday night contras in Cambridge, Massachusetts Contradance (also Contra dance, Contra-dance and other variant spellings) refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. ... Contredanse (also contra-dance and other variant spellings) refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. ... // The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban Province Matanzas. ... Orquesta tipica (or tango orchestra) is an orchestra or chamber group that traditionally plays Argentine tango music. ... The habanera is a musical style or genre from Cuba with a characteristic Habanera rhythm; it is one of the oldest mainstays of Cuban music and the first of the dances from Cuba to be exported all over the world. ... Thursday night contras in Cambridge, Massachusetts Contradance (also Contra dance, Contra-dance and other variant spellings) refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. ... Enrique Jorrín, c. ...

Haitians in Cuba: Charanga

Main article: Charanga A charanga is a Cuban orchestra composed of piano, strings, vocals, flute and Cuban musical style characterized by this kind of orchestration. ...

Other forms of Cuban folk music include the bolero ballads from Santiago, and small French creole bands called charangas. Charangas come from Haitian refugees during the Haitian Revolution (1791), who settled in the Oriente and established their own style of danzón, forming a kind of cabildo called the tumba francesa and became known for comparsa, mambo, chachachá and other kinds of folk music. The bolero is a type of dance and musical form. ... Illustration by Arthur Rackham of the ballad The Twa Corbies A ballad is a story, usually a narrative or poem, in a song. ... Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in eastern Cuba. ... This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A charanga is a Cuban orchestra composed of piano, strings, vocals, flute and Cuban musical style characterized by this kind of orchestration. ... Combatants Haiti France Commanders Toussaint LOuverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines Charles Leclerc, vicomte de Rochambeau, Napoleon Bonaparte Strength Regular army: <55,000, Volunteers: <100,000 Regular army: 60,000, 86 warships and frigates Casualties Military deaths: unknown, Civilian deaths: <100,000 Military deaths: 57,000 (37,000 combat; 20,000... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Capital: Santiago de Cuba Area: 6,170km² Inhabitants: 1,016,600 Population Density: 164. ... “La Tumba Francesa” Tumba derives from “tambours, which is French word for drums , which emerged in the eighteenth century in Cuba, during the French and Spanish and Haitian migration. ... A comparsa (conga de comparsa) is the band which plays a conga during a Cuban Carnival celebration. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ...

Changuí

Main article: Changuí Changui is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of Guantánamo Province. ...

Changuí is a rapid form of son from the eastern provinces (Santiago and Guantánamo, known together as Oriente), and is best exemplified by Elio Revé. It is unclear how the changuí originated, and whether it is a precursor to the classical son, but it seems that the two developed along parallel lines. Changuí is characterised by its strong emphasis on the downbeat, as well as being fast and very percussive. While it was Elio Revé who modernised the changuí, musicians such as Cándido Fabré and more recently Los Dan Den gave it the contemporary feel it has today. Most importantly Los Van Van, led by Juan Formell, drew on changuí, adding trombones, synthesizers and more percussion, to create the songo. Cándido Fabré is a Cuban musician, song writer, and singer, and famous for his art of improvisation. ... Dan Den is a cuban music group founded by Juan Carlos Alfonso in late 1988. ... Los Van Van is a Cuban band led by Juan Formell, a bassist who in 1967 became musical director of Elio Reves charanga orchestra. ... Los Van Van is a Cuban band led by Juan Formell, a bassist who in 1967 became musical director of Elio Reves charanga orchestra. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... A synthesizer (or synthesiser) is an electronic musical instrument designed to produce electronically generated sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM, physical modelling synthesis, phase distortion, or Scanned synthesis. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... Songo is a type of latin music where the bass notes do not typically fall on beat one of any measure. ...

Son

Main article: Son (music) Son is a style of Cuban music which became popular in the second half of the 19th century in the eastern province of Oriente. ...

Son band

Son is a major genre of Cuban music, and has helped lay the foundation for most of what came after. It arose in the eastern part of the island, among Spanish-descended farmers, and is thought to have been derived from changui, which also merged the Spanish guitar and African rhythms and to which son is closely related. Image File history File links Sonmusic. ... Image File history File links Sonmusic. ... Changui is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of Guantánamo Province. ...

Son's characteristics vary widely today, with the defining characteristic a bass pulse that comes before the downbeat, giving son and its derivatives (including salsa) its distinctive rhythm; this is known as the anticipated bass. In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. ...

Son traditionally concerns itself with themes like love and patriotism, though more modern artists are socially or politically-oriented. Son lyrics are typically decima (ten line), octosyllabic verse, and it is performed in 2/4 time. The son clave has both a reverse and forward clave, which differ in that a forward clave has a three note bar (tresillo), followed by a two note bar, while the reverse is the opposite. The term clave may refer to Clave, a rhythmic pattern Claves, a percussion instrument This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Batá and yuka

Main article: Batá and Yuka The batá is a double-headed drum shaped like an hourglass with one cone larger than the other. ... Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta; also yuca in Spanish, mandioca, aipim, or macaxeira in Portuguese, and mandio in Guaraní) is a woody perennial shrub of the spurge family, that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop for its edible starchy tuberous root. ...

One of the most vibrant cabildos was the Lukumí, which became known for batá drums, played traditionally at initiation ceremonies, and gourd ensembles called abwe. In the 1950s, a collection of Havana-area batá drummers called Santero helped bring Lucumí styles into mainstream Cuban music, while artists like Mezcla and Lázaro Ros melded the style with other forms, including zouk. Lukumí or Regla de Ocha, is most widely known as Santeria, (Santería in Spanish) is a set of related religious systems that fuse Catholic beliefs with traditional Yoruba beliefs. ... The batá is a double-headed drum shaped like an hourglass with one cone larger than the other. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... An abwe or chekeré is a musical Cuba that uses gourds. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Lukumí or Regla de Ocha, most widely known as Santeria, is a set of related religious systems that fuse Catholic beliefs with traditional Yorùbá beliefs. ... Lázaro Ros (May 11 1925 - February 8 2005) was a Afro-Cuban singer. ... Zouk is a style of rhythmic music originating from the French Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. ...

The Kongo cabildo is known for its use of yuka drums, as well as gallos (a form of song contest), makuta and mani dances, the latter being closely related to the Brazilian martial dance capoeira. Yuka drum music eventually evolved into what is known as rumba, which has become internationally popular. Rumba bands traditionally use several drums, palitos, claves and call and response vocals. Kongo may refer to: The Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom in southwestern central Africa Bakongo, an ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Angola and Brasil Kongo language Kongo Central, the name of the former Bas-Congo province, in the Democratic Republic of... Gallos are contests between two competing singers in Cuba. ... ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... A palito is a Puerto Rican musical instrument typically 25 cm long and 3 cm in diameter made of wood. ... Claves is a percussion instrument, consisting of a pair of short, thick wooden dowels. ... In music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. ...

Rumba

Main article: Rumba It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Abroad, rumba is primarily thought of as a glitzy ballroom dance spelt rhumba. The Cuban rumba is spontaneous, improvised and lively, coming from the dockworkers of Havana and Matanzas. Percussion (including quinto and tumbadoras drums and "palitos", or sticks, to play a cáscara rhythm) and vocal parts (including a leader and a chorus -- see call and response (music)) are combined to make a danceable and popular form of music. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Gaskell Ball Ballroom dance, refers collectively to a set of partner dances, which originated in the Western world and are now enjoyed both socially and competitively around the globe. ... Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government  - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino Aslán Area  - City 721. ... Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban Province Matanzas. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... In music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. ...

The word rumba is believed to stem from the verb rumbear, which means something like to have a good time, party. The rhythm is the most important part of rumba, which is always music primarily meant for dancing.

There are three basic rumba forms, with accompanying dances: columbia, guaguanco and yambú. The Columbia, played in 6/8 time, is generally danced only by men, often as a solo dance, and is very swift, with aggressive and acrobatic moves. The guagancó, played in 2/4, is danced with one man and one woman, and is slower. The dance simulates the man's pursuit of the woman, and is thus sexually charged. The yambú, known as "the old people's rumba", is a precursor to the guaguancó and is played more slowly. Yambú has almost died-out and is played almost exclusively by folkloric ensembles. Guaguancó is one sub-genre of Cuban rumba, a highly complex rhythmic music and dance style. ...

Diversification and Popularization

Musicians at the Hotel Nacional, Havana. October 2002

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 154 KB) The author of this photograph is me, David Shankbone. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 154 KB) The author of this photograph is me, David Shankbone. ... Musicians at the Hotel Nacional, Havana. ...

1920s and '30s

Son music came to Havana in 1920 (see 1920 in music) due to the efforts of legendary groups like Trío Matamoros. Son was urbanized, with trumpets and other new instruments, leading to its tremendous influence on most later forms of Cuban music. In Havana, influences such as American popular music and jazz via the radio were adopted. Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government  - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino Aslán Area  - City 721. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... See also: 1919 in music, other events of 1920, 1921 in music and the list of years in music. // Events Mamie Smiths first blues recordings become a hit, alerting record companies to the African American market. ... Trio Matamoros was one of the most popular early Cuban bands. ... For Trumpet Winsock, see Winsock. ...

The son trios gave way to the septets, including guitar or tres, marímbulas or double bass, bongos, claves and maracas. The trumpet was introduced in 1926. Lead singers improvised lyrics and embellished melody lines while the claves laid down the basic son clave beat. The Tres is a 3 course chordophone which was created in Cuba. ... Marimbula Marímbula (a member of the Mbira family of instruments, first created by Queen Marimba of the Wakamba), pronounced mah-REAM-boo-lah, is a folk musical instrument of Caribbean Islands. ... Look up bongo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Claves is a percussion instrument, consisting of a pair of short, thick wooden dowels. ... Maracas Maracas (sometimes called rhumba shakers) are simple percussion instruments (idiophones), usually played in pairs, consisting of a dried calabash or gourd shell (cuia - kOO-ya) or coconut shell filled with seeds or dried beans. ... For Trumpet Winsock, see Winsock. ... Claves is a percussion instrument, consisting of a pair of short, thick wooden dowels. ... Clave (pronounced clah-vay) is a rhythmic pattern or timeline which has its roots in West African music and was developed in Cuba. ...

As time passed, musicians began "whitening up" son for the growing tourist traffic in the Havana nightclubs who did not understand the complex African rhythms.

Cuban music enters the United States

In the 1930s, the Lecuona Cuban Boys and Desi Arnaz popularized the conga in the US and Don Aspiazu did the same with son montuno, while Arsenio Rodriguez developed the conjunto band and rumba's popularity grew. Conjunto son, mambo, chachachá, rumba and conga became the most important influences on the invention of salsa. Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Lecuona Cuban Boys was a popular cuban music band during the 30s and 40s. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Arsenio Rodr guez (August 30, 1911 - December 30, 1972) was a Cuban musician who developed the son montuno. ... Tejano is also the name of Texans of Spanish origin. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Caribbean rhythm that is popular in many Latino countries. ...

Habanera

Main article: Habanera The habanera is a musical style or genre from Cuba with a characteristic Habanera rhythm; it is one of the oldest mainstays of Cuban music and the first of the dances from Cuba to be exported all over the world. ...

In the late 19th century, the habanera developed out of the contradanza which had arrived from Haiti after the Haitian revolution. The main innovation from the contradanza was rhythmic, as the habanera incorporated Spanish and African influences into its repertoire. Contredanse (also contra-dance and other variant spellings) refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. ...

In the 1930s, habanera performer Arcaño y sus Maravillas incorporated influences from conga and added a montuno (as in son), paving the way for the mixing of Latin musical forms, including guaracha, played by a charanga orchestra. Guaracha (sometimes simply called charanga) also drew from Haitian musical forms, has been extremely popular and continues to entertain audiences. Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Montuno is a style of piano playing common to Latin American music. ... Cuban Guaracha Traditionally an early form of peasant street music with satirical lyric content somewhat in the Son rhythm style. ... A charanga is a Cuban orchestra composed of piano, strings, vocals, flute and Cuban musical style characterized by this kind of orchestration. ...

It was not, however, until 1995 that a Cuban artist first recorded a complete disc in the Habanera genre, when singer/songwriter Liuba Maria Hevia recorded some songs researched by musicologist Maria Teresa Linares, then director of the Cuban Museum of Music. Even then, the original intention was to supply the Cuban Museum of Music with some sound references of the genre. It is worth mentioning that the same artist, unhappy with the technical conditions at the time (Cuba was in the middle of the so-called Periodo Especial), re-recorded most of the songs on the 2005 CD Angel y habanera.

The fact that the above-mentioned CD Habaneras en el tiempo (1995) was mainly distributed in Barcelona underlines the fading interest on this kind of music in the island, specially when compared to the vigorous popularity of the Habanera in the Mediterranean coast of Spain.

1940s and '50s

Arsenio Rodriguez, one of Cuba's most famous soneros, is considered to have brought son back to its African roots in the 1940s by adapting the guaguanco style to son, and by adding a cowbell and conga to the rhythm section. He also expanded the role of the tres as a solo instrument. Rodriguez introduced the montuno (or mambo section) for melodic solos and his style became known as son montuno. Arsenio Rodr guez (August 30, 1911 - December 30, 1972) was a Cuban musician who developed the son montuno. ... Guaguancó is one sub-genre of Cuban rumba, a highly complex rhythmic music and dance style. ... The cowbell is a percussion instrument. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... This article is about Mambo dance and musical style. ...

In the 1940s, Chano Pozo formed part of the bebop revolution in jazz, playing conga and other Afro-Cuban drums. Conga was integral part of what became known as Latin jazz, which began in the 1940s among Cubans in New York City. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Chano Pozo(January 7 1915 in Havana, Cuba-December 2, 1948 in New York, USA) was a percussionist with a musical background from Cuban religious cults. ... Bebop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. ... Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20th century. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ...

Benny Moré, considered by many fans of Cuban music as the greatest Cuban singer of all time, was at his heyday in the 1950s. He was gifted with an innate musicality and fluid tenor voice which he colored and phrased with great expressivity. Moré was a master all the genres of Cuban music, including son montuno, mambo, guaracha, guajira, cha cha cha, afro, canción, guaguancó, and bolero. Benny Moré (August 24, 1919 – February 19, 1963) is considered by many fans of Cuban music as the greatest Cuban singer of all time. ...

Cuban music in the US

Main articles: Chachachá and Mambo For the dance, see Cha-cha-cha (dance). ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ...

A charanga group called Orquesta America, led by violinist Enrique Jorrín, helped invent chachachá, which became an international fad in the 1950s. Chachachá was popularized by bands led by Tito Puente, Perez Prado and other superstars. Many of these same performers also updated mambo for modern audiences. The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. ... Enrique Jorrín, c. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Tito Puente Ernesto Antonio Puente Jr. ... Dámaso Pérez Prado, a Cuban bandleader and composer, was born on December 11, 1916 in Matanzas, Cuba. ...

The mambo first entered the United States in the early 1940s. The first mambo, "Mambo" by Orestes "Cachao" Lopez, was written in 1938 . Five years later, Perez Prado introduced the dance to the audience at La Tropicana, a nightclub in Havana. Mambo was distinguished from its immediate predecessor, danzon, by elements of son montuno and jazz. By 1947, mambo was wildly popular in the US, but the craze lasted only a few years. Israel Cachao López (born 1918 in Havana, Cuba), often known just as Cachao (pronounced kah-CHOW) is a Cuban mambo musician and composer, who has helped bring mambo music to popularity in the United States of America in the early 1950s. ... Dámaso Pérez Prado, a Cuban bandleader and composer, was born on December 11, 1916 in Matanzas, Cuba. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

Other influential musicians prior to the revolution were Ernesto Lecuona, Chano Pozo, Bola de Nieve, who lived in Mexico, and Mario Bauza, who, along with such "Nuyoricans" Ray Barreto and Tito Puente made innovation in mambo which gradually would produce Latin jazz and later salsa. A large number of musicians left Cuba between 1966 and 1968, after the Cuban government nationalised the remaining nightclubs and the recording industry. Among these was Celia Cruz, a guaracha singer, who gave strong impulses to the development of salsa. In later years Cubans were very active in Latin jazz and early salsa, such as percussionist Patato Valdés of the Cuban-oriented "Tipíca '73", linked to the Fania All-Stars. Several former members of Irakere have also become highly successful in the USA, among them Paquito D'Rivera and Arturo Sandoval. Ernesto Lecuona (August 6, 1896 - 1963) was a Cuban composer and performer, undoubtedly the greatest and most legendary Cuban musician of his time. ... Chano Pozo(January 7 1915 in Havana, Cuba-December 2, 1948 in New York, USA) was a percussionist with a musical background from Cuban religious cults. ... Bola de Nieve is the nickname for Ignacio Villa (September 11, 1911, Guanabacoa, Havana City, Cuba – October 2, 1971, Mexico City, Mexico), a Cuban author, singer and composer. ... Mario Bauza (April 28, 1911 in Havana, Cuba - July 11, 1993 in New York City) was one of the important figures in the development of latin jazz. ... Tito Puente Ernesto Antonio Puente Jr. ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos. ... Celia Cruz (October 21, 1925 – July 16, 2003) was a three-time Grammy Award and four-time Latin Grammy winning Cuban-American salsa singer who spent most of her career living in New Jersey, and working in the United States and several Latin American countries. ... Cuban Guaracha Traditionally an early form of peasant street music with satirical lyric content somewhat in the Son rhythm style. ... Fania Records was a New York based record label founded by Johnny Pacheco (a musician) and Jerry Masucci (a lawyer) in 1963. ... Irakere (Yoruba for vegetation) is a Cuban band founded by pianist Chucho Valdés in 1973 that won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Recording in 1980 with its album Irakere. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Arturo Sandoval (born November 6, 1949) is a jazz trumpeter and pianist. ...

1960s and '70s

Modern Cuban music is known for its relentless mixing of genres. For example, Los Zafiros were a Cuban doo-wop group but they added a Cuban twist to their music using samba, boleros, ballads and other genres. This made them a favorite in Havana, where they originated, and all over Cuba in the 1960s. In the 1970s saw Los Irakere use batá in a big band setting; this became known as son-batá or batá-rock. Later artists created the mozambique, which mixed conga and mambo, and batá-rumba, which mixed rumba and batá drum music. Mixtures including elements of hip hop, jazz and rock and roll are also common, like in Habana Abierta's rockoson. Musical genres are categories which contain music which share a certain style or which have certain elements in common. ... Los Zafiros (English: The Sapphires) were a Cuban vocal group formed in 1962. ... Doo-wop is a style of vocal-based rhythm and blues music popular in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s in America. ... Samba is one of the most popular forms of music in Brazil. ... The bolero is a type of dance and musical form. ... Illustration by Arthur Rackham of the ballad The Twa Corbies A ballad is a story, usually a narrative or poem, in a song. ... Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in Cuba Coordinates: Country Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Administrative Divisions 15 Founded 1515a Government  - President of the Peoples Power Provincial Assembly Juan Contino Aslán Area  - City 721. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979. ... Irakere (Yoruba for vegetation) is a Cuban band founded by pianist Chucho Valdés in 1973 that won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Recording in 1980 with its album Irakere. ... A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from 1935 until the late 1940s. ... Bata drums (from left: Okónkolo, Iyá, Itótele) (photo courtesy Harold Muñiz) A Batá drum is a double-headed drum shaped like an hourglass with one cone larger than the other. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... Batá-rumba is a form of Rumba music popular mainly in Cuba. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20th century. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... A form of Cuban music made with elements of timba, nueva trova and rock and roll made since the late 1980s by groups like Vanito y La Lucha Almada and Habana Abierta. ...

Castro and Cuban exiles

The arrival to power of Fidel Castro in 1959 signified on one side mass exile to Puerto Rico, Florida and New York, and the protection of artist by the Communist state, reflected in state-owned record labels like EGREM. In Cuba, the Nueva Trova movement (including Pablo Milanés) reflected the new leftist ideals. Young musicians learned in music school. The state-run cabaret Tropicana was a popular attraction for foreign tourists, though more well-informed tourists sought out local casas de la Trova. Musicians were full-time and paid by the state after graduating from a conservatory, but as much as 90% of their income was taken by the Ministry of Culture. Castro's government eventually forced even early supporters like Arturo Sandoval and Paquito D'Rivera into exile. The fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s eventually changed the situation quite a bit, and musicians were then allowed to tour abroad and earn a living outside the state-run system. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... EGREM (Empresa de Grabaciones y Ediciones Musicales; spanish for musical recording and publishing company) is a Cuban label, located in Havana. ... Nueva trova was a movement in Cuban music that emerged in the mid-1960s. ... Pablo Milanés Arias (born in Bayamo, Cuba on February 24, 1943) is a Cuban singer and guitar player. ... A music school or conservatoire (British English) — also known as a conservatory (American English) or a conservatorium (Australian English) — is an institution dedicated to teaching the art of music, including the playing of musical instruments, musical composition, musicianship, music history, and music theory. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and conform with our NPOV policy, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Arturo Sandoval (born November 6, 1949) is a jazz trumpeter and pianist. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Famous artists from the Cuban exile are Celia Cruz, Cachao, La Lupe, Willy Chirino, Olga Guillot and Gloria Estefan. Many of these musicians became closely associated with the anti-Castro movement. The term Cuban exile usually refers to the large exodus of Cubans fleeing Fidel Castros communist state since the 1959 Cuban Revolution and in particular the wave of Cuban American refugees to the U.S. during the years 1960 and 1979, who sought greater political and economic freedom. ... Celia Cruz (October 21, 1925 – July 16, 2003) was a three-time Grammy Award and four-time Latin Grammy winning Cuban-American salsa singer who spent most of her career living in New Jersey, and working in the United States and several Latin American countries. ... Israel Cachao López (born 1918 in Havana, Cuba), often known just as Cachao (pronounced kuh-CHOW) was a Cuban mambo musician and composer, who helped bring mambo music to popularity in the United States of America in the early 1950s. ... La Lupe, or La Yiyiyi, (born Guadalupe Victoria Yolí Raymond, December 23, 1936 - d. ... Olga Guillot (born c. ... Gloria Estefan (born Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García on September 1, 1957 in Havana, Cuba) is a five-time Grammy Award-winning Cuban American singer and songwriter. ...

Salsa

Main article: Salsa music Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos. ...

In the 1970s and onwards, son montuno was combined with other Latin musical forms, such as the mambo and the rumba, to form contemporary salsa music, currently immensely popular throughout Latin America and the Hispanic world. Latin American music, or the music of Latin America, is sometimes called Latin music. ... Mambo is a Cuban musical form and dance style. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Spanish Caribbean genre that is popular across Latin America and among Latinos. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... The Hispanic world. ...

Nueva trova

Main article: Nueva trova Nueva trova was a movement in Cuban music that emerged in the mid-1960s. ...

Paralleling nueva canción in Chile and Argentina, Cuba's political and social turmoil in the 1960s and '70s produced a socially aware form of new music called nueva trova. Silvio Rodríguez and Pablo Milanés became the most important exponents of this style. It arose from travelling trovadores in the early 20th century, including popular musicians like Sindo Garay (best-known for "La Bayamesa"), Nico Saquito, Carlos Puebla and Joseíto Fernández (best-know