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Pink nail polish.

Nail polish or nail varnish is a lacquer that is applied to the nails of both the fingers and toes, usually cosmetically, but also as protection for the nails. The act of simply polishing the nails without applying a chemical layer afterwards is called nail buffing. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (938x680, 115 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nail polish Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (938x680, 115 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nail polish Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured coating, that dries by solvent evaporation only and that produces a hard, durable finish that can be polished to a very high gloss, and gives the illusion of depth. ... For other uses, see Nail. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the body part. ... Nail buffing is the act of `polishing the nail using buffers of successively finer grit in order to make it look better. ...

History

The practice of adding color to nails appears to have begun with the Japanese and Italians around 3000 B.C.^{[citation needed]} The Chinese used a colored lacquer, made from a combination of gum arabic, egg whites, gelatin and beeswax. They also used a mixture consisting of mashed rose, orchid and impatien petals combined with alum.^{[citation needed]} This mixture, when applied to nails for a few hours or overnight, leaves a color ranging from pink to red. The Egyptians used reddish-brown stains derived from the henna plant to color their nails as well as the tips of their fingers. Today, some people still use henna dyes to draw intricate, temporary designs on their hands in a practice known as Mehndi. Mehandi on a hand Another intricate Mehandi pattern Mehndi (or Hina} is the application of henna (Hindustani: हेना حنا) as a temporary form of skin decoration, orginated in India it is most popular in South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Somaliland as well as expatriate communities from these areas. ...

It is unclear exactly how the practice of coloring nails progressed following these ancient beginnings. By the turn of the 19th century, nails were tinted with scented red oils and polished or buffed with a chamois cloth, rather than simply painted.^[1] Even a century later, women still pursued a polished, rather than painted, look by massaging tinted powders and creams into their nails, then buffing them shiny.^[1] One such polishing product sold around this time was Graf’s Hyglo nail polish paste.^[1] Some women during this period painted their nails using a clear, glossy varnish applied with camel-hair brushes.^[1] When automobile paint was created around 1920, it inspired the introduction of colored nail enamels.^[1] Michelle Ménard is credited with inventing the beginnings of our modern day colored nail lacquers.^{[citation needed]}

Nails and social status

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The color and condition of a person’s nails has long been an indication of social status. In ancient times women were identified and separated from men by the color of their nails. Different tribes had different nail art; for example the Incas were well known for the eagles decorated on their fingernails. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

Nail condition also identified common laborers, as they worked with their hands, having a finely manicured set of nails was not only impractical for them; it was an extravagance they couldn’t afford. Thus, only wealthy aristocrats from ancient times were seen with finely trimmed and decorated nails. During the Chou Dynasty of 600 B.C., Chinese royalty often chose gold and silver to enhance their nails. A fifteenth-century Ming manuscript cites red and black as the colors chosen by royalty for centuries previous. The Egyptians also used nail color to signify social order, with shades of red at the top. Queen Nefertiti, wife of the king Akhenaton, colored her finger and toe nails ruby red and Cleopatra favored a deep rust red. Women of lower rank who colored their nails were permitted only pale hues, and no woman dared to flaunt the color worn by the queen - or king, as Egyptian men, too, sported painted nails.

Constituents

Most nail polishes are made of nitrocellulose dissolved in a solvent and either left clear or colored with various pigments. Basic components included are: film forming agents, resins and plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents. Skeletal formula of nitrocellulose Ball-and-stick model of a section of nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through, for example, exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. ... For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ...

Nail polish makers have been under pressure to reduce or eliminate potentially toxic ingredients, including phthalates, toluene, and formaldehyde, from their nail polish.^[2][3] In September 2006, several makers agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalate, which has been linked to testicular problems in lab animals and humans, in updated formulations.^[3] Though some makers recently agreed to eliminate formaldehyde from their products, others still use the chemical.^[2] General chemical structure of phthalates. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point -53 °C Related Compounds Related aldehydes acetaldehyde benzaldehyde Related compounds ketones carboxylic acids Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Formaldehyde (methanal) is the chemical compound with the formula... General chemical structure of phthalates. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point -53 °C Related Compounds Related aldehydes acetaldehyde benzaldehyde Related compounds ketones carboxylic acids Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Formaldehyde (methanal) is the chemical compound with the formula...

Nail polish in fashion

Nail polish is traditionally worn by women, who may apply it to their fingernails, toenails, or both. Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ...

Traditional colors for nail polish are red, pink and flesh-colored shades, although more unusual shades are also available. French manicures traditionally mimic the colors of natural nails, with flesh tones on most of the nail and white at the tips. Today, nail polish can be found in nearly every color and shade desired. It is believed that the film Pulp Fiction started a trend for a shade of dark red nail polish during the mid-1990s, after Uma Thurman's character wore Chanel's "Rouge Noir" (known as "Vamp" in the USA) throughout.^{[citation needed]} Black or other very dark nail polish has been popular with goths and punks of both genders since the 1970s, however it has now gained popularity in the mainstream fashion world. Nail polish may also be used to complete an outfit. In this case, women, and occasionally men, match the color of the nail polish to the colors of the clothing. Pulp Fiction is a 1994 film by director Quentin Tarantino, who cowrote the film with Roger Avary. ... Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress. ... Not to be confused with Channel. ... This article is about the late 20th / early 21st century subculture. ... Punks at a music festival The punk subculture is a subculture that is based around punk rock music. ...

Colors with glitter and a metallic sheen have also become popular among the teens of today. With the intial red losing its fame, metallic purple and colors with a shade of pearl are gaining the spotlight of the teen's cosmetic world. Clear nail polish is also a great favorite.

Also in today's world some popular designs on one nail and can be done with thinner nail brushes (usually the ring finger) or all includes: flowers, strokes of lines and even more detailed designs with airbrush tools usually on acryilic nails.

Some men also wear nail polish (typically fingernail polish). Musicians, particularly of the rock genre, such as Marilyn Manson, Richard Kruspe, Dave Navarro, Steven Tyler, Kirk Hammett, Brian Molko, Lou Reed, Martin Gore, Davey Havok, Gerard Way, Lauri Ylönen, Jonne Aaron & Sir Christus, Ville Valo, Tuomas Holopainen and Alexi Laiho have been known to wear nail polish. In 1997, the cosmetic company Hard Candy released Candy Man, a nail polish brand aimed specifically at men. It featured colors such as Testosterone (gunmetal grey), Gigolo (silver-specked black), Superman (midnight blue), and Dog (deep purple). ^[4] For other uses, see Rock music (disambiguation). ... This article is about the person. ... Richard Zven Kruspe (born June 24, 1967) is a German musician, most notable for being one of the guitarists for the industrial metal band Rammstein. ... “David Navarro” redirects here. ... Stephen Victor Tallarico (born March 26, 1948 in Yonkers, New York[1]), better known as Steven Tyler, is an American musician and songwriter. ... Kirk Lee Hammett (born on November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist in the band Metallica. ... Brian Molko (born December 10, 1972, in Belgium) is a songwriter, lead vocalist and guitarist of the band Placebo. ... Lou Reed, born Lewis Allen Reed[1] March 2, 1942, is an American rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. ... Martin Gore (born Martin Lee Gore, 23 July 1961, Basildon, Essex, England) is an English songwriter, lyricist, singer, guitarist and keyboardist. ... David Marchand [1] (born David Anthony Passaro, on November 20, 1975, in Rochester, New York) more commonly known by the stage name Davey Havok, is the lead vocalist of the American rock band AFI. // Havok was born in Rochester, New York and is of Italian ancestery. ... Gerard Arthur Way (born April 9, 1977) is the front man, lead vocalist and co-founder of the band My Chemical Romance; he is also elder brother to the bands bass player, Mikey Way. ... Lauri Johannes Markus Paavo Ylönen (born April 23, 1979 in Helsinki, Finland) is the frontman of the Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus. ... Jonne Aaron Liimatainen (pronounced /jon-ne a:-ron li:-ma-tai-nen/ in ASCII-IPA, born August 30, 1983 in Tampere) is a Finnish singer and frontman of Negative. ... Ville Hermanni Valo ( ) (born November 22, 1976) is the vocalist, songwriter and frontman of the Finnish rock band HIM. They have released six full length albums, and as of 2006, they are the first and only Finnish rock band to go Gold in the United States. ... Tuomas Lauri Johannes Holopainen (born December 25, 1976, in Kitee, Finland)[1][2] is the keyboardist and main songwriter[3] in the Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. ... Alexi Wildchild Laiho (born Markku Uula Aleksi Laiho) is the lead guitarist in the bands Children of Bodom (where he is also the vocalist), Sinergy and Kylähullut. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Hard Candy is an American cosmetics company, founded in 1995 by Iranian American sisters, Dineh and Pooneh Mohajer (who now owns tokidoki), and Benjamin Einstein (who now owns einstein-beauty. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... For other uses, see Gunmetal (disambiguation). ... A male prostitute (or hustler) is a sex worker or prostitute who earns money by providing sexual services to clients. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... Midnight Blue is a dark shade of blue that was named for its darkness. ...

Some types of polish are advertised to cause nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent nails from breaking, cracking and splitting and stop nail biting. Nail polish may be applied as one of several components in a manicure. Long, manicured nails are a fashion statement. ...

Nail polish remover

Nail polish is easily removed by nail polish remover, which is a solvent (usually acetone, sometimes acetonitrile) and often recognized by its characteristic industrial aroma. Other components may include scents and coloring. Like other solvent-containing products, nail polish remover is also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties. The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Acetonitrile is an organic molecule, often used as a solvent, with the chemical formula of CH3CN. Also known as methyl cyanide, it is the simplest of the organic nitriles. ... An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication. ...

References

• Charles Panati , Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things Harper & Row Copyright 1987
• Vanni Contingo, Article published in COSMO Magazine, copyright 2007
• http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970302/ai_n14091234
• Nail Polish Tips

v • d • e Cosmetics

Lips: Lip gloss · Lip plumper · Lipstick Face: Concealer · Foundation · Face powder ·Rouge Eyes: Eye liner · Eye shadow · Kohl · Mascara Nails: Nail polish Other: Moisturizer · Anti-aging cream · Body powder · Cold cream · Cotton pad Cultural: Bindi · Sindoor · Thanaka Ingredients: International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients · List of ingredients Related: Advertising · Beauty salon · Cosmetology · History Major brands: Artistry · Clinique · CoverGirl · Estée Lauder · Lancôme · L’Oréal · Maybelline · Revlon · Burt's Bees Categories: Chemicals · Companies · People · History Harper & Row is an imprint of HarperCollins. ... Make-up redirects here. ... This is a magazine cover. ... Lip Gloss is a new song by rapper Lil Mama In the music video, Lil Mama is a new student who seeks popularity. ... Lip Plumper is a cosmetics product used primarily by women to give the lips an enhanced, fuller look along with subtle color. ... Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ... A conceler is a type of makeup used to cover pimples and spots. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Face powder is a cosmetic powder applied to the face to set foundation after application. ... A case of modern rouge powder and brushes. ... Eye liner Eye liner is a make-up used to define the eyes, to change their perceived shape or to create a certain mood: a razor-sharp matte line or smoky kohl contour may change the entire look of the face. ... Eye shadow being applied before a wedding Eye shadow is a cosmetic which is applied on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to help make wearers eyes stand out or look more attractive. ... Kohl is a mixture of soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern , North African, Sub-Saharan African and Asian women, and to a lesser extent men, to darken the eyelids and as mascara for the eyelashes. ... A mascara tube and a wand applicator Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken, thicken and define eyelashes. ... Moisturizers are a complex mixture of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable, by increasing its hydration (water content). ... Anti-aging creams are heavily marketed and advertised on television, with the promise of looking younger and the reduction in visible wrinkles on the skin. ... Body powder is a substance usually made from manihot esculenta/tapioca flour, oryza sativa/rice flour, zea mays/cornstarch, bolus alba/kaolin, maranta arundinaceae/arrowroot powder and iris florentina/orrisroot powder. ... Ponds Cream is a brand of beauty and healthcare products that is produced by the multinational company Unilever. ... Cotton pads are pads similar to pledgets. ... Indian woman with bindi Collection of modern bindis A bindi (Hindi: meaning dot) is a forehead decoration worn in South Asia[1] and Southeast Asia It may also be called a tilak. ... Sindoor or kumkum or kunkuma is a Vermilion (red powder) used by married Hindu women and some Sikh women. ... Myanmar women with Thanaka Thanaka wood (murraya exotica) being sold) Thanaka (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ) is a yellowish-white cosmetic commonly applied to the face by many people in Myanmar (formerly Burma). ... Assorted cosmetics and tools Cosmetics ingredients come from a variety of sources but, unlike the ingredients of food, are often not considered by most consumers. ... The International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, abbreviated INCI, is a system of names for waxes, oils, pigments, chemicals, and other ingredients of soaps, cosmetics, and the like, based on scientific names and other Latin and English words. ... Ingredients of cosmetic products are listed following International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Incredients (INCI). ... Cosmetic advertising is the promotion of cosmetics and beauty products by the cosmetics industry through a variety of media. ... It has been suggested that hair salon be merged into this article or section. ... Cosmetology is the study of skin, hair and nails and includes, but is not limited to, manicures, pedicures, application of artificial nails, special occasion hairstyling, shampooing hair, cosmetic application, body hair removal, chemical hair relaxers or straighteners, permanent waves, coloring and highlighting of hair, and hair extensions or wig treatments. ... The history of cosmetics spans at least 6000 years of human history, and almost every society on earth. ... Artistry is an exclusive cosmetic beauty line of the multi-level marketing company Quixtar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... CoverGirl was founded in 1958 in Baltimore, Maryland, by the Noxzema Chemical Company (later called Noxell) and acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1989. ... Estée Lauders Pleasures: Intense perfume. ... Lancôme Paris is a leading international manufacturer and marketer of perfume, cosmetic, and skin care products. ... The L’Oréal Group Euronext: FR0000120321, headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France, is the worlds largest cosmetics and beauty company. ... For the Chuck Berry song, see Maybellene. ... Revlon (NYSE: REV) is an American cosmetics company. ... Burts Bees is an Earth friendly, Natural Personal Care Company. ...