The music of Italy ranges across a broad spectrum of opera and instrumental classical music, the traditional styles of the country's different regions, and a body of popular music drawn from both native and imported sources. Music has traditionally been one of the cultural markers of Italian national and ethnic identity and holds an important position in society and in politics. Italian innovation in musical scales, harmony, notation, and theater enabled the development of opera in the late 16th century, and much of modern European classical music, such as the symphony and concerto. // Art Music Art music is a somewhat broader term than classical music and may be defined for the purposes of this article as establishment music (either religious or secular) that is composed for pubic or private performance. ... Italian opera can be divided into three periods, the Baroque, the Romantic and the modern. ... // Italian pop stars have included Lucio Dalla, Renato Zero, Adriano Celentano, Gianni Morandi, Fabio Concato, Pupo, Mina, Eros Ramazzotti, Umberto Tozzi, Andrea Bocelli, Ornella Vanoni, Vasco Rossi, Luca Carboni, Francesco De Gregori, Fabrizio De André, Francesco Guccini, Giorgio Gaber, Gianni Togni, Laura Pausini, Claudio Baglioni, Angelo Branduardi, Michele Zarrillo, Riccardo... Italy is a European country, and has had a long relationship with rock and roll, a style of music which spread to the country by the early 1960s from the United States. ... There was a dynamic Italian hardcore punk scene in the 1980s . ... Italian hip hop started in the early 1990s. ... Italian folk music has a deep and complex history. ... Italian jazz. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The modern state of Italy did not come into being until 1861, though the roots of music on the Italian peninsula can be traced back to the music of Ancient Rome. ... Time line for Music of Italy Dates for musical periods such as Baroque, Classical, Romantic, etc. ... Italian music awards There are a great number of music competitions that offer prizes for performance and composition in both classical and popular music. ... FIMI Federazione dellindustria musicale italiana (Federation of the Italian music industry) is an umbella organization that keeps track of virtually all aspects of the music recording industry in Italian. ... Italian music festivals Below is a list of major music festivals in Italy with links to the appropriate external websites: Arena di Verona Outdoor opera during the summer months in the Roman amphitheater in Verona. ... The Festival della canzone italiana (in english: Festival of the Italian song) is a popular Italian song contest running since 1951 and held annually in the city of Sanremo. ... Live concert in IV Novembre Square The Umbria Jazz Festival is one of the most important venues for Jazz in Europe and has been held annually since 1973, usually in July, in the city of Perugia, Italy. ... The annual Festival of Ravello is a popular music venue in Italy. ... Cathedral of Santa Maria dellAssunta in Spoleto The Festival dei due Mondi (Festival of Two Worlds) is an annual summer festival in the city of Spoleto, Italy. ... The Festivalbar is an Italian singing competition that takes place in the most important Italian squares during summer, such as the Piazza del Duomo, Milan; the first time it was held was in 1964. ... Music media in Italy There is an abundance of print, on-line and broadcast media in Italy that cover all kinds of music. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Goffredo Mameli, author of the text of the Italian national anthem Michele Novaro, composer of the music Il Canto degli Italiani (The Song of the Italians) is the Italian national anthem. ... The development of music in the Aosta Valley region of Italy, similar to nearby Piedmont, has much to do with the presence of medieval monasteries that preserved important musical manuscripts from the Middle Ages and also served as conduits of information and influence from areas to the north. ... At first glance, the Music of Abruzzo seems less defined than other regional music in Italy. ... The music of Basilicata is sparse at the moment. ... The Music of Calabria Like other regions in southern Italy, Calabria for many centuries was an integral part of the kingdom of Naples, and, as with other regions, the musical life tended to be overshadowed by the important activities in the capital city to the north--the conservatories there, the... Music of Campania The capital city of the Campania region of Italy is Naples; there is a separate article dealing with the Music of Naples. ... The Music of Emilia-Romagna has the reputation of being one of the richest in Europe; there are six music conservatories alone in the region, and the sheer number of other musical venues and activities is astounding. ... While Florence, itself, needs no introduction as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, the music of Florence may, in fact, need such an introduction. ... The musical fortunes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia are closely tied to its political fortunes over the course of centuries, all having to do with proximity to the great maritime Republic of Venice as well as to the Austro-Hungarian empire and the vicissitudes of being a heavily contested area during... (For music outside of the city and province of Genoa in the Liguria region of Italy, see Music of Liguria. ... (Latium (Lazio) is a region in central Italy that includes the city and province of Rome. ... The Music of Liguria flourished in the 19th century for a number of reasons. ... This article is about the Music of Lombardy outside of the city and province of Milan. ... The music of the Marche has been shaped by the fact that the entire region is a collection of small centers of population. ... This article is about music in and of the city and province of Milan. ... While it is one of the smalles regions of Italy, the Music of Molise is active. ... Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries not just in the music of Italy, but in the general history of western European musical traditions. ... The Piedmont (Piemonte in Italian) has played an important role in the development of music, in general, in Italy, due to the presence of medieval monasteries in that area, institutions that were great preservers of mansucripts in the Middle Ages as well as being geographically well located to connect to... The Music of Puglia has had some glorious history as well as some very hard times. ... The Music of Rome is intensely active. ... Probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy, Sardinia is an islated island known for the tenores polyphonic chant, sacred songs called gozos and launeddas, a type of bagpipes. ... Sicily has an almost unparalleled history of cultural diversity. ... The Music of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol reflects the multilingual and multiethnic make-up of the region. ... (This article is about the Music of Tuscany outside of the city and province of Florence. ... If there were a way to measure music per capita the Music of Umbria would rank very high. ... The music of Veneto has much to offer. ... (This article is about music in and of the city of Venice. ... Below is a list of major Italian opera houses with appropriate external links to their websites: Bologna Teatro Comunale Catania Teatro Bellini Florence Teatro la Pergola Genova Teatro Carlo Felice Florence La Scala Naples Teatro San Carlo Parma Teatro Regio di Parma Palermo Teatro Massimo Rome Teatro dellOpera Torino... Below is an alphabetical list, by city, of those music conservatories in Italy that maintain webpages. ... There is also an article on Italian musical terms used in English. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... This article is about Western art music from 1000 AD to the 2000s . ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... Politics of Italy takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... In music, a scale is a set of musical notes that provides material for part or all of a musical work. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... [[Media:Example. ...

Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Opera is integral to Italian musical culture, and has become a major segment of popular music. The Neapolitan song, canzone Napoletana, and the cantautori singer-songwriter traditions are also popular domestic styles that form an important part of the Italian music industry, alongside imported genres like jazz, rock and hip hop. Italian folk music is an important part of the country's musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. ... Canzone napoletana, or Neapolitan song, is what most people think of when they think of Neapolitan music. ... Cantautori (Italian plural. ... The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Rock is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars, and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles, however saxophones have been omitted from newer subgenres of rock music since the 90s. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ...

Characteristics

Like other elements of Italian culture, Italian music is generally eclectic. No parochial protectionist movement has ever attempted to keep Italian music pure and free from foreign influence, except briefly under the Fascist regime of the 1920s and 30s.^[1] As a result, Italian music has kept elements of the many peoples that have dominated or influenced the country, including Germanic tribes, Arabs, Greeks, French and Spanish. The country's historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of musical notation and Gregorian chant. The culture of Italy can be found in the Roman ruins remaining in much of the country, the precepts of the Roman Catholic Church, the spirit of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, the architecture. ... Forms of German-language music include Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW), Krautrock, Hamburger Schule, Volksmusik, German hip hop, Schlager and multiple varieties of folk music. ... Arabic music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arab classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Immigrant populations from around the Mediterranean, especially Greece, the Balkans and North Africa, have established large communities in the southern peninsula over the last thousand years.^[2] As a result, folk music on Sicily and the southern Italian mainland display features typical of elsewhere in the Mediterranean. These include an excessive nasality in the voice and an extremely ornamental approach to pitch.^[3] Lomax's description of southern Italian singing is widely cited: "A voice as pinched and strangulated and high-pitched as any in Europe. The singing expression is one of true agony, the throat is distended and flushed with strain, the brow knotted with a painful expression. Many tunes are long and highly ornamented in Oriental style."^[4] Melody has typically been important in most Italian musical forms, even at the expense of lyrics and harmonic complexity. This is true in opera, popular music and even, to some extent, in modern text-centered styles such as Italian hip hop and the music of the cantautori singer-songwriters.^[5] In music, ornaments are musical flourishes that are not necessary to the overall melodic (or harmonic) line, but serve to decorate or ornament that line. ... Pitch is the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. ... Lyrics are the words in songs. ... Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... Italian hip hop started in the early 1990s. ... Cantautori (Italian plural. ...

Social identity

Italy was not unified politically until the 19th century. The drive towards unification led to efforts to create a sense of Italian identity, famously described by the Italian statesman Massimo d’Azeglio: “We have created Italy; now we have to create Italians.”^[6] Abroad, Italian culture and society are often stereotyped, associating all Italian music with certain styles. For example, some years ago the Mayor of Venice banned gondoliers from singing Neapolitan songs for the tourists, most of whom requested "‘O sole mio" and other songs typical only of Naples but widely regarded abroad as characteristic of all Italian music.^[7] Francesco Hayez: Massimo dAzeglio 1860 Massimo Taparelli, marquis dAzeglio (Turin, October 24, 1798 - January 15, 1866), was an Italian statesman, novelist and painter. ... Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries not just in the music of Italy, but in the general history of western European musical traditions. ... O sole mio is a universally famous Italian romantic folk song. ...

Allegiance to music is integrally woven into the social identity of Italians but no single style has been considered a characteristic "national style". Most folk musics are localized, and unique to a small region or city.^[8][9] Italy's classical legacy, however, is an important point of the country's identity, particularly opera; traditional operatic pieces remain a popular part of music and an integral component of national identity. The musical output of Italy remains characterized by "great diversity and creative independence (with) a rich variety of types of expression".^[9]

With the growing industrialization that accelerated during the 20th century, Italian society gradually moved from an agricultural base to an urban and industrial center. This change weakened traditional culture in many parts of society; a similar process occurred in other European countries, but unlike them, Italy had no major initiative to preserve traditional musics. Immigration from North Africa, Asia, and other European countries led to further diversification of Italian music. Traditional music came to exist only in small pockets, especially as part of dedicated campaigns to retain local musical identities:^[8])

Politics

Music and politics have been intertwined for centuries in Italy. Just as many works of art in the Italian Renaissance were commissioned by royalty and the Roman Catholic Church, much music was likewise composed on the basis of such commissions—incidental court music, music for coronations, for the birth of a royal heir, royal marches, and other occasions. Composers who strayed ran certain risks. Among the best known of such cases was the Neapolitan composer Domenico Cimarosa, who composed the Republican hymn for the short-lived Neapolitan Republic of 1799. When the republic fell, he was tried for treason along with other revolutionaries. Cimarosa was not executed by the restored monarchy, but he was exiled.^[10] This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Domenico Cimarosa (December 17, 1749-January 11, 1801), Italian opera composer, was born at Aversa, in the kingdom of Naples. ... The Parthenopaean Republic formed a brief interlude in the history of the Kingdom of Naples, the result of activities of France in the aftermath of Jacobinism to export revolution . Origins of the Republic On the outbreak of the French Revolution King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Queen Maria Carolina did...

Music also played a role in the unification of the peninsula. During this period, some leaders attempted to use music to forge a unifying cultural identity. One example is the chorus "Va Pensiero" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Nabucco. The opera is about ancient Babylon, but the chorus contains the phrase "O mia Patria", ostensibly about the struggle of the Israelites, but also a thinly veiled reference to the destiny of a not-yet-united Italy; the entire chorus became the unofficial anthem of the Risorgimento, the drive to unify Italy in the 19th century. Even Verdi's name was a synonym for Italian unity because "Verdi" could be read as an acronym for Vittorio Emanuele Re d'Italia, Victor Emanuel King of Italy, the Savoy monarch who eventually became Victor Emanuel II, the first king of united Italy. Thus, "Viva Verdi" was a rallying cry for patriots and often appeared in graffiti in Milan and other cities in what was then part of Austro-Hungarian territory. Verdi had problems with censorship before the unification of Italy. His opera Un ballo in maschera was originally entitled Gustavo III and was presented to the San Carlo opera in Naples, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, in the late 1850s. The Neapolitan censors objected to the realistic plot about the assassination of Gustav III, King of Sweden, in the 1790s. Even after the plot was changed, the Neapolitan censors still rejected it.^[11] “Verdi” redirects here. ... Nabucco is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on the biblical story and the play by Anicet-Bourgeois and Francis Cornu. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Un ballo in maschera, or A Masked Ball, is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi with text by Antonio Somma. ... The San Carlo is a famous opera house in Naples, Italy. ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV of Naples gave to his domain (including Southern Italy and Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ... Gustav III, King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends, etc. ... Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. ...

Later, in the Fascist era of the 1920s and 30s, government censorship and interference with music occurred, though not on a systematic basis. Prominent examples include the notorious anti-modernist manifesto of 1932^[12] and Mussolini's banning of G.F. Malipiero's opera La favola del figlio cambiato after one performance in 1934.^[13] The music media often criticized music that was perceived as either politically radical or insufficiently Italian.^[9] General print media, such as the Enciclopedia Moderna Italiana, tended to treat traditionally favored composers such as Giacomo Puccini and Pietro Mascagni with the same brevity as composers and musicians that were not as favored—modernists such as Alfredo Casella and Ferruccio Busoni; that is, encyclopedia entries of the era were mere lists of career milestones such as compositions and teaching positions held. Even the conductor Arturo Toscanini, an avowed opponent of Fascism,^[14] gets the same neutral and distant treatment with no mention at all of his "anti-regime" stance.^[15] Perhaps the best-known episode of music colliding with politics involves Toscanini. He had been forced out of the musical directorship at La Scala in Milan in 1929 because he refused to begin every performance with the fascist song, Giovinezza. For this insult to the regime, he was attacked and beaten on the street outside the Bologne opera after a performance in 1931.^[16] During the Fascist era, political pressure stymied the development of classical music, although censorship was not as systematic as in Nazi Germany. A series of "racial Laws" was passed in 1938, thus denying to Jewish composers and musicians membership in professional and artistic associations.^[17] Although there was not a massive flight of Italian Jews from Italy during this period (compared to the situation in Germany)^[18] composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, an Italian Jew, was one of those who emigrated. Some non-Jewish foes of the regime also emigrated—Toscanini, for one.^[1][19] Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. ... Pietro Mascagni (Livorno December 7, 1863 – Rome August 2, 1945) is one of the most important Italian opera composers of the turn of the 20th century. ... Alfredo Casella (Turin, July 25, 1883, Rome, March 5, 1947) was an Italian composer. ... Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (April 1, 1866 – July 27, 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, music teacher and conductor. ... Arturo Toscanini (March 25, 1867 – January 16, 1957) was an Italian musician. ... The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, by night. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (April 3, 1895 – March 16, 1968) was an Italian Jewish composer. ...

More recently, in the later part of the 20th century, especially in the 1970s and beyond, music became further enmeshed in Italian politics.^[19] A roots revival stimulated interest in folk traditions, led by writers, collectors and traditional performers.^[9] The political right in Italy viewed this roots revival with disdain, as a product of the "unprivileged classes".^[20] The revivalist scene thus became associated with the opposition, and became a vehicle for "protest against free-market capitalism".^[9] Similarly, the avant-garde classical music scene has, since the 1970s, been associated with and promoted by the Italian Communist Party, a change that can be traced back to the 1968 student revolts and protests.^[8] A roots revival (folk revival) is a trend which includes young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ...

Classical music

Main article: Italian classical music

Italy has long been a center for European classical music, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Italian classical music had forged a distinct national sound that was decidedly Romantic and melodic. As typified by the operas of Verdi, it was music in which "...The vocal lines always dominate the tonal complex and are never overshadowed by the instrumental accompaniments..."^[21] Italian classical music had resisted the "German harmonic juggernaut"^[22]—that is, the dense harmonies of Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss. Italian music also had little in common with the French reaction to that German music—the impressionism of Claude Debussy, for example, in which melodic development is largely abandoned for the creation of mood and atmosphere through the sounds of individual chords.^[23] // Art Music Art music is a somewhat broader term than classical music and may be defined for the purposes of this article as establishment music (either religious or secular) that is composed for pubic or private performance. ... Giacomo Puccini - Preludio Sinfonico. ... Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. ... The Fulda Symphonic Orchestra (German: Fuldaer Symphonisches Orchester) is an orchestra based in Fulda, Germany. ... Image File history File links Cambini_-_Quintet1-mov2. ... Giuseppe Maria Gioacchino Cambini (February 13?, 1746 - 1825?) Italian composer and violinist. ... Caruso-AveMaria. ... For the song Caruso by Lucio Dalla, see Caruso (song). ... La Donna E Mobile Rigoletto. ... “Verdi” redirects here. ... Giuseppe Verdi, by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome) Rigoletto is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. ... Corelli-Trio Sonata 11-3. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as they were later called). ... “Mahler” redirects here. ... This article is about the German composer of tone-poems and operas. ... Claude Debussy, photo by Félix Nadar, 1908. ...

European classical music changed greatly in the 20th century. New music abandoned much of the historical, nationally developed schools of harmony and melody in favor of experimental music, atonality, minimalism and electronic music, all of which employ features that have become common to European music in general and not Italy specifically.^[24] These changes have also made classical music less accessible to many people. Important composers of the period include Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, Luigi Dallapiccola, Carlo Jachino, Gian Carlo Menotti, Jacopo Napoli, and Goffredo Petrassi. For experimental rock music, see experimental rock. ... Atonality describes music not conforming to the system of tonal hierarchies, which characterizes the sound of classical European music between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. ... For other uses, see Minimalism (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electronic music (disambiguation). ... Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ... Grave of Nono in the San Michele Cemetery, Venice. ... Luigi Dallapiccola (February 3, 1904 – February 19, 1975) was an Italian composer known for his lyrical twelve-tone compositions. ... Carlo Jachino (1887-1971) Prominent Italian composer of the 20th century. ... Gian Carlo Menotti, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1944 Gian Carlo Menotti (July 7, 1911 – February 1, 2007) was an Italian-born American composer and librettist who wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors among about two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste. ... Jacopo Napoli (b. ... Goffredo Petrassi (July 16, 1904 – March 3, 2003) was an Italian composer of modern classical music. ...

Opera

Opera originated in Italy in the late 1500s during the time of the Florentine Camerata. Through the centuries that followed, opera traditions developed in Venice and Naples; the operas of Claudio Monteverdi, Alessandro Scarlatti, and, later, of Gioacchino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gaetano Donizetti flourished. Opera has remained the musical form most closely linked with Italian music and Italian identity. This was most obvious in the 19th century through the works of Giuseppe Verdi, an icon of Italian culture and pan-Italian unity. Italy retained a Romantic operatic musical tradition in the early 20th century, exemplified by composers of the so-called Giovane Scuola, whose music was anchored in the previous century, including Arrigo Boito, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Pietro Mascagni, and Francesco Cilea. The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Alessandro Scarlatti Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2, 1660 – October 24, 1725) was a Baroque composer especially famous for his operas and chamber cantatas. ... Portrait Gioacchino Antonio Rossini (February 29, 1792 – November 13, 1868)[1] was an Italian musical composer who wrote more than 30 operas as well as sacred music and chamber music. ... Vincenzo Bellini Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (November 3, 1801 – September 23, 1835) was an Italian opera composer. ... Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was a famous Italian opera composer. ... The Giovane Scuola (Young School) were a group of Italian composers (mostly operatic) which included Puccini, Mascagni, Leoncavallo, Giordano, Cilea, and Perosi. ... Arrigo Boito (February 24, 1842 – June 10, 1918) was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist and composer, best known today for his opera libretti and his own opera, Mefistofele. ... Ruggiero Leoncavallo (March 8, 1857 - August 9, 1919) was an Italian opera composer. ... Pietro Mascagni (Livorno December 7, 1863 – Rome August 2, 1945) is one of the most important Italian opera composers of the turn of the 20th century. ... Francesco Cilea, (Palmi, near Reggio Calabria, July 26, 1866 - Varazze, near Savona, November 20, 1950) was an Italian opera composer, whose early success was not sustained, as taste in music changed. ...

After World War I, however, opera declined in comparison to the popular heights of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Causes included the general cultural shift away from Romanticism and the rise of the cinema, which became a major source of entertainment. A third cause is the fact that "internationalism" had brought contemporary Italian opera to a state where it was no longer "Italian".^[8] This was the opinion of at least one prominent Italian musicologist and critic, Fausto Terrefranca, who, in a 1912 pamphlet entitled Giaccomo Puccini and International Opera, accused Puccini of "commercialism" and of having deserted Italian traditions. Traditional Romantic opera remained popular; indeed, the dominant opera publisher in the early 20th century was Casa Ricordi, which focused almost exclusively on popular operas until the 30s, when the company allowed more unusual composers with less mainstream appeal. The rise of relatively new publishers such as Carisch and Suvini Zerboni also helped to fuel the diversification of Italian opera.^[8] Opera remains a major part of Italian culture; renewed interest in opera across the sectors of Italian society began in the 1980s. Respected composers from this era include the well-known Aldo Clementi, and younger peers such as Marco Tutino and Lorenzo Ferrero.^[8] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Romantics redirects here. ... Fausto Terrefranca (1880-1955) Italian musicologist and critic. ... Casa Ricordi was a wordwide publisher of operas and classical music, founded by Giovanni Ricordi in Milan in 1808. ... Carish Italian music publishing house, founded in Milan in 1887 by the Swiss, G.A. Carish. ... Suvini Zerboni (ESZ) Italian music publishing house founded in 1907 in Milan, taking its name from the theater society of the same name. ... Aldo Clementi (born 1925 in Catania) is an Italian composer. ... Marco Tutino (b. ... Lorenzo Ferrero (b. ...

Sacred music

Italy, being one of Catholicism's seminal nations, has a long history of music for the Roman Catholic Church. Until approximately 1800, it was possible to hear Gregorian Chant and Renaissance polyphony, such as the music of Palestrina, Lasso, Anerio, and others. Approximately 1800 to approximately 1900 was a century during which a more popular, operatic, and entertaining type of church music was heard, to the exclusion of the aforementioned chant and polyphony. In the late 1800s, the Cecilian Movement was started by musicians who fought to restore this music. This movement gained impetus not in Italy but in Germany, particularly in Regensburg. The movement reached its apex around 1900 with the ascent of Don Lorenzo Perosi and his supporter (and future saint), Pope Pius X.^[25] The advent of Vatican II, however, nearly obliterated all Latin-language music from the Church, once again substituting it with a more popular style.^[26] Catholic Church redirects here. ... Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) was and is a very ancient city of Latium (modern Lazio) 23 miles (37 km) east of Rome, and was reached by the Via Praenestina (see below). ... Lariat redirects here. ... The brothers Anerio were two notable composers of Italy: Felice Anerio (1560-1614) Giovanni Francesco Anerio (c. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... The young Lorenzo Perosi (photo-postcard late 1890s). ... Regensburg (also Ratisbon, Latin Ratisbona) is a city (population 151. ... Don Perosi with his Sistine Choir (c. ... Pope St. ... The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ...

Instrumental music

The dominance of opera in Italian music tends to overshadow the important area of instrumental music.^[27] Historically, such music includes the vast array of sacred instrumental music, instrumental concertos, and orchestral music in the works of Andrea Gabrielli, Giovanni Gabrielli, Tomaso Albinoni, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Luigi Boccherini, Luigi Cherubini and Domenico Scarlatti. (Even opera composers occasionally worked in other forms—Giuseppe Verdi's String Quartet in E minor, for example. Even Donizetti, whose name is identified with the beginnings of Italian lyric opera, wrote 18 string quartets.) In the early 20th century, instrumental music began growing in importance, a process that started around 1904 with Giuseppe Martucci's Second Symphony, a work that Malipiero called "the starting point of the renascence of non-operatic Italian music."^[28] Several early composers from this era used native folk traditions, such as Leone Sinigaglia. Andrea Gabrieli (c. ... Giovanni Gabrieli (1553–1556? – August 12, 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. ... Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (June 8, 1671, Venice, Italy – January 17, 1751, Venice) was an Italian baroque composer. ... Arcangelo Corelli (February 17, 1653 – January 8, 1713) was an influential Italian violinist and composer of Baroque music. ... “Vivaldi” redirects here. ... Luigi Boccherini Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini (February 19, 1743 – May 28, 1805) was a classical era composer and cellist from Italy, whose music retained a courtly and galante style while he matured somewhat apart from the major European musical centers. ... Portrait of Luigi Cherubini. ... Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26, 1685 – July 23, 1757) was an Italian composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. ... “Verdi” redirects here. ... Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was a famous Italian opera composer. ... The resident string quartet of the Library of Congress in 1963 A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments—usually two violins, a viola and cello—or a piece written to be performed by such a group. ... Giuseppe Martucci (January 6, 1856 Italy near Capua – June 1, 1909 Naples, Italy) was an Italian composer, conductor, pianist and teacher. ... Leone Sinigaglia (born Turin, 14 August 1868; died Turin, 16 May 1944) was an Italian composer and mountaineer. ...

The early 20th century is also marked by the presence of a group of composers called the generazione dell'ottanta (generation of 1880), including Franco Alfano, Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero, Ildebrando Pizzetti, and Ottorino Respighi. These composers usually concentrated on writing instrumental works, rather than opera. Members of this generation were the dominant figures in Italian music after Puccini's death in 1924.^[8] New organizations arose to promote Italian music, such as the Venice Festival of Contemporary Music and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. Guido Gatti's founding of the periodical il Piano and then La ressegna musicale also helped to promote a broader view of music than the political and social climate allowed. Most Italians, however, preferred more traditional pieces and established standards, and only a small audience sought new styles of experimental classical music.^[8] Franco Alfano (March 8, 1875 – October 27, 1954) was an Italian composer and pianist best known for completing Puccinis unfinished opera Turandot in 1926. ... Alfredo Casella (Turin, July 25, 1883, Rome, March 5, 1947) was an Italian composer. ... Gian Francesco Malipiero (March 18, 1882 - August 1, 1973) Italian composer, musicologist and music editor. ... Ildebrando Pizzetti (1880–1968) was an Italian composer of classical music. ... Elsa and Ottorino Respighi in the 1920s Ottorino Respighi (Bologna, July 9, 1879 - Rome, April 18, 1936) was an Italian composer, musicologist, pianist, violist and violinist. ... Venice Festival of Contemporary Music (Complete Italian name: Festival Internazionale di Musica Contemporanea della Biennale di Venezia). ... Maggio Musicale Fiorentino is an annual opera festival which was founded in April 1933 by conductor Vittorio Gui with the aim of presenting contemporary and forgotten operas in visually dramatic productions. ... Guido M. Gatti. ...

Ballet

Italian contributions to ballet are less known and appreciated than in other areas of classical music. Italy, particularly Milan, was the European center of court choreography as early as the 1400s in the form of such things as ritual masked balls. Early choreographers and composers of ballet include Fabrizio Caroso and Cesare Negri. The style of ballet known as the "spectacles all’italiana" imported to France from Italy caught on, and the first ballet performed in France (1581), Ballet comique de la Royn, was composed by an Italian, Baltazarini di Belgioioso,^[29] better known by the French version of his name, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx. Early ballet was accompanied by considerable instrumentation, with the playing of horns, trombones, kettle drums, dulcimers, bagpipes, etc. Although the music has not survived, there is speculation that dancers, themselves, may have played instruments onstage.^[30] Then, in the wake of the French Revolution, Italy again became a center of ballet, largely through the efforts of Salvatore Viganò, a choreographer who worked with some of the most prominent composers of the day. He was made the balletmaster of La Scala in 1812.^[31] The best-known example of Italian ballet from the 19th century is probably Excelsior, with music by Romualdo Marenco and choreography by Luigi Manzotti. It was composed in 1881 and is a lavish tribute to the scientific and industrial progress of the 19th century. It is still performed and was staged as recently as 2002. Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... Look up Choreography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fabrizio Caroso (1535-after 1600). ... Cesare Negri (c. ... Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx (d. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Viganò, Salvatore (1769-1821) was an Italian choreographer, dancer and composer. ... The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, by night. ... Romualdo Marenco (1841-1907). ... Luigi Manzotti (1835-1905) Renowned Italian choreographer, best remembered for his choreography of the ballet Excelsior (1881), music by Romualdo Marenco. ...

Currently, major Italian opera theaters maintain ballet companies. They exist to provide incidental and ceremonial dancing in many operas, such as Aida or La Traviata. These dance companies usually maintain a separate ballet season and perform the standard repertoire of classical ballet, little of which is Italian. The Italian equivalent of the Russian Bolshoi Ballet and similar companies that exist only to perform ballet, independent of a parent opera theater is La Scala Ballet, which is under the direction of Frèdèric Olivieri. Since 1979 there has existed in Italy a modern dance company, the Aterballetto, based in Reggio Emilia. The company performs worldwide under the leadership of choreographer Mauro Bigonzetti. AIDA is an acronym used in marketing that describes a common list of events that are very often undergone when a person is selling a product or service: A - Attention (Awareness): attract the attention of the customer. ... La traviata is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. ... The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow houses the world renowned Bolshoi Ballet, which has been home to some of the worlds greatest ballet dancers, including Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Rudolf Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov and Natalia Makarova. ... Aterballetto is an Italian modern dance company founded in 1979 and based in the north eastern Italian city of Reggio Emilia. ... Mauro Bigonzetti (b. ...

Experimental music

Experimental music is a broad, loosely-defined field encompassing musics created by abandoning traditional classical concepts of melody and harmony, and by using the new technology of electronics to create hitherto impossible sounds. In Italy, one of the first to devote his attention to experimental music was Ferruccio Busoni, whose 1907 publication, Sketch for a New Aesthetic of Music, discussed the use of electrical and other new sounds in future music. He spoke of his dissatisfaction with the constraints of traditional music: Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (April 1, 1866 – July 27, 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, music teacher and conductor. ...

“We have divided the octave into twelve equidistant degrees…and have constructed our instruments in such as way that we can never get in above or below or between them…our ears are no longer capable of hearing anything else…yet Nature created an infinite gradation—infinite! Who still knows it nowadays?”^[32]

Similarly, Luigi Russolo, the Italian Futurist painter and composer, wrote of the possibilities of new music in his 1913 manifestoes The Art of Noises and Musica Futurista. He also invented and built instruments such as the intonarumori, mostly percussion, which were used in a precursor to the style known as musique concrète. One of the most influential events in early 20th century music was the return of Alfredo Casella from France in 1915; Casella founded the Società Italiana di Musica Moderna, which promoted several composers in disparate styles, ranging from experimental to traditional. After a dispute over the value of experimental music in 1923, Casella formed the Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche to promote modern experimental music.^[8] Luigi Russolo ca. ... Futurism was a 20th century art movement. ... Musique concrète (French; literally, concrete music), is a style of avant-garde music that relies on natural environmental sounds and other non-musical noises to create music. ... Alfredo Casella (Turin, July 25, 1883, Rome, March 5, 1947) was an Italian composer. ... The Società Italiana di Musica Moderna (Italian: Italian Society for Modern Music), an organization founded in 1917 by Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero, and Gabriele D’Annunzio. ... The Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche (Italian: Corporation for new music]] was founded in 1923 by Alfredo Casella as a successor organization to his early Società Italiana di Musica Moderna (1917). ...

In the 1950s, Luciano Berio experimented with instruments accompanied by electronic sounds on tape. In modern Italy, one important organization that fosters research in avantgarde and electronic music is CEMAT, the Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers. It was founded in 1996 in Rome and is a member of the CIME, the Confédération Internationale de Musique Electroacoustique. CEMAT promotes the activities of the “Sonora” project, launched jointly by the Department for Performing Arts, Ministry for Cultural Affairs and the Directorate for Cultural Relations, Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the object of promoting and diffusing Italian contemporary music abroad. Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ... CEMAT (Italian acronym for Centri musicali attrezzati--lit. ...

Classical music in society

Italian classical music grew gradually more experimental and progressive into the mid-20th century, while popular tastes have tended to stick with well established composers and compositions of the past.^[8] The 2004-2005 program at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples is typical of modern Italy: of the eight operas represented, the most recent was Puccini. In symphonic music, of the 26 composers whose music was played, 21 of them were from the 19th century or earlier, composers who use the melodies and harmonies typical of the Romantic era. This focus is common to other European traditions, and is known as postmodernism, a school of thought that draws on earlier harmonic and melodic concepts that pre-date the conceptions of atonality and dissonance.^[33] This focus on popular historical composers has helped to maintain a continued presence of classical music across a broad spectrum of Italian society. When music is part of a public display or gathering, it is often chosen from a very eclectic repertoire that is as likely to include well-known classical music as popular music. The San Carlo is a famous opera house in Naples, Italy. ... Postmodern music is both a musical style and a musical condition. ... Atonality describes music not conforming to the system of tonal hierarchies, which characterizes the sound of classical European music between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. ... Dissonance has several meanings, all related to conflict or incongruity. ...

A few recent works have become a part of the modern repertoire, including scores and theatrical works by composers such as Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, Franco Donatoni, and Sylvano Bussotti. These composers are not part of a distinct school or tradition, though they do share certain techniques and influences. By the 1970s, avant-garde classical music had become linked to the Italian Communist Party, while a revival of popular interest continued into the next decade, with foundations, festivals and organization created to promote modern music. Near the end of the 20th century, government sponsorship of musical institutions began to decline, and several RAI choirs and city orchestras were closed. Despite this, a number of composers gained international reputations in the early 21st century.^[8] Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ... Grave of Nono in the San Michele Cemetery, Venice. ... Franco Donatoni (1927, Verona-17 August 2000) was an Italian composer of art music. ... Sylvano Bussotti (born 1931) is an Italian composer of contemporary music. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Folk music

Main article: Italian folk music

Italian folk music has a deep and complex history.^[34] Because national unification came late to the Italian peninsula, the traditional music of its many hundreds of cultures exhibit no homogeneous national character. Rather, each region and community possesses a unique musical tradition that reflects the history, language, and ethnic composition of that particular locale.^[35] These traditions reflect Italy's geographic position in southern Europe and in the center of the Mediterranean Sea; Arabic, African, Celtic, Persian, Roma, and Slavic influences, as well as rough geography and the historic dominance of small city states, have all combined to allow diverse musical styles to coexist in close proximity. Italian folk music has a deep and complex history. ... Image File history File links SonSoldatoFanteria. ... Image File history File links Napoliebelloestinco. ... Image File history File links LaTabaccheraMia. ... Italian folk music has a deep and complex history. ... Italian unification (called in Italian the Risorgimento, or Resurgence) was the political and social process that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ... Satellite view of the Peninsula in spring The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the greatest peninsulas of Europe, spanning 1,000 km from the Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... Arabic music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arab classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. ... Africa is a large and diverse continent, consisting of dozens of countries, hundreds of languages and thousands of races, tribes and ethnic groups. ... Celtic music is a term utilized by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic peoples of Northern Europe. ... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... 19th century print of Roma musicians Typically nomadic, the Roma have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen. ... The music of Southeastern Europe or the Balkans is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Italian folk styles are very diverse, and include monophonic, polyphonic, and responsorial song, choral, instrumental and vocal music, and other styles. Choral singing and polyphonic song forms are primarily found in northern Italy, while south of Naples, solo singing is more common, and groups usually use unison singing in two or three parts carried by a single performer. Northern ballad-singing is syllabic, with a strict tempo and intelligible lyrics, while southern styles use a rubato tempo, and a strained, tense vocal style.^[36] Folk musicians use the dialect of their own regional tradition; this rejection of the standard Italian language in folk song is nearly universal. There is little perception of a common Italian folk tradition, and the country's folk music never became a national symbol.^[37] In music, the word texture is often used in a rather vague way in reference to the overall sound of a piece of music. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... A responsory is a type of chant in Christian liturgies that involves one section singing a respond, answered by another section singing a verse, then the respond is sung again by the first section, followed by a different verse from the second, et al. ... This article will be merged with Italian musical terms at some point in the near future. ... Italian ( , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people,[2] primarily in Italy. ...

Some common geographical names used as points of reference in Italy.^[38]

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x746, 36 KB)This is a modified version of a map , Venezia dot. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x746, 36 KB)This is a modified version of a map , Venezia dot. ...

Regions

Italy's folk music is sometimes divided into several spheres of geographic influence, a classification system of three regions, southern, central and northern, proposed by Alan Lomax in 1956^[39] and often repeated. Additionally, Curt Sachs^[40] proposed the existence of two quite distinct kinds of folk music in Europe: continental and Mediterranean, and others^[41] have placed the transition zone from the former to the latter roughly in north-central Italy, approximately between Pesaro and La Spezia. The central, northern and southern parts of the peninsula each share certain musical characteristics, and are each distinct from the music of Sardinia.^[36] Lomax playing guitar on stage at the Mountain Music Festival, Asheville, North Carolina, sometime between 1939 and 1950. ... Pesaro is a town and comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. ... La Spezia (Spèsa in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a city in the Liguria region of northern Italy, at the head of La Spezia Gulf, and capital city of the province of La Spezia. ... Probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy, Sardinia is an islated island known for the tenores polyphonic chant, sacred songs called gozos and launeddas, a type of bagpipes. ...

In the Piedmontese valleys and some Ligurian communities of northwestern Italy, the music preserves the strong influence of ancient Occitania. The lyrics of the Occitanic troubadours are some of the oldest preserved samples of vernacular song, and modern bands like Gai Saber and Lou Dalfin preserve and contemporize Occitan music. The Occitanian culture retains characteristics of the ancient Celtic influence, through the use of six or seven hole flutes (fifre) or the bagpipes (piva). The music of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in northeastern Italy, shares much more in common with Austria and Slovenia including variants of the waltz and the polka. Much of northern Italy shares with areas of Europe further to the north an interest in ballad singing (called canto epico lirico in Italian) and choral singing. Even ballads—usually thought of as a vehicle for a solo voice—may be sung in choirs. In the province of Trento "folk choirs" are the most common form of music making.^[42] A version of the flag frequently used by Occitan activists. ... For other uses, see Troubadour (disambiguation). ... Gai Saber is an Italian folk group focused on the musical and dance traditions of Italian Occitania. ... Lou Dalfin is an Italian folk and folk-rock group focused preserving and modernizing the traditions of Occitania. ... Fife from the American Civil War A fife is a small, high-pitched, transverse flute that is similar to the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore. ... The Piva (Serbian Cyrillic: Пива) is the river in Montenegro, Serbia and Montenegro, shorther headwater of the Drina river, which it forms with the Tara river on the border with Bosnia and Hercegovina. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A waltz (German: , Italian: , French: , Spanish: , Catalan: ) is a ballroom and folk dance in   time, done primarily in closed position. ... Street musicians in Prague playing a polka Polka is a fast, lively Central European dance, and also a genre of dance music. ...

Noticeable musical differences in the southern type include increased use of interval part singing and a greater variety of folk instruments. The Celtic and Slavic influences on the group and open-voice choral works of the north yield to a stronger Arabic, Greek, and African-influenced strident monody of the south. In parts of Apulia (Grecìa Salentina, for example) the Griko dialect is commonly used in song. The Apulian city of Taranto is a home of the tarantella, a rhythmic dance widely performed in southern Italy. Apulian music in general, and Salentine music in particular, has been well researched and documented by ethnomusicologists and by Aramirè. Caccini, Le Nuove musiche, 1601, title page In poetry, monody is a poem in which one person laments anothers death. ... Location map of the Griko-speaking areas Grecìa Salentina and Bovesia Grecìa Salentina (Salentinian Greece) is a Griko-speaking area in the peninsula of Salento in southern Italy, near the town of Lecce. ... Location map of the Griko-speaking areas in Salento and Calabria Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a language combining ancient Greek, Byzantine Greek and Italian elements. ... Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, southern Italy. ... The tarantella (tarentule, tarentella, tarantelle, tarentelle, tarantel) is a traditional dance 6/8 or 4/4 time characterised by the rapid whirling of couples. ... Aramirè is music group from Salento, Italy, specializing in various forms of local traditional music: The pizzica version of the Tarantella, songs of the Grecìa Salentina region, traditional love songs, and polyphonic songs of love and labour. ...

The music of the island of Sardinia is best known for the polyphonic chanting of the tenores. The sound of the tenores recalls the roots of Gregorian chant, and is similar to but distinctive from the Ligurian trallalero. Typical instruments include the launeddas, a Sardinian triplepipe used in a sophisticated and complex manner. Efisio Melis was a well-known master launeddas player of the 1930s.^[43] Probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy, Sardinia is an islated island known for the tenores polyphonic chant, sacred songs called gozos and launeddas, a type of bagpipes. ... Tenores A style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of the Barbagia region of the island of Sardinia. ... Trallalero is a kind of polyphonic folk music from the Ligurian region of Genoa, in the north of Italy. ... The launeddas, triple clarinet or triplepipe is a typical Sardinian woodwind instrument, consisting of three pipes. ... Efisio Melis (1890–1970) was a legendary Sardinian folk musician. ...

Songs

Italian folk songs include ballads, lyrical songs, lullabies and children's songs, seasonal songs based around holidays like Christmas, life-cycle songs that celebrate weddings, baptisms and other important events, dance songs, cattle calls and occupational songs, tied to professions such as fishermen, shepherds and soldiers. Ballads (canti epico-lirici) and lyric songs (canti lirico-monostrifici) are two important categories. Ballads are most common in northern Italy, while lyric songs prevail further south. Ballads are closely tied to the English form, with some British ballads existing in exact correspondence with an Italian song. Other Italian ballads are more closely based on French models. Lyric songs are a diverse category that consist of lullabies, serenades and work songs, and are frequently improvised though based on a traditional repertoire.^[36] Illustration by Arthur Rackham of the ballad The Twa Corbies A ballad is a story, usually a narrative or poem, in a song. ... Lyrics are the words in songs. ... For other uses, see Lullaby (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ...

Other Italian folk song traditions are less common than ballads and lyric songs. Strophic, religious laude, sometimes in Latin, are still occasionally performed, and epic songs are also known, especially those of the maggio celebration. Professional female singers perform dirges similar in style to those elsewhere in Europe. Yodeling exists in northern Italy, though it is most commonly associated with the folk musics of other Alpine nations. The Italian Carnival is associated with several song types, especially the Carnival of Bagolino, Brescia. Choirs and brass bands are a part of the mid-Lenten holiday, while the begging song tradition extends through many holidays throughout the year.^[36] Laude (singular: lauda, or lauda spirituale) is the most important form of vernacular sacred song in Italy in the late medieval era and Renaissance. ... The epic is a broadly defined genre of narrative poetry, characterized by great length, multiple settings, large numbers of characters, or long span of time involved. ... This stub article is related specificially to Music History. ... Look up Dirge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There are several uses of the term Yodel: Yodeling, a form of singing Yodels, a cream-filled cake make by Drakes This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article describes the festival season. ... Bagolino is a commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. ... The Capitoline Temple. ... Beggars in Samarkand, 1905 Begging is the practice whereby a person obtains money, food, shelter or other things from people they encounter by request. ...

Instrumentation

A folk accordion.

Instrumentation is an integral part of all facets of Italian folk music. There are several instruments that retain older forms even while newer models have become widespread elsewhere in Europe. Many Italian instruments are tied to certain rituals or occasions, such as the zampogna bagpipe, typically heard only at Christmas.^[44] Italian folk instruments can be divided into string, wind and percussion categories.^[45] Common instruments include the organetto, an accordion most closely associated with the saltarello; the diatonic button organetto is most common in central Italy, while chromatic accordions prevail in the north. Many municipalities are home to brass bands, which perform with roots revival groups; these ensembles are based around the clarinet, accordion, violin and small drums, adorned with bells.^[36] Image File history File links Folkaccord. ... Image File history File links Folkaccord. ... A bagpipe performer in Amsterdam. ... A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. ... A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. ... “Percussion” redirects here. ... An organetto is a popular folk accordion used in Italian folk music. ... The saltarello was a lively, merry dance first mentioned in Naples during the 13th century. ... A brass band a musical group consisting mostly or entirely of brass instruments, often with a percussion section. ... Two soprano clarinets: a B♭ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ...

A selection of folk flutes

Italy's wind instruments include most prominently a variety of folk flutes. These include duct, globular and transverse flutes, as well as various variations of the pan flute. Double flutes are most common in Campania, Calabria and Sicily.^[46] A ceramic pitcher called the quartara is also used as a wind instrument, by blowing across an opening in the narrow bottle neck; it is found in eastern Sicily and Campania. Single- (ciaramella) and double-reed (piffero) pipes are commonly played in groups of two or three.^[36] Several folk bagpipes are well-known, including central Italy's zampogna; dialect names for the bagpipe vary throughout Italy-- beghet in Bergamo, piva in Lombardy, müsa in Alessandria, Genoa, Pavia and Piacenza, and so forth. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (577x741, 26 KB) Private photo taken by and courtesy of R. Kidder File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (577x741, 26 KB) Private photo taken by and courtesy of R. Kidder File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... â™  This article is about the family of musical instruments. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A bagpipe performer in Amsterdam. ... Small street (via della Noca) leading to città alta. ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ... For other uses, see Alessandria (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For the municipality in the Philippines, see Pavia, Iloilo. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ...

Numerous percussion instruments are a part of Italian folk music, including wood blocks, bells, castanets, drums. Several regions have their own distinct form of rattle, including the raganella cog rattle and the Calabrian conocchie, a spinning or shepherd's staff with permanently attached seed rattles with ritual fertility significance. The Neapolitan rattle is the triccaballacca, made out of several mallets in a wooden frame. Tambourines (tamburini, tamburello) are common, as are various kinds of drums, such as the friction drum putipù. The mouth-harp, scacciapensieri or care-chaser, is a distinctive instrument, found only in northern Italy and Sicily.^[36] A bell is a simple sound-making device. ... Renoirs 1909 painting Dancing girl with castanets Castanets A castanet is a percussion instrument (idiophone), much used in oriental (Moorish and Ottoman music), Roman music, Spanish music and Latin American music. ... A rattle may be: bird-scaring rattle, a Slovene device used to drive birds off vineyards and a folk instrument football rattle, a noisy ratchet device for showing approval, used by sports fans. ... The raganella (Italian: tree frog) is a percussion instrument common in the folk music of Calabria in southern Italy. ... The conocchie (Italian plural of conocchia--a distaff) is a percussion instrument used in in the folk music of much of southern Italy. ... The triccaballacca is a percussion instrument used in Neapolitan folk music and, generally speaking, in folk music throughout much of southern Italy. ... For other uses, see Mallet (disambiguation). ... “Buben” redirects here. ... A friction drum is a musical instrument found in various forms in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Jews harp, from an American Civil War camp near Winchester, Virginia Jews harp, Slovakia, Central Europe The Jews harp is one of the oldest musical instruments in the world. ... Jews harp, from an American Civil War camp near Winchester, Virginia Jews harp, Slovakia, Central Europe The Jews harp is one of the oldest musical instruments in the world. ...

The zampogna, a folk bagpipe.

String instruments vary widely depending on locality, with no nationally prominent representative. Viggiano is home to a harp tradition, which has a historical base in Abruzzi, Lazio and Calabria. Calabria, alone, has 30 traditional musical instruments, some of which have strongly archaic characteristics and are largely extinct elsewhere in Italy. It is home to the four- or five-stringed guitar called the chitarra battente, and a three-stringed, bowed fiddle called the lira,^[47] which is also found in similar forms in the music of Crete and Southeastern Europe. A one-stringed, bowed fiddle called the torototela, is common in the northeast of the country. The largely German-speaking Alto Adige/South Tyrol is known for the zither, and the ghironda (hurdy-gurdy) is found in Emilia, Piedmont and Lombardy.^[36] Image File history File links Zampogna1. ... Image File history File links Zampogna1. ... Country Italy Region Basilicata Province Potenza (PZ) Mayor Elevation 1,023 m Area 89. ... For other uses, see Harp (disambiguation). ... Categories: Regions of Italy | Abruzzo ... For the football club, see S.S. Lazio Lazio (Latium in Latin) is a regione of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany, Umbria, Abruzzi, Marche, Molise, Campania and the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... For other uses, see Calabria (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Guitar (disambiguation). ... The chitarre battente (Italian: lit. ... Lira is the name of the monetary unit of a number of countries, as well as the former currency of Italy, San Marino and the Vatican City. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Classical music -Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Rock Regional styles Aegean Islands - Arcadia - Argos - Athens - Crete - Cyclades - Dodecanese Islands - Epirus - Ionian Islands - Lesbos - Macedonia - Peloponnesos - Thessaloniki - Thessaly - Thrace - Cyprus Crete is an island that is a SMALL part of Greece. ... The music of Southeastern Europe or the Balkans is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. ... The Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen[1][2] (Italian: ; German: ; Ladin: Provinzia autonòma de Balsan), also called Alto Adige (Italian: Alto Adige; German: Hochetsch or Oberetsch; Ladin: Adesc Aut[3] ) or South Tyrol (Italian: Sudtirolo; German: Südtirol; Ladin: Sudtirol), is an autonomous province of Italy. ... Concert zither The zither is a musical string instrument, mainly used in folk music, most commonly in German-speaking Alpine Europe. ... French type guitar-body hurdy-gurdy, made ca. ... This article is about the musical instrument. ... Emilia Jager, daughter of Cathy and John Jager, has been aproved that her French Rose has been awarded painting of the year. The Centre house, Lane Cove community have been very proud of this young 14 yr old girl. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ...

Existing, rooted and widespread traditions confirm the production of ephemeral and toy instruments made of bark, reed (arundo donax), leaves, fibers and stems, as it emerges, for example, from Fabio Lombardi's research. Fabio Lombardi is an italian ethnomusicologists and organologists who studied with Roberto Leydi, Tullia Magrini and Febo Guizzi. ...

Dance

Dance is an integral part of folk traditions in Italy. Some of the dances are ancient and, to a certain extent, persist today. There are magico-ritual dances of propitiation as well as harvest dances, including the “sea-harvest” dances of fishing communities in Calabria and the wine harvest dances in Tuscany. Famous dances include the southern tarantella; perhaps the most iconic of Italian dances, the tarantella is in 6/8 time, and is part of a folk ritual intended to cure the poison caused by tarantula bites. Popular Tuscan dances ritually act out the hunting of the hare, or display blades in weapon dances that simulate or recall the moves of combat, or use the weapons as stylized instruments of the dance itself. For example, in a few villages in northern Italy, swords are replaced by wooden half-hoops embroidered with green, similar to the so-called "garland dances" in northern Europe.^[48] There are also dances of love and courting, such as the duru-duru dance in Sardinia.^[49] The tarantella (tarentule, tarentella, tarantelle, tarentelle, tarantel) is a traditional dance 6/8 or 4/4 time characterised by the rapid whirling of couples. ... For other uses, see Tarantula (disambiguation). ... Handsworth Sword Dancers (England) The weapon dance employs weapons—or stylized versions of weapons—traditionally used in combat in order to simulate, recall, or reenact combat or the moves of combat in the form of dance, usually for some ceremonial purpose. ...

Many of these dances are group activities, the group setting up in rows or circles; some—the love and courting dances—involve couples, either a single couple or more. The tammuriata (performed to the sound of the tambourine) is a couple dance performed in southern Italy and accompanied by a lyric song called a strambotto. Other couples dances are collectively referred to as saltarello.^[36]There are, however, also solo dances; most typical of these are the “flag dances” of various regions of Italy, in which the dancer passes a town flag or pennant around the neck, through the legs, behind the back, often tossing it high in the air and catching it. These dances can also be done in groups of solo dancers acting in unison or by coordinating flag passing between dancers. Northern Italy is also home to the monferrina, an accompanied dance that was incorporated in Western art music by the composer Muzio Clementi.^[36] The Sicilian octave (Italian ottava siciliana or ottava napoletana, lit. ... The saltarello was a lively, merry dance first mentioned in Naples during the 13th century. ... A Monferrina was an 18th-century country dance named for its place of origin in Montferrat, Piedmont, Italy, which became popular in England around 1800 under the names monfrina, monfreda, and manfredina. ... Muzio Clementi (January 24, 1752 – March 10, 1832) was a classical composer, and acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the piano. ...

Academic interest in the study of dance from the perspectives of sociology and anthropology has traditionally been neglected in Italy but is currently showing renewed life at the university and post-graduate level.^[50]

Popular music

Main article: Italian popular music

The earliest Italian popular music was the opera of the 19th century. Opera has had a lasting effect on Italy's folk, classical and popular musics. Opera tunes spread through brass bands and itinerant ensembles. Canzone Napoletana, or Neapolitan song, is a distinct tradition that became a part of popular music in the 19th century, and was an iconic image of Italian music abroad by the end of the 20th century.^[36] // Italian pop stars have included Lucio Dalla, Renato Zero, Adriano Celentano, Gianni Morandi, Fabio Concato, Pupo, Mina, Eros Ramazzotti, Umberto Tozzi, Andrea Bocelli, Ornella Vanoni, Vasco Rossi, Luca Carboni, Francesco De Gregori, Fabrizio De André, Francesco Guccini, Giorgio Gaber, Gianni Togni, Laura Pausini, Claudio Baglioni, Angelo Branduardi, Michele Zarrillo, Riccardo... Image File history File links Articolo31Passa_il_funk. ... Articolo 31 is a popular band in Milan, Italy, melding hip hop, funk, pop and traditional Italian musical forms. ... Image File history File links FabriziodeAndreLaCanzonediM.ogg‎ Fabrizio de Andre and Minas La Canzone di Marinella This samples use on music of Italy qualifies as fair use because: The sample is used to place this recording, and Fabrizio de Andre, in the historical context of the music of... Background Fabrizio De André Fabrizio de André was born in Genoa on 18 February 1940 was an Italian singer-songwriter. ... Image File history File links ZuccheroNienteDaPerdere. ... Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25, 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer. ... A brass band a musical group consisting mostly or entirely of brass instruments, often with a percussion section. ... Canzone napoletana, or Neapolitan song, is what most people think of when they think of Neapolitan music. ...

Imported styles have also become an important part of Italian popular music, beginning with the French Café-chantant in the 1890s and then the arrival of American jazz in the 1910s. Until Italian Fascism became officially "allergic" to foreign influences in the late 1930s, American dance music and musicians were quite popular; jazz great Louis Armstrong toured Italy as late as 1935 to great acclaim.^[51] In the 1950s, American styles became more prominent, especially rock. The singer-songwriter cantautori tradition was a major development of the later 1960s, while the Italian rock scene soon diversified into progressive, punk, funk and folk-based styles.^[36] Café chantant (French: lit. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Louis[1] Armstrong[2] (4 August 1901[3] – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo[4] and Pops, was an American jazz musician. ... Rock is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars, and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles, however saxophones have been omitted from newer subgenres of rock music since the 90s. ... The term singer-songwriter refers to performers who both write and sing their own material. ... Cantautori (Italian plural. ... For the Swedish political music movement, see progg. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ...

Early popular song

Italian opera became immensely popular in the 19th century and was known across even the most rural sections of the country. Most villages had occasional opera productions, and the techniques used in opera influenced rural folk musics. Opera spread through itinerant ensembles and brass bands, focused in a local village. These civic bands (banda communale) used instruments to perform operatic arias, with trombones or fluegelhorns for male vocal parts and cornets for female parts.^[36] Italian opera can be divided into three periods, the Baroque, the Romantic and the modern. ... A brass band a musical group consisting mostly or entirely of brass instruments, often with a percussion section. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... Flugelhorn- this is a standard 3-valved Bb model. ... Bâ™­ cornet The cornet is a brass instrument that visually resembles the trumpet. ...

Besides opera, some regional music in the 19th century also became popular throughout Italy. Notable among these local traditions was the Canzone Napoletana—the Neapolitan Song. Although there are anonymous, documented songs from Naples from many centuries ago,^[52] the term, canzone Napoletana now generally refers to a large body of relatively recent, composed popular music—such songs as "'O sole mio", "Torna a Surriento", and "Funiculi Funicula". In the 18th century, many composers, including Alessandro Scarlatti, Leonardo Vinci, and Giovanni Paisiello, contributed to the Neapolitan tradition by using the local language for the texts of some of their comic operas. Later, others—most famously Gaetano Donizetti—composed Neapolitan songs that garnered great renown in Italy and abroad.^[36] The Neapolitan song tradition became formalized in the 1830s through an annual songwriting competition for the yearly Piedigrotta festival,^[53] dedicated to the Madonna of Piedigrotta, a well-known church in the Mergellina area of Naples. The music is identified with Naples, but is famous abroad, having been exported on the great waves of emigration from Naples and southern Italy roughly between 1880 and 1920. Language is an extremely important element of Neapolitan song, which is always written and performed in Neapolitan,^[54] the regional minority language of Campania. Neapolitan songs typically use simple harmonies, and are structured in two sections, a refrain and narrative verses, often in contrasting relative or parallel major and minor keys.^[36] In non-musical terms, this means that many Neapolitan songs can sound joyful one minute and melancholy the next. Canzone napoletana, or Neapolitan song, is what most people think of when they think of Neapolitan music. ... O sole mio is a globally famous Neapolitan song written in 1898. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Alessandro Scarlatti Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2, 1660 – October 24, 1725) was a Baroque composer especially famous for his operas and chamber cantatas. ... Leonardo Vinci (1690 - May 27, 1730), not to be confused with Leonardo da Vinci, was an Italian musical composer, best known for his operas. ... Paisiello at the clavichord, by Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1791. ... Comic opera, or light opera, denotes a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending. ... Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was a famous Italian opera composer. ... Church of the Madonna of Piedigrotta Piedigrotta Literally, at the foot of the grotto. A section of the Mergellina quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence of the Church of the Madonna of Piedigrotta near the entrance to an ancient Roman tunnel. ... Church of the Madonna of Piedigrotta Piedigrotta Literally, at the foot of the grotto. A section of the Mergellina quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence of the Church of the Madonna of Piedigrotta near the entrance to an ancient Roman tunnel. ... Mergellina is a section of the city of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. ... Neapolitan (autonym: napulitano; Italian: ) is a Romance language spoken in the city and region of Naples, Campania (Neapolitan: Nàpule, Italian: Napoli); close dialects are spoken throughout most of southern Italy, including the Gaeta and Sora districts of southern Lazio, parts of Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, northern Calabria, and northern and... For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation). ...

The music of Francesco Tosti was popular at the turn of the 20th century, and is remembered for his light, expressive songs. His style became very popular during the Belle Époque and is often known as salon music. His most famous works are Serenata, Addio and the popular Neapolitan song, Marechiaro, the lyrics of which are by the prominent Neapolitan dialect poet, Salvatore di Giacomo. Sir Francesco Paolo Tosti (April 9, 1846 - December 2, 1916) was an Italian composer and music teacher. ... The Belle Époque (French for Beautiful Era) was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I. Occurring during the time of the French Third Republic and the German Empire, the Belle Époque was considered a golden age as peace prevailed... Salvatore Di Giacomo (March 12, 1860 – April 4, 1934) was a Neapolitan poet, songwriter and playwright. ...

Recorded popular music began in the late 19th century, with international styles influencing Italian music by the late 1910s; however, the rise of autarchia, the Fascist policy of cultural isolationism in 1922 led to a retreat from international popular music. During this period, popular Italian musicians traveled abroad and learned elements of jazz, Latin American music and other styles. These musics influenced the Italian tradition, which spread around the world and further diversified following liberalization after World War II.^[36] An autarky is an economy that limits trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from the outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Latin American music, sometimes simply called Latin music, includes the music of all countries in Latin America and comes in many varieties, from the simple, rural conjunto music of northern Mexico to the sophisticated habanera of Cuba, from the symphonies of Heitor Villa-Lobos to the simple and moving Andean...

Under the isolationist policies of the fascist regime, which rose to power in 1922, Italy developed an insular musical culture. Foreign musics were suppressed while Mussolini's government encouraged nationalism and linguistic and ethnic purity. Popular performers, however, travelled abroad, and brought back new styles and techniques.^[36] American jazz was an important influence on singers such as Alberto Rabagliati, who became known for a swinging style. Elements of harmony and melody from both jazz and blues were used in many popular songs, while rhythms often came from Latin dances like the tango, rumba and beguine. Italian composers incorporated elements from these styles, while Italian music, especially Neapolitan song, became a part of popular music across Latin America.^[36] Alberto Rabagliati (Milan, 26 June 1906 - Rome, 7 March 1974) was Italys first pop star. ... Musically, swing can be either: (written with small s) the rhythmic feeling evoked by swinging music, esp. ... Blues music redirects here. ... A couple dances Argentine Tango. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Beguines are lay sisterhoods made up of women who devote themselves to a life of religion without taking monastic vows. ...

Modern pop

Among the best-known Italian pop musicians of the last few decades are Domenico Modugno, Mina, Gianni Morandi, I Pooh, Adriano Celentano and, more recently, Zucchero, Vasco Rossi and Eros Ramazzotti. Musicians who compose and sing their own songs are called cantautori (singer-songwriters). Their compositions typically focus on topics of social relevance and are often protest songs: this wave began in the 1960s with musicians like Fabrizio De André, Giorgio Gaber, Gino Paoli and Luigi Tenco. Social, political, psychological and intellectual themes, mainly in the wake of Gaber and De André's work, became even more predominant in 1970s though authors such as Pino Daniele, Francesco De Gregori, Francesco Guccini, Antonello Venditti and Roberto Vecchioni. At the same time Lucio Battisti, Angelo Branduardi and Franco Battiato pursued careers more oriented to the tradition of Italian pop music.^[55] There is some genre cross-over between the cantautori and those who are viewed as singers of "protest music".^[56] Domenico Modugno (January 9, 1928 - Lampedusa August 6, 1994) was a twice Grammy Award-winning Italian singer, songwriter, and later in life, a member of the Italian Parliament. ... For the Korean singer, see Shim Mina. ... Gianni Morandi (born 1944) is an Italian pop singer and entertainer. ... Adriano Celentano (born January 6, 1938) is an Italian singer, songwriter, comedian, actor, and TV host. ... Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25, 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer. ... Vasco Rossi (born February 7, 1952 in Zocca, Italy) is one of the best-known musicians and songwriters in Italy. ... Eros Ramazzotti (born on October 28, 1963), is one of the most successful Italian singers and songwriters of all time. ... Cantautori (Italian plural. ... A protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. ... Fabrizio De André (February 18, 1940 - January 11, 1999) was an Italian singer-songwriter. ... Giorgio Gaber (1939-2003) was an Italian actor, composer, and musician. ... Gino Paoli (born 23 September 1934) is an Italian singer-songwriter. ... Luigi Tenco (Cassine, Alessandria, March 21, 1938 - San Remo, Imperia, January 27, 1967) was a popular italian singer, songwriter and actor. ... Pino Daniele. ... Francesco De Gregori (born April 4, 1951 in Rome) is an Italian singer-songwriter. ... Francesco Guccini Francesco Guccini (born June 14, 1940 in Modena) is an Italian singer-songwriter and author. ... Antonello Venditti on the cover of his 1973 album, Le cose della vita. ... Roberto Vecchioni (May 25, 1943, Carate Brianza, Province of Milan) is an Italian singer-songwriter and writer. ... Lucio Battisti (1969). ... Angelo Branduardi. ... Franco Battiato (born March 23, 1945) is an Italian singer-songwriter, composer, filmmaker and (as Süphan Barzani) painter. ...

Film scores, although they are secondary to the film, are often critically acclaimed and very popular in their own right. Among early music for Italian films from the 1930s was the work of Riccardo Zandonai with scores for the films La Principessa Tarakanova (1937) and Caravaggio (1941). Post-war examples include Goffredo Petrassi with Non c'e pace tra gli ulivi (1950) and Roman Vlad with Giulietta e Romeo (1954). Another well-known film composer was Nino Rota whose post-war career included the scores for films by Federico Fellini and, later, The Godfather series. Other prominent film score composers include Ennio Morricone, Riz Ortolani and Piero Umiliani.^[57] Riccardo Zandonai (30 May 1883 – 5 June 1944) was an Italian opera composer. ... Goffredo Petrassi (July 16, 1904 – March 3, 2003) was an Italian composer of modern classical music. ... Roman Vlad (b. ... Nino Rota (December 3, 1911 – April 10, 1979) was an Italian composer best known for his work on film scores, notably The Godfather series and the films of Federico Fellini. ... Federico Fellini (January 20, 1920 – October 31, 1993) was one of the most influential and widely revered film-makers of the 20th century. ... This article is about the 1972 film. ... Ennio Morricone (born November 10, 1928; sometimes also credited as Dan Savio or Leo Nichols) is an Italian composer especially noted for his film scores. ... Riz Ortolani is an Italian film composer whose scores have recently been featured in Kill Bill: Vol. ... Piero Umiliani (born July 17, 1926 in Florence, Italy –- died February 14, 2001 in Rome) was an Italian film music composer, most famous for his song Mah Nà Mah Nà of 1968, that was originally used for a Mondo documentary about Sweden –- Svezia, Inferno e Paradiso (Sweden, Heaven and Hell...

Imported styles

See also Italian hip hop, Italian jazz, Italian rock, Italian progressive rock Italian hip hop started in the early 1990s. ... Italian jazz. ... Italy is a European country, and has had a long relationship with rock and roll, a style of music which spread to the country by the early 1960s from the United States. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

During the Belle Époque, the French fashion of performing popular music at the café-chantant spread throughout Europe.^[58] The tradition had much in common with cabaret, and there is overlap between café-chantant, café-concert, cabaret, music hall, vaudeville and other similar styles, but at least in its Italian manifestation, the tradition remained largely apolitical, focusing on lighter music, often risqué, but not bawdy. The first café-chantant in Italy was the Salone Margherita, which opened in 1890 on the premises of the new Galleria Umberto in Naples.^[59] Elsewhere in Italy, the Gran Salone Eden in Milan and the Music Hall Olympia in Rome opened shortly thereafter. Café-chantant was alternately known as the Italianized caffè-concerto. The main performer, usually a woman, was called a chanteuse in French; the Italian term, sciantosa, is a direct coinage from the French. The songs, themselves, were not French, but were lighthearted or slightly sentimental songs composed in Italian. That music went out of fashion with the advent of WWI. The Belle Époque (French for Beautiful Era) was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I. Occurring during the time of the French Third Republic and the German Empire, the Belle Époque was considered a golden age as peace prevailed... Café chantant (French: lit. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... Music Hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which reached its peak of popularity between 1850 and 1960. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The influence of US pop forms has been strong since the end of World War II. Lavish Broadway-show numbers, big bands, rock and roll, and hip hop continue to be popular. Latin music, especially Brazilian bossa nova, is also popular, and the Puerto Rican genre of reggaeton is rapidly becoming a mainstream form of dance music. It is now not uncommon for modern Italian pop artists such as Laura Pausini, Eros Ramazzotti, and Zucchero to release new songs in English or Spanish in addition to, or instead of, Italian. Thus, musical revues, which are standard fare on current Italian television, can easily go, in a single evening, from a big-band number with dancers to an Elvis impersonator to a current pop singer doing a rendition of a Puccini aria. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. ... A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s, although there are many big-bands around nowadays. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... For other uses, see Bossa nova (disambiguation). ... Reggaeton (also spelled Reggaetón, and known as Reguetón and Reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular with Latin American (or Latino) youth during the early 1990s and spread over the course of 10 years to North American, European, Asian, and Australian audiences. ... This article is about the singer–songwriter. ... Eros Ramazzotti (born on October 28, 1963), is one of the most successful Italian singers and songwriters of all time. ... Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25, 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer. ...

Jazz found its way into Europe during WWI through the presence of American musicians in military bands playing syncopated music.^[60] Yet, even before that, Italy received an inkling of new music from across the Atlantic in the form of Creole singers and dancers who performed at the Eden Theater in Milan in 1904; they billed themselves as the "creators of the cakewalk." The first real jazz orchestras in Italy, however, were formed during 1920s by bandleaders such as Arturo Agazzi and enjoyed immediate success.^[61] In spite of the anti-American cultural policies of the Fascist regime during the 1930s, American jazz remained popular. In music, syncopation is when a stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or failure to sound a tone on an accented beat occurs. ... Cakewalk is a traditional African American form of music and dance which originated among slaves in the US South. ...

In the immediate post-war years, jazz took off in Italy. All American post-war jazz styles, from bebop to free jazz and fusion have their equivalents in Italy. The universality of Italian culture ensured that jazz clubs would spring up throughout the peninsula, that all radio and then television studios would have jazz-based house bands, that Italian musicians would then start nurturing a home grown kind of jazz, based on European song forms, classical composition techniques and folk music. Currently, all Italian music conservatories have jazz departments, and there are jazz festivals each year in Italy, the best known of which is the Umbria Jazz Festival, and there are prominent publications such as the journal, Musica Jazz. Bebop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Jazz fusion (or jazz-rock fusion or fusion) is a musical genre that merges elements of jazz with other styles of music, particularly pop, rock, folk, reggae, funk, metal, country, R&B, hip hop, electronic music and world music. ... Live concert in IV Novembre Square The Umbria Jazz Festival is one of the most important venues for Jazz in Europe and has been held annually since 1973, usually in July, in the city of Perugia, Italy. ... Music media in Italy There is an abundance of print, on-line and broadcast media in Italy that cover all kinds of music. ...

Italian pop rock has produced major stars like Zucchero, and has resulted in many top hits. The industry media, especially television, are important vehicles for such music; the television show Sabato Sera is characteristic.^[62] Italy was at the forefront of the progressive rock movement of the 1970s, a style that primarily developed in Europe but also gained audiences elsewhere in the world. It is sometimes considered a separate genre, Italian progressive rock. Italian bands such as Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM), Banco del Mutuo Soccorso, and Le Orme incorporated a mix of symphonic rock and Italian folk music and were popular throughout Europe and the United States as well. Other progressive bands such as Balletto di Bronzo or Museo Rosenbach remained little known, but their albums are today considered classics by collectors. A few avant-garde rock bands (Area or Picchio dal Pozzo) gained notoriety for their innovative sound. Progressive rock concerts in Italy tended to have a strong political undertone and an energetic atmosphere. Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25, 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer. ... For the Swedish political music movement, see progg. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM) is an Italian progressive rock band that achieved a high level of popularity in the 1970s, with success in both the British and American charts. ... Banco del Mutuo Soccorso - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Le Orme Italian Rock band. ... Il Balletto di Bronzo was an Italian progressive rock band. ... Museo Rosenbach in the 1970s. ... Area was an Italian jazz fusion and progressive rock group formed in 1972. ...

The Italian hip hop scene began in the early 1990s with Articolo 31 from Milan, whose style was mainly influenced by East Coast rap. Other early hip hop crews were typically politically-oriented, like 99 Posse, who later became more influenced by British trip hop. More recent crews include gangster rappers like Sardinia's La Fossa. Other recently imported styles include techno, trance, and electronica performed by artists including Gabry Ponte, Eiffel 65, and Gigi D`Agostino.^[63] Hip hop is especially characteristic of southern Italy, a fact which some observers have contributed to the view of southern culture as more "African" than "European", as well as the southern concept of rispettu (respect, honor), a form of verbal jousting; both facts have helped identify southern Italian music with the African American hip hop style.^[64] Additionally, there are many bands in Italy that play a style called patchanka, which is characterized by a mixture of traditional music, punk, reggae, rock and political lyrics. Modena City Ramblers are one of the more popular bands known for their mix of Irish, Italian, punk, reggae and many other forms of music.^[63] Italian hip hop started in the early 1990s. ... Articolo 31 is a popular band in Milan, Italy, melding hip hop, funk, pop and traditional Italian musical forms. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... In the early 1990s, two styles of hip hop were popular. ... 99 Posse are an Italian hip-hop group from Naples. ... Trip hop (also known as the Bristol sound) is a term coined by United Kingdom dance magazine Mixmag, to describe a musical trend in the mid-1990s; trip hop is downtempo electronic music that grew out of Englands hip hop and house scenes. ... Gangsta rap, also known as hardcore hip-hop, was the name given to the subgenre of hip hop which often involved lyrical subjects based on the violence and misogyny inherent in the lifestyle of street thugs and gangsters. ... La Fossa is one of the earlier rap groups from Italy and one of the first from the Island of Sardinia (Sardegna). ... Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became prominent in Detroit, Michigan during the mid-1980s with influences from electro, New Wave, Funk and futuristic fiction themes that were prevalent and relative to modern culture during the end of the Cold War in industrial America at that time. ... Trance is a style of electronic music that developed in the 1990s. ... Electronica refers to a wide range of contemporary electronic music designed for a wide range of uses, including foreground listening, some forms of dancing, and background music for other activities; but unlike electronic dance music, is not specifically focused on the dance floor. ... Gabry Ponte (Gabriele Ponte, born April 20, 1973) is an Italian DJ best known for his membership in the Italian dance group Eiffel 65. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Early Career Gigi DAgostino (born 17 December 1967, Torino, Italy) is a DJ, remixer and music producer. ... The Modena City Ramblers are an Italian folk-rock band. ...

Italy has also become a home for a number of Mediterranean fusion projects. These include Al Darawish, a multicultural band based in Sicily and led by Palestinian Nabil Ben Salaméh. The Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra is another example, as is the TaraGnawa project by Phaleg and Nour Eddine. The Neapolitan popular singer, Massimo Ranieri has also released a CD, Oggi o dimane, of traditional canzone Napoletana with North African rhythms and instruments.^[63] Al Darawish Italian Rock group based in Sicily. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra Avantgarde Italian music group prominent in the multicultural, multilingual conetext of what is known as world music. Has recorded since 1974. ... Phaleg is an Italian musical group classified as world music. Formed in 1995, it employs various combinations of ancient and modern language with the goal of being a modern musical expression of the culture of Calabria. ... Nour-Eddine Moroccan musician, choreographer and singer. ... Massimo Ranieri (name in art of Giovanni Calone), Italian is a pop singer, a film and stage actor, and a show-business personality. ...

Industry

Inside a music superstore.

A recent economics report says that the music industry in Italy made 2.3 billion € in 2004. That sum refers to the sale of CDs, music electronics, musical instruments, and ticket sales for live performances; it represents a 4.35% growth over 2004. The actual sale of music albums has decreased slightly, but there has been a compensatory increase in paid-for digitally downloaded music from industry-approved sites. By way of comparison, the Italian recording industry ranks eighth in the world; Italians own 0.7 music albums per capita as opposed to the USA, in first-place with 2.7. The report cites a 20% increase in 2004 over 2003 in paid royalties for on-air as well as live music.^[65] Image File history File links Superstore01. ... Image File history File links Superstore01. ...

Nationwide, there are three state-run and three private TV networks. All provide live music at least some of the time, thus giving work to musicians, singers, and dancers. Many large cities in Italy have local TV stations, as well, which may provide live folk or dialect music often of interest only to the immediate area. Book and CD superstores have entered the Italian market over the last decade. The largest of these chains is Feltrinelli, originally a publishing house in the 1950s. In 2001, it geared up to the level of Multimedia Store and now sells massive quantities of recorded music. There are, as of 2006, 14 such mega-stores in Italy, with more planned. FNAC is another large chain, originally French. It has six large outlets in Italy. These stores also serve as venues for music performance, hosting several concerts a week. Feltrinelli may refer to: Feltrinelli (publisher) - Italian publishing house Giangiacomo Feltrinelli - founder of the publishing house Antonio Feltrinelli Prizes (Premi Antonio Feltrinelli) - awarded by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei since 1950 in various fields of arts, sciences and exceptional endeavours of outstanding moral and humanitarian value. Often referred to as... FNAC (originally Fédération Nationale dAchats pour Cadres, or National Purchasing Federation for Employees) is the largest French retailer of cultural and consumer electronics products: books, CDs and DVDs, computer software and hardware, television sets, cameras, etc. ...

Venues, festivals and holidays

An Italian army military band

The annual Festival of Ravello is a popular music venue in Italy. Here, an orchestra starts to set up on a stage overlooking the Amalfi coast.

Venues for music in Italy include concerts at the many music conservatories, symphony halls and opera houses. Italy also has many well-known international music festivals each year, including the Festival of Spoleto and the Wagner Festival in Ravello. Some festivals offer venues to younger composers in classical music by producing and staging winning entries in competitions. The winner, for example, of the "Orpheus" International Competition for New Opera and Chamber music—besides winning considerable prize money—gets to see his or her musical work performed at The Spoleto Festival.^[66] There are also dozens of privately sponsored master classes in music each year that put on concerts for the public. Italy is also a common destination for well-known orchestras from abroad; at almost any given time during the busiest season, at least one major orchestra from elsewhere in Europe or North America is playing a concert in Italy. Additionally, public music may be heard at dozens of pop and rock concerts throughout the year. Open-air opera may even be heard, for example, at the ancient Roman amphitheater, the Arena of Verona. Military bands, too, are popular in Italy. At a national level, one of the best-known of these is the concert band of the Guardia di Finanza (Italian Customs/Border Police); it performs many times a year. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2196x876, 1110 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Music of Italy Talk:Military of Italy Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2196x876, 1110 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Music of Italy Talk:Military of Italy Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Military branches Esercito Italiano (Army) Marina Militare (Navy) Aeronautica Militare (Air Force) Carabinieri (Military police) The Guardia di Finanza is a specialized police and fight against financial crimes, illegal drugs trafficking, customs and borders control. ... Military Band marching A military band is a group of soldiers assigned to musical duties. ... Image File history File links Ravellofest01. ... Image File history File links Ravellofest01. ... Below is an alphabetical list, by city, of those music conservatories in Italy that maintain webpages. ... Below is a list of major Italian opera houses with appropriate external links to their websites: Bologna Teatro Comunale Catania Teatro Bellini Florence Teatro la Pergola Genova Teatro Carlo Felice Florence La Scala Naples Teatro San Carlo Parma Teatro Regio di Parma Palermo Teatro Massimo Rome Teatro dellOpera Torino... Italian music festivals Below is a list of major music festivals in Italy with links to the appropriate external websites: Arena di Verona Outdoor opera during the summer months in the Roman amphitheater in Verona. ... Spoleto (Latin: Spoletium), 42°44′ N 12°44′ E, an ancient town in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria, at 385 meters (1391 ft) above sea-level on a foothill of the Apennines. ... The annual Festival of Ravello is a popular music venue in Italy. ... Ravellos church in the main square. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Coat of Arms of the Guardia di Finanza The Italian Financial Guard, in Italian Guardia di Finanza, () is an Italian military police force under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance. ...

Many theaters also routinely stage not just Italian translations of American musicals, but true Italian musical comedy, which are called by the English term musical. In Italian, that term describes a kind of musical drama not native to Italy, a form that employs the American idiom of jazz-pop-and rock-based music and rhythms to move a story along in a combination of songs and dialogue.

Music in religious rituals, especially Roman Catholic, manifests itself in a number of ways. Parish bands, for example, are quite common throughout Italy. They may be as small as four or five members to as many as 20 or 30. They commonly perform at religious festivals specific to a particular town, usually in honor of the town's patron saint. The historic orchestral/choral masterpieces performed in church by professionals are well-known; these include such works as the Stabat Mater by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and Verdi's Requiem. The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 revolutionized music in the Roman Catholic church, leading to an increase in the number of amateur choirs that perform regularly for services; the Council also encouraged the congregational singing of hymns, and a vast repertoire of new hymns has been composed in the last 40 years.^[67] Mater dolorosa became an iconic type, as in this sixteenth-century Spanish version by Luis de Morales (c. ... Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

There is not a great deal of native Italian Christmas music. The most popular Italian Christmas carol is "Tu scendi dalle stelle", the modern Italian words to which were written by Pope Pius IX in 1870. The melody is a major-key version of an older, minor-key Neapolitan carol "Quanno Nascette Ninno". Other than that, Italians largely sing translations of carols that come from the German and English tradition ("Silent Night", for example). There is no native Italian secular Christmas music, which accounts for the popularity of Italian-language versions of "Jingle Bells" and "White Christmas".^[68] For the short novel by Charles Dickens, see A Christmas Carol. ... Tu Scendi Dalle Stelle (From Starry Skies Thou Comest, From Starry Skies Descending, You Came a Star from Heaven) is the best known Christmas hymn or carol originating in Italy. ... Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878. ... Autograph of the carol by Gruber Silent Night (Stille Nacht) is a traditional and popular Christmas carol. ... Jingle Bells, originally One Horse Open Sleigh, is one of the best known and commonly sung, secular Christmas songs in the world. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

At festival time, Italian TV guides concentrate on Sanremo.

The Festival of Italian Song (also known as the Sanremo Music Festival) is an important venue for popular music in Italy. It has been held annually since 1951 and is currently staged at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo. It runs for one week in February, and gives veteran and new performers a chance to present new songs. Winning the contest has often been a springboard to industry success. The festival is televised nationally for three hours a night, is hosted by the best-known Italian TV personalities, and has been a vehicle for such performers as Domenico Modugno, perhaps the best-known Italian pop singer of the last 50 years. Image File history File links Sanremofest. ... Image File history File links Sanremofest. ... The Festival della canzone italiana (in english: Festival of the Italian song) is a popular Italian song contest running since 1951 and held annually in the city of Sanremo. ... Domenico Modugno (January 9, 1928 - Lampedusa August 6, 1994) was a twice Grammy Award-winning Italian singer, songwriter, and later in life, a member of the Italian Parliament. ...

Television variety shows are the widest venue for popular music. They change often, but Buona Domenica, Domenica In, and I raccomandati are popular. The longest running musical broadcast in Italy is La Corrida, a three-hour weekly program of amateurs and would-be musicians.^[69] It started on the radio in 1968 and moved to TV in 1988. The studio audience bring cow-bells and sirens and are encouraged to show good-natured disapproval. The city with the highest number of rock concerts (of national and international artists) is Milan, with a number close to the other European music capitals, as Paris, London and Berlin. In the Metro Area of Milan there are more than 700 concerts each year.^{[citation needed]}

Education

Within the courtyard of the Naples Music Conservatory

There are many institutes of higher music education in Italy. About 75 music conservatories provide advanced training for future professional musicians. There are also dozens of private music schools and workshops for instrument building and repair. Private teaching is also quite frequent in Italy. Elementary and high school students can expect to have one or two weekly hours of music teaching, generally in choral singing and basic music theory, though extracurricular opportunities are rare.^[70] Though most Italian universities have classes in related subjects such as music history, there is nothing related to performance. Italy has a specialized system of high schools; students attend, as they choose, a high school for humanities, science, foreign languages, or art—but not music. Italy does have ambitious, recent programs to expose children to more music. Furthermore with the recent education reform a specific Liceo musicale e coreutico (2nd level secondary school, ages 14-15 to 18-19) is explicitly indicated by the law decrees.^[71] Yet this kind of school has not been set up and is not effectively operational. The state-run television network has started a program to use modern satellite technology to broadcast choral music into public schools.^[72] Image File history File links Beet04. ... Image File history File links Beet04. ...

Scholarship

Scholarship in the field of collecting, preserving and cataloguing all varieties of music is vast. In Italy, as elsewhere, these tasks are spread over a number of agencies and organizations. Most large music conservatories maintain departments that oversee the research connected with their own collections. Such research is coordinated on a national and international scale via the internet. One prominent institution in Italy is IBIMUS, the Istituto di Bibliografia Musicale in Rome. It works with other agencies on an international scale through RISM, the Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, an inventory and index of source material. Also, the Discoteca di Stato (National Archives of Recordings) in Rome, founded in 1928, holds the largest public collection of recorded music in Italy with some 230,000 examples of classical music, folk music, jazz, and rock, recorded on everything from antique wax cylinders to modern electronic media. Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM) (French: International Inventory of Musical Sources). ...

The scholarly study of traditional Italian music began in about 1850, with a group of early philological ethnographers who studied the impact of music on a pan-Italian national identity. A unified Italian identity only just started to develop after the political integration of the peninsula in 1860. The focus at that time was on the lyrical and literary value of music, rather than the instrumentation; this focus remained until the early 1960s. Two folkloric journals helped to encourage the burgeoning field of study, the Rivista Italiana delle Tradizioni Popolari and Lares, founded in 1894 and 1912, respectively. The earliest major musical studies were on the Sardinian launeddas in 1913-1914 by Mario Giulio Fara; on Sicilian music, published in 1907 and 1921 by Alberto Favara; and studies of the music of Emilia Romagna in 1941 by Francesco Balilla Pratella.^[36] Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... The launeddas, triple clarinet or triplepipe is a typical Sardinian woodwind instrument, consisting of three pipes. ... Mario Giulio Fara Italian musicologist. ... Alberto Favara (1863-1923) Italian enthnomusicologist, one of the pioneers of the scholarly study of Sicilian folk music. ... The Music of Emilia-Romagna has the reputation of being one of the richest in Europe; there are six music conservatories alone in the region, and the sheer number of other musical venues and activities is astounding. ... Franceso Balilla Pratella (February 1, 1880 - May 17, 1955) Italian composer and musicologist. ...

The earliest recordings of Italian traditional music came in the 1920s, but they were rare until the establishment of the Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome. The Center sponsored numerous song collection trips across the peninsula, especially to southern and central Italy. Giorgio Nataletti was an instrumental figure in the Center, and also made numerous recordings himself. The American scholar Alan Lomax and the Italian, Diego Carpitella, made an exhaustive survey of the peninsula in 1954. By the early 1960s, a roots revival encouraged more study, especially of northern musical cultures, which many scholars had previously assumed maintained little folk culture. The most prominent scholars of this era included Roberto Leydi, Ottavio Tiby and Leo Levi. During the 1970s, Leydi and Carpitella were appointed to the first two chairs of ethnomusicology at universities, with Carpitella at the University of Rome and Leydi at the University of Bologna. In the 1980s, Italian scholars began focusing less on making recordings, and more on studying and synthesizing the information already collected. Others studied Italian music in the United States and Australia, and the folk musics of recent immigrants to Italy.^[36] The Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare (CNSMP) (Italian: National Centre for Folk Music Studies) is the most important scholarly organization of its kind in Italy. ... The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in a musical academy and symphonic organization based in Rome, Italy. ... Giorgio Nataletti (1907-1972) Italian musicologist and first director of the Ethnomusicological Archives at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome. ... Lomax playing guitar on stage at the Mountain Music Festival, Asheville, North Carolina, sometime between 1939 and 1950. ... Diego Capetalia was an Italian who was famous for his folk music. ... A roots revival (folk revival) is a trend which includes young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors. ... Roberto Leydi (1928 - 2003) Italian ethnomusicologt He started his career in the field of contemporary music and jazz, and in the 1950s started his research into the social significance of folk and popular music. ... Ottavio Tiby (1891-1955) Italian enthnomusicologist, one of the pioneers of the scholarly study of Sicilian folk music. ... For the author of works on Judaism, Science, and contemporary society see Professor Yehuda (Leo) Levi Leo Levi (1912 - Gerusalemme, 1982) Italian musicologist was the first to study the oral musical traditions of Italian Jewry. ... There is no institution called the University of Rome, but there are several universities in Rome: University of Rome La Sapienza University of Rome Tor Vergata University of Roma Tre This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The University of Bologna (Italian: , UNIBO) is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in the world, and the second biggest university in Italy. ...

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• Sachs, Harvey (1987). Music in Fascist Italy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79004-8. 
• (Italian) Sassu, Pietro (1978). La musica sarda (3 LPs and booklet) (in Italian), Milano: Albatros VPA 8150-52. 
• Segel, Harold B. (1987). Turn-of-the-Century Cabaret: Paris, Barcelona, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Cracow, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Zurich. New York: Columbia University Press. 023105128X. 
• Sparti, Barbara and Patrizia Veroli (Autumn 1995). "Dance Research in Italy". Dance Research Journal 27 (2): 73-77. ISSN 01497677. 
• Stokes, Martin (2003). "Ethnicity and Race", in John Shepherd, David Horn, Dave Laing, Paul Oliver and Peter Wicke (eds.): Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1: Media, Industry and Society. London: Continuum, 216. ISBN 0-8264-6321-5. 
• (1938) "Maestro v. Fascism". Time Vol. XXX1 (No. 9). 
• (Italian) Vajro, Max (1962). Il Fascino delle Canzoni Napoletani (in Italian). Naples: Alberto Marotta (ed.). 
• Wolfram, Richard (September 1962). "Weapon Dances of Europe". Ethnomusicology vol. 6 (3): 186-87. 

ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Peter Charanis (1908 - March 23, 1985) was a well known scholar of Byzantium and a professor emeritus of history at Rutgers University. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Salvatore Di Giacomo (March 12, 1860 – April 4, 1934) was a Neapolitan poet, songwriter and playwright. ... Roberto Leydi (1928 - 2003) Italian ethnomusicologt He started his career in the field of contemporary music and jazz, and in the 1950s started his research into the social significance of folk and popular music. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Lomax playing guitar on stage at the Mountain Music Festival, Asheville, North Carolina, sometime between 1939 and 1950. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Lomax playing guitar on stage at the Mountain Music Festival, Asheville, North Carolina, sometime between 1939 and 1950. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Curt Sachs (June 29, 1881 - February 5, 1959) was a German musicologist. ...

Notes

is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Antonio Gramsci (IPA: ) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harlem Hellfighters in action. ... Harlem Hellfighters in action. ... James Reese Europe (22 February 1881–9 May 1919) was a United States ragtime and early jazz bandleader, arranger, and composer. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• (German) Hirdt, Willi (1979). Italienischer Bankelsang. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. 
• (Italian) Bronzini, G.B. (1956). La canzone epico-lirica nell'Italia centro-meridionale. Rome: Signorelli. 
• (Italian) Borgna, Gianni (1985). Storia Della Canzone Italiana. Rome: Laterza. 
• (Italian) Baldazzi, Gianfranco (1989). La Canzone Italiana del Novocento: da Piedigrotta al Festival di Sanremo, dell Caffé-Concerto all'Opera Rock, una Storia della Societa Italiana Attraverso le sue Canzoni Piu Belle e i Loro Grandi Interpreti, da Enrico Caruso a Eros Ramazotti. Rome: Newton Compton. 
• (Italian) Balilla Pratella, Francesco (1941). Le arti e le tradizioni popolari in Italia. Primo documentario per la storia dell'etnofonia in Italia. Udine: Edizioni Idea. 
• Brody, Elaine (1978). The Music Guide to Italy. Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-07436-7. 
• Gordon, Bonnie (2005). Monteverdi's Unruly Women: The Power of Song in Early Modern Italy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84529-7. 
• Levarie, Siegmund (1963). Musical Italy Revisited. New York: MacMillan. LoC 63-16111. 

• (Italian) Leydi, Roberto (1967). Il folk music revival. Palermo: Flaccovio. 
• Palisca, Claude V. (1994). Studies in the History of Italian Music and Music Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816167-0. 
• Sachs, Harvey (1987). Music in Fascist Italy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79004-8. 
• White, Robert C.. Italian Art Song. Indiana University Press. 

Audio recordings

• Leydi, Roberto (1969). Italia vol. 1: i balli, gli strumenti, i canti religiosi, LP disk, Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082. 
• Leydi, Roberto (1969). Italia vol. 2: la canzone narrativa lo spettacolo popolare, LP disk, Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082. 
• Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1957). "The Folk Music of Northern Italy. The Folk Music of Central Italy", The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 15. Columbia KL 5173. 
• (Italian) Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1957). "The Folk Music of Southern Italy and the Islands", The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 16. Columbia KL 5174. 
• (Italian) Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1958). Music and Song of Italy. Tradition Records TLP 1030. 
• (Italian) Murolo, Roberto (1963). Napoletana, antologia cronologica della canzone partenopea, 12 LPs (rereleased in 9 CDs), Milan: Durium. 

External links

• (Italian) Net Music Italia: List of major recording companies
• (Italian) SIAE Società italiania di autori e editori: the Italian Society of Authors and Editors
• CILEA: Music Documentation & Services: Cataloguing and Information Centres, Associations, Organizations and Institutes, Magazines, Shops
• CILEA: Italian music libraries
• CILEA: Music teaching institutions
• CILEA: Italian music portals
• CILEA: Theaters and concert halls
• CILEA: Music publishers
• CILEA: Italian music composers and musicians
• CEMAT: Organization to promote computer music research.
• SIBMAS: International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions
• (Italian) Concertoggi: Frequently updated schedule of concerts
• (Italian) Newsletter of Contemporary Italian Music: Archive
• (Italian) IBIMUS: Institute of Musical Bibliography, Rome.