Indonesia is culturally diverse, and every one of the 18,000 islands has its own cultural and artistic history and character^[1]. This results hundreds of different forms of music, which often accompanies dance and theater. The musics of Java, Sumatra, Bali, Flores and other islands have been documented and recorded, and research by Indonesian and international scholars is ongoing. Gamelan - Indonesian Embassy in Canberra A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesian origin typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings, and vocalists may also be included. ... A Kecak dance being performed at Uluwatu, in Bali Kecak (pronounced: KEH-chahk, alternate spellings: Ketjak, Ketjack, and Ketiak), a form of Balinese music drama, originated in the 1930s and is performed primarily by men. ... Kecapi is a group of string instruments which are plucked, and the suling is a javan flute made of bamboo. ... See also Music of Indonesia Tembang sunda, also called seni mamaos cianjuran is a style of classical vocal music that originated in the Sunda province of highland west Java. ... Dangdut is a genre of Indonesian popular music which is partly derived from Arab, Indian, and Malay folk music. ... Indonesian hip hop artists include: Iwa K Denada TOFU Homicide Hip hop music Music of Indonesia http://www. ... Kroncong is the name of a ukulele-type instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong, a flute, and a female singer. ... Gambus (Arabian Oud) is a stringed instrument like a guitar with a body shaped like a pear sliced in half. ... Dr. Gugum Gumbira Tirasondjaja, often known just as Gugum Gumbira, is a Sundanese composer, orchestra leader, choreographer, and entrepreneur from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. ... Langgam jawa is a regional form of Indonesian kroncong music most often associated with the city of Surakarta (solo). ... Qasidah modern is a type of Indonesian music which originates from the word, Qasidah, an ancient Arabic word for religious poetry accompanied by chanting and percussion. ... Indonesia is culturally diverse, and every one of the 18,000 islands has its own cultural and artistic history and character[1]. This results hundreds of differernt forms of music, which often accompanies dance and theater. ... Tapanuli ogong is a form of dance music played with a lute, a trumpet and a flute. ... Gamelan - Indonesian Embassy in Canberra A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesian origin typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings, and vocalists may also be included. ... Angklung Musical Instrument Angklung is a musical instrument made out of two bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. ... Gamelan beleganjur is one of the most popular styles of gamelan music in Bali. ... Gamelan Degung is a Sundanese musical ensemble that utilises a subset of modified gamelan instruments with a particular mode of pelog scale. ... A gambang is a metallophone-like percussive instrument of Indonesian origin, with wooden bars as opposed to the metallic ones in a Western metallophone; it forms part of a gamelan ensemble. ... Gamelan gong gede is a form of the ceremonial gamelan music of Java and Bali. ... --84. ... Jegog is a form of gamelan music indigenous to Bali, Indonesia played on instruments made of Bamboo. ... Joged bumbung is a style of gamelan music from Bali, Indonesia on instruments made primarily out of bamboo. ... Slendro (called salendro by the Sundanese) is a pentatonic scale, one of the two most common scales (laras) used in Indonesian gamelan music, the other being pélog. ... Gamelan selunding is a sacred ensemble of gamelan music from Bali. ... Gamelan semar pegulingan is an old variation of the Balinese music genre gamelan. ... Bali is an Indonesian island that shares in the gamelan and various other Indonesian musical styles. ... The gamelan orchestra, based on metallic percussion with winds and drums, is well-known to many readers. ... Sumatra is a part of Indonesia; its best-known musical output is probably dangdut, a rabab/saluang instrumental style. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... Bali is an Indonesian island located at , the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. ... Map of Flores Island Flores (Portuguese for flowers) is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. ...

Tembang sunda

Tembang sunda, usually called seni mamaos cianjuran, or just cianjuran, is a form of sung poetry which arose in the colonial-era Kabupaten of Cianjur. It was first known as an aristocratic art; one cianjuran composer was R.A.A Kusumahningrat (Dalem Pancaniti), ruler of Cianjur (1834 - 1862). The instruments of Cianjuran are kacapi Indung, kacapi rincik and suling or bamboo flute, and rebab for salendro compositions. The lyrics are typically sung in free verse, but a more modern version, panambih, is metrical. See also Music of Indonesia Tembang sunda, also called seni mamaos cianjuran is a style of classical vocal music that originated in the Sunda province of highland west Java. ... A regency (kabupaten) is a political subdivision of a province in Indonesia. ... Cianjur is a city west of Bandung, the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. ... Suling Suling is an Indonesian flute made out of bamboo used in gamelan ensembles. ... The gamelan salendro is a form of gamelan music found in Sunda, West Java, Indonesia. ... Panambih is metrical sung poetry and more modern version of the Tembang sunda of Indonesia. ...

Kecapi suling

Kecapi suling is a type of instrumental music that is highly improvisational and popular in parts of Java. It is related to tembang sunda. Kecapi is a group of string instruments which are plucked, and the suling is a javan flute made of bamboo. ... Instrumental An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or piece without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... See also Music of Indonesia Tembang sunda, also called seni mamaos cianjuran is a style of classical vocal music that originated in the Sunda province of highland west Java. ...

Gamelan

Metallophone

Gongs

Player

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gamelan

The most popular and famous form of Indonesian music is gamelan, an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments that include metallophones, drums, gongs and spike fiddles along with bamboo flutes. Similar ensembles are prevalent throughout Indonesia and Malaysia, but gamelan is from Java, Bali and Lombok. There are rivalries between different regions' variations of gamelan, especially Java and Bali. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 293 KB) Traditional instruments - the Indonesian Embassy in Australia File links The following pages link to this file: Gamelan Music of Indonesia Metallophone Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/Humanities/December 2005 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 293 KB) Traditional instruments - the Indonesian Embassy in Australia File links The following pages link to this file: Gamelan Music of Indonesia Metallophone Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/Humanities/December 2005 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 417 KB) Traditional instruments - the Indonesian Embassy in Australia File links The following pages link to this file: Gong Gamelan Music of Indonesia Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/Humanities/December 2005 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 417 KB) Traditional instruments - the Indonesian Embassy in Australia File links The following pages link to this file: Gong Gamelan Music of Indonesia Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/Humanities/December 2005 ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 326 KB) Traditional Indonesian instrument being played - Indonesian Embassy File links The following pages link to this file: Gamelan Music of Indonesia Wikipedia:Featured pictures visible User talk:Fir0002 Wikipedia:Featured pictures candidates/December-2005 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Playing... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 326 KB) Traditional Indonesian instrument being played - Indonesian Embassy File links The following pages link to this file: Gamelan Music of Indonesia Wikipedia:Featured pictures visible User talk:Fir0002 Wikipedia:Featured pictures candidates/December-2005 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Playing... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Gamelan - Indonesian Embassy in Canberra A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesian origin typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings, and vocalists may also be included. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... Generally speaking, a metallophone is any musical instrument consisting of tuned metal bars which are struck to make sound, usually with a mallet. ... Bass drum made from wood, rope, and cowskin A drum is common considered to be the oldest musical instrument known to man. ... A gong is any one of a wide variety of metal percussion instruments. ... The rebab (also rebap, rabab, rebeb, rababah, al-rababa) is a string instrument which originated in Afghanistan [citation needed], no later than the 8th century, and was spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Europe, and the Far East. ... Diversity Around 91 genera and 1,000 species Subtribes Arthrostylidiinae Arundinariinae Bambusinae Chusqueinae Guaduinae Melocanninae Nastinae Racemobambodinae Shibataeinae See the full Taxonomy of the Bambuseae. ... The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ... Gunung Rinjani from Gili Trawangan Lombok (1990 pop. ...

Central Java

Central gamelan is intricate and meticulously laid out. The central melody is played on a metallophone in the center of the orchestra, while the front section plays elaboration and ornamentation on the melody, and, at the back, the gongs slowly punctuate the music. There are two tuning systems - the 5-tone slendro scale and the 7-tone pelog scale. Unlike Western music, there is no standard tuning system. Each Gamelan is tuned to itself, and the intervals between notes on the scale vary between ensembles. Slendro (called salendro by the Sundanese) is a pentatonic (five tone) scale, one of the two most common scales used in Indonesian gamelan music. ... Pelog is one of the two essential scales of gamelan music native to Bali and Java, in Indonesia. ...

The metallophones cover four octaves, and include types like the slenthem, demung, saron panerus and balungan. The soul of the gamelan is believed to reside in the large gong, or gong ageng. Other gongs are tuned to each note of the scale and include ketuk, kenong and kempul. The front section of the orchestra is diverse, and includes rebab, suling, siter, bonang and gambang. Male choruses (gerong) and female (pesindhen) solo vocalists are common. A Gamelan Gadhon is an ensemble consisting of the soft instruments of the Javanese gamelan. ... Saron barung (front, with wooden mallets) and saron panerus (in back, with horn mallet) The saron is a musical instrument of Indonesia, which is used in the gamelan. ... Saron barung (front, with wooden mallets) and saron panerus (in back, with horn mallet) The saron is a musical instrument of Indonesia, which is used in the gamelan. ... The balungan (Javanese: skeleton, frame) is sometimes called the core melody of a gamelan composition. ... Two gong rails; the two sets (on unconnected stands) are pélog and sléndro. ... The kempyang and ketuk (Javanese: kethuk) are two instruments in the gamelan, generally played by the same player, and sometimes played by the same player as the kenong. ... The kenong is one of the instruments used in the Indonesian gamelan. ... A kempul is an Indonesian musical instrument. ... The rebab (also rebap, rabab, rababah, al-rababa) is a bowed string instrument which originated in Afghanistan, no later than the 8th century, and was spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Europe, and the Far East. ... Suling Suling is an Indonesian flute made out of bamboo used in gamelan ensembles. ... Celempung at the Indonesian Embassy in Australia The siter and celempung are plucked string instruments used in Javanese gamelan. ... Bonang of Bali The bonang is an instrument used in the gamelan. ... A gambang is a metallophone-like percussive instrument of Indonesian origin, with wooden bars as opposed to the metallic ones in a Western metallophone; it forms part of a gamelan ensemble. ... Gerong is the Javanese verb meaning to sing in a chorus. ... A sindhen (or, more properly, pesindhen; also called waranggono) is a female solo singer who sings with a gamelan. ... In music, solo means to play or sing alone. ...

History

Gamelan is rooted in Hinduism and Buddhism, though the island of Java is almost entirely Muslim today. Islam arrived in the 15th century, filtered through Hindustani Indians. With the arrival of the Dutch colonizers, a number system called kepatihan was developed to record the music. Music and dance at the time was divided into several styles based on the four main courts in the area -- Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Pakualaman and Mangkunagaran. It is a universal acknowledgment that gamelans are highly honoured. Hinduism (known as in some modern Indian languages[1]) is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Hindustan (Hindi: हिन्दुस्तान [Hindustān], Urdu: [Hindostān], from the (Sanskrit) HindÅ« + -stān, archaic Hindoostan) and the adjective Hindustani may relate to various aspects of four geographic areas: Hindustan: Land of the Hindus. ... Kepatihan is a type of cipher musical notation that was devised for notation of the Indonesian gamelan. ... Surakarta (its formal name; locally it is referred to as Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500,000 people located in Central Java. ... The Special Region of Yogyakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY), is a province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ... Pakualaman (also written Paku Alaman) is a small hereditary principality within the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. ...

West Java

West Java, or Sunda, has a diverse brand of gamelan. Gamelan Degung, gamelan salendro and tembang sunda are three primary types. Sunda may refer to: Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the western part of the Malay archipelago Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Strait, the strait between Java and Sumatra Sunda Shelf, part of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, covered by the South China Sea which isolates... Gamelan Degung is a Sundanese musical ensemble that utilises a subset of modified gamelan instruments with a particular mode of pelog scale. ... Slendro (called salendro by the Sundanese) is a pentatonic scale, one of the two most common scales (laras) used in Indonesian gamelan music, the other being pélog. ... See also Music of Indonesia Tembang sunda, also called seni mamaos cianjuran is a style of classical vocal music that originated in the Sunda province of highland west Java. ...

Gamelan salendro

Gamelan salendro is used primarily to accompany classical or more modern social dances, and is considered a low-class form. The 20th century saw a rise in the popularity and importance of female singers. Slendro (called salendro by the Sundanese) is a pentatonic scale, one of the two most common scales (laras) used in Indonesian gamelan music, the other being pélog. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

East Java

Gamelan from eastern Java is less well-known than central or western parts of the island. Perhaps most distinctive of the area is the extremely large gamyak drum.

Osinger

The Osinger minority in Java are known for social music for weddings and other celebrations, called gandrung, as well as angklung, played by young amateur boys, which is very similar to Balinese gamelan.. Angklung Musical Instrument Angklung is a musical instrument made out of two bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame. ... Bali is an Indonesian island located at , the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. ...

Pop and folk music

Indonesian pop and folk is quite diverse, embracing rock, house, hip hop and other genres, as well as distinctly Indonesian forms. There are several kinds of "ethnic" pop music, generally grouped together as Pop Daerah (regional pop). These include Pop Sunda, Pop Minang, Pop Batak, and others. The regional pop musics mostly use local languages and a mix of western and regional style music and instruments.

Kroncong

Kroncong has been evolving since the arrival of the Portuguese, who brought with them European instruments. By the early 1900s, it was considered a low-class urban music. This changed in the 1930s, when the rising Indonesian film industry began incorporating kroncong, and then even more so in the mid- to late 1940s, when it became associated with the struggle for independence. Kroncong is the name of a ukulele-type instrument and an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong, a flute, and a female singer. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... // Public flight demonstration of an airplane by Alberto Santos-Dumont in Paris, November 12, 1906. ... Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Perhaps the most famous song in the kroncong style is Bengawan Solo, written in 1940 by Gesang Martohartono, a Solonese musician. Written during the Japanese Imperial Army occupation of the island in World War II, the song (about the Bengawan Solo River, Java's longest and most important river) became widely popular among the Javanese, and then later nationally when recordings were broadcast over the local radio stations. The song also became quite popular with the Japanese soldiers, and when they returned to Japan at the end of the war re-recordings of it (by Japanese artists) became best-sellers. Over the years it has been re-released many times by notable artists, mainly within Asia but also beyond, and in some places it is seen as typifying Indonesian music. A rand is a relatively short musical composition. ... Bengawan Solo is a famous Indonesian song about the Bengawan Solo River, which flows through central and eastern Java, Indonesia and is that islands longest river. ... Gesang Martohartono (b. ... Surakarta (its formal name; locally it is referred to as Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500,000 people located in Central Java. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was in existence from the Meiji Reformation to the end of World War II. It was created to replace the traditional Japanese samurai with a modern Western-style conscript army. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Bengawan Solo River (alternatively, Solo River) is the longest river on the Indonesian island of Java, approximately 540 km in length. ...

Gesang himself remains the most renowned exponent of the style, which although it is seen now as a somewhat starchy and "dated" form is still popular among large segments of the population, particularly the older generation.

Langgam jawa

There is a style of kroncong native to Surakarta (Solo) called langgam jawa, which fuses kroncong with the gamelan seven-note scale. Surakarta (its formal name; locally it is referred to as Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500,000 people located in Central Java. ... Langgam jawa is a regional form of Indonesian kroncong music most often associated with the city of Surakarta (solo). ... Gamelan - Indonesian Embassy in Canberra A gamelan is a kind of musical ensemble of Indonesian origin typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, drums, and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings, and vocalists may also be included. ...

Tembang jawa

Similar in style is tembang jawa. Perhaps its greatest current star is Didi Kempot.

Gambang kromong

Early in the 20th century, kroncong was used in a type of theater called komedi stanbul; adapted for this purpose, the music was called gambang kromong. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Dangdut

Dangdut is a form of dance music that has been popular since the mid-1970s. Dangdut is based around the singers, and stars include Rhoma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih (the King and Queen of Dangdut), along with Inul Daratista, Evie Tamala, Mansyur S, A. Rafiq, and Fahmy Shahab. Dangdut is a genre of Indonesian popular music which is partly derived from Arab, Indian, and Malay folk music. ... Dance music is music composed or played specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979. ... Rhoma Irama (born December 11, 1946 in Tasikmalaya, West Java) is an Indonesian dangdut singer. ... Elvy Sukaesih, born 1951, one of the most popular singers in Java, Indonesia has been dubbed the Queen of Dangdut. Dangdut is a filmic type of popular music with many incidental asides, that has gained mainstream acceptance Indonesia in the 1990s. ... Inul Daratista (born Ainur Rokhimah, 3 January 1979) is a dangdut singer and performance artist from Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. ... Evie Tamala (born June 23, 1969, West Java) is a popular Indonesian singer-songwriter. ... A. Rafiq is a prominent Jakarta-based dangdut artist. ... Fahmy Shahab is a popular Indonesian singer-songwriter of the dangdut style. ...

Jaipongan

Jaipongan is a very complex rhythmic dance music from Sunda. The rhythm is liable to change seemingly randomly, making dancing difficult for most listeners. Its instruments are entirely from Sunda, completely without imported instruments from the West, China, Japan or elsewhere. It was invented by artists like Gugum Gumbira after Sukarno prohibited rock and roll and other western genres. Dr. Gugum Gumbira Tirasondjaja, often known just as Gugum Gumbira, is a Sundanese composer, orchestra leader, choreographer, and entrepreneur from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. ... Sunda may refer to: Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the western part of the Malay archipelago Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Strait, the strait between Java and Sumatra Sunda Shelf, part of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, covered by the South China Sea which isolates... Dr. Gugum Gumbira Tirasondjaja, often known just as Gugum Gumbira, is a Sundanese composer, orchestra leader, choreographer, and entrepreneur from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ...

Qasidah modern

Qasidah is an ancient Arabic word for religious poetry accompanied by chanting and percussion. Qasidah modern adapts this for pop audiences. A qasida (also spelled qasidah) in Arabic قصيدة, in Persian قصیده, is a form of poetry from pre-Islamic Arabia. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Qasidah modern is a type of Indonesian music which originates from the word, Qasidah, an ancient Arabic word for religious poetry accompanied by chanting and percussion. ...

Gambus

Gambus literally means oud, referring to a type of lute. It is used to denote a type of orchestra and the music it plays, believed to be introduced by Muslim settlers from Yemen. Though popular among Arabs in Indonesia, it has gained little popularity elsewhere. Gambus (Arabian Oud) is a stringed instrument like a guitar with a body shaped like a pear sliced in half. ... Front and rear views of an oud. ... A medieval era lute. ...

Tapanuli ogong

From Tapanuli, tapanuli ogong is a form of dance music played with a type of lute, trumpet and flute. Tapanuli ogong is a form of dance music played with a lute, a trumpet and a flute. ... Dance music is music composed or played specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing. ... A medieval era lute. ... For Trumpet Winsock, see Winsock. ... The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ...

See also

Indonesia Portal

• List of Indonesian composers
• Culture of Indonesia
• Music of Java

References

• Bass, Colin. "No Risk -- No Fun!"". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 131-142. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
• Heaton, Jenny and Steptoe, Simon. "A Storm of Bronze". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 117-130. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

External links

• Smithsonian Folkways Recordings