"Bitter End" — Carl Mueller illustrated Rex Stout's
first Nero Wolfe novella for The American Magazine
(November 1940)

Nero Wolfe is a fictional detective, created by the American mystery writer Rex Stout, who made his debut in 1934. Wolfe's assistant Archie Goodwin recorded the cases of the detective genius in 33 novels and 39 short stories from the 1930s to the 1970s, with most of them set in New York City. The Nero Wolfe corpus was nominated Best Mystery Series of the Century at Bouchercon 2000, the world's largest mystery convention, and Rex Stout was nominated Best Mystery Writer of the Century.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 803 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image is of a drawing, painting, print, or other two-dimensional work of art, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 803 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image is of a drawing, painting, print, or other two-dimensional work of art, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either... Look up mystery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rex Stout, full name Rex Todhunter Stout, (December 1, 1886 - October 27, 1975) was an American writer best known as the creator of the larger-than-life fictional detective Nero Wolfe. ... Archie Goodwin as illustrated in the June 21, 1958 edition of The Saturday Evening Post alongside the story Frame Up for Murder by Rex Stout. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Bouchercon, the Anthony Boucher Memorial World Mystery Convention, is an annual convention of creators and devotees of mystery and detective fiction. ...

Character

I suggest beginning with autobiographical sketches from each of us, and here is mine. I was born in Montenegro and spent my early boyhood there. At the age of sixteen I decided to move around, and in fourteen years I became acquainted with most of Europe, a little of Africa, and much of Asia, in a variety of roles and activities. Coming to this country in nineteen-thirty, not penniless, I bought this house and entered into practice as a private detective. I am a naturalized American citizen.

– Nero Wolfe addressing the suspects in "Fourth of July Picnic" (1957) And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ...

Rex Stout originally intended Nero Wolfe's age to be 56, at least in the first books^[2]. Some descriptions and remarks in the later books show that Stout was allowing his principal characters to age somewhat, although much more slowly than the world they inhabit. The books take place contemporaneously with their writing, however, so that they do depict a changing landscape and society, primarily that of New York City, over the course of 40 years.

Wolfe is 5'11" tall and is frequently said by the books' narrator to weigh "a seventh of a ton" (about 286 pounds or 130 kg). At the time of the first book, 1934, this was intended to indicate unusual obesity, especially through the use of the word "ton" as the unit of measure. ^[3] Although capable of normal movement, Wolfe tries to adhere to a policy of never leaving his house for business reasons and seldom for any reason at all: as the British critic Kingsley Amis says, Wolfe "distrust[s] all machines more complicated than a wheelbarrow." ^[4] Sir Kingsley William Amis (April 16, 1922 – October 22, 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. ...

Origins

With one notable exception, the corpus implies or states that Nero Wolfe was born in Montenegro. In the first chapter of Over My Dead Body (1939), Wolfe tells an FBI agent that he was born in the United States — a declaration at odds with all other references. Stout revealed the reason for the discrepancy in a letter obtained by his authorized biographer, John McAleer: "In the original draft of Over My Dead Body Nero was a Montenegrin by birth, and it all fitted previous hints as to his background; but violent protests from The American Magazine, supported by Farrar & Rinehart, caused his cradle to be transported five thousand miles."^[5] This article is about the country in Europe. ... Over My Dead Body is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1939. ...

"I got the idea of making Wolfe a Montenegrin from Louis Adamic," Stout told McAleer. Everything Stout knew about Montenegrins he learned from Adamic's book The Native's Return (1934), or from Adamic himself, McAleer reported. Louis Alojzi Adamic (March 23, 1899 – September 4, 1951) was a Slovenian-American author and translator. ...

"Adamic describes the Montenegrin male as tall, commanding, dignified, courteous, hospitable," McAleer wrote. "He is reluctant to work, accustomed to isolation from women. He places women in a subordinate role. He is a romantic idealist, apt to go in for dashing effects to express his spirited nature. He is strong in family loyalties, has great pride, is impatient of restraint. Love of freedom is his outstanding trait. He is stubborn, fearless, unsubduable, capable of great self-denial to uphold his ideals. He is fatalistic toward death. In short, Rex had found for Wolfe a nationality that fitted him to perfection."^[6]

Wolfe is reticent about his youth, but apparently he was athletic, fit, and adventurous. Before World War I, he spied for the Austrian government, but had a change of heart when the war began. He then joined the Serbian-Montenegrin army and fought against the Austrians and Germans. After a time in Europe and North Africa, he came to the United States. “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

In 1956, John D. Clark put forth a theory in the Baker Street Journal that Wolfe was the offspring of an affair between Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler (a character from "A Scandal in Bohemia"). Clark suggested that the two had had an affair in Montenegro in 1892, and that Nero Wolfe was the result. The idea was later co-opted by William S. Baring-Gould, but there is no evidence that Rex Stout had any such connection in mind. Certainly there is no mention of it in any of the stories (although a painting of Sherlock Holmes does hang over Archie Goodwin's desk in Nero Wolfe's office). Some commentators, noting both physical and psychological resemblances, suggest Sherlock's brother Mycroft Holmes as a more likely father for Wolfe. There is also a curious coincidence: in the names "Sherlock Holmes" and "Nero Wolfe", the vowels appear in the same order. In 1957 Ellery Queen called this "The Great O-E Theory" and suggested that it derives from the father of mysteries, Edgar Allan Poe. ^[7] John Drury Clark, Ph. ... A portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget from the Strand Magazine, 1891 Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. ... Irene Adler is a fictional character featured in the Sherlock Holmes story A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published in July, 1891. ... A Scandal in Bohemia was the first of Arthur Conan Doyles 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories to be published in The Strand Magazine. ... William Stuart Baring-Gould (1913–1967) was a noted Sherlock Holmes scholar, best known as the author of the influential fictional biography Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A life of the worlds first consulting detective, published in 1962. ... Mycroft Holmes as depicted by Sidney Edward Paget in Strand Magazine Mycroft Holmes is a fictional character in the stories written by Arthur Conan Doyle. ... Frederic Dannay (left), with James Yaffe (1943) Ellery Queen is both a fictional character and a pseudonym used by two American cousins from Brooklyn, New York: Daniel (David) Nathan, alias Frederic Dannay (October 20, 1905–September 3, 1982) and Manford (Emanuel) Lepofsky, alias Manfred Bennington Lee (January 11, 1905–April... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ...

More recently, some people have suggested the French thief Arsene Lupin as the father of Nero Wolfe, citing that Lupin is the French word for wolf. Ars ne Lupin is a fictional gentleman-thief character appearing in a series of novels by Maurice Leblanc. ...

Home

Wolfe, who has expensive tastes, lives in a luxurious and comfortable New York City brownstone on West 35th Street. In the course of the books, nine different street addresses are given, ranging from 506 to 938; many of those numbers would actually be located in the Hudson River.^[8] Ken Darby's meticulously researched book about the brownstone says that its real location was on East 22nd Street in the Gramercy Park District and that "there never were brownstone houses on West 35th Street."^[9] The house has three floors, plus a large basement with living quarters, a rooftop greenhouse also with living quarters, and a small elevator, used almost exclusively by Wolfe. Other unique features include a timer-activated window-opening device that regulates the temperature in Wolfe's bedroom, an alarm system that sounds in Archie's room if someone approaches Wolfe's bedroom door, and climate-controlled plant rooms on the top floor. A well-known amateur orchid grower, Wolfe has 10,000 plants in the brownstone's greenhouse and employs three live-in staff to see to his needs: This article is about the building material and the dwelling. ...

Staff

Household

• Archie Goodwin, the narrator of all the stories and a central character in them. He is occasionally referred to by the New York newspapers as "Nero Wolfe's legman." Like Wolfe, Archie is a licensed private detective and handles all investigation that takes place outside the brownstone. He also takes care of routine tasks such as sorting the mail, taking dictation and answering the phone. At the time of the first novel, Fer-de-Lance, Archie had been working for Wolfe for seven years^[10] and had by then been trained by Wolfe in his preferred methods of investigation. Like Wolfe, he has developed an extraordinary memory and can recite verbatim conversations that go on for hours. But perhaps his most useful attribute is his ability to bring reluctant people to Wolfe for interrogation. Archie has his own bedroom one floor above Wolfe's and lives at the brownstone rent-free. On several occasions he makes it a point to note that he owns his bedroom furniture. Except for breakfast (which chef Fritz Brenner generally serves him in the kitchen) Archie takes his meals at Wolfe's table, and has learned much about haute cuisine by listening to Wolfe and Fritz discuss food. While Archie has a cocktail on occasion, his beverage of choice is milk. Archie's initial rough edges become smoother across the decades, much as American norms evolved over the years. In the first Wolfe novel, Archie uses a racially offensive term, for which Wolfe chides him,^[11] but by the time that A Right To Die was published in 1964, racial epithets were used only by Stout's criminals, or as evidence of mental defect. Many reviewers and critics regard Archie as the stories' true protagonist. Compared to Wolfe, Goodwin is the man of action, tough and street smart. His narrative style is breezy and vivid. Some commentators saw this as a conscious device by Stout to fuse the hard school of Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade with the urbanity of Sherlock Holmes or Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot. ^[12] But there is no doubt that Goodwin was an important addition to the genre of detective fiction. Previously, foils such as Watson or Hastings were employed as confidants and narrators, but none had such a fully-developed personality or was such an integral part of the plot as Archie.
• Fritz Brenner, an exceptionally talented Swiss cook who prepares and serves all of Wolfe's meals except those that Wolfe occasionally takes at Rusterman's Restaurant, of which Wolfe became trustee after the death of his friend, and Rusterman's owner, Marko Vukcic. Fritz (by which name he is generally referred to in the stories) also acts as the household's majordomo and butler. In his room, Fritz keeps 289 cookbooks, the head of a wild boar he shot in the Vosges, and busts of Escoffier and Brillat-Savarin as well as a cooking vessel thought to have been used by Julius Caesar's chef.^[13].
• Theodore Horstmann, an orchid expert who assists Wolfe in the plant rooms and has his living quarters on the roof. In the first Wolfe book, Fer-de-Lance, Horstmann is described as being an "old man" who yells at Wolfe, who "seemed to have the same effect on Horstmann that an umpire had on John J. McGraw." Sometimes when Horstmann appears, his existence is little more than a plot device — as in "Door to Death." in which his extended absence forces Wolfe to find another orchid tender. In "Black Orchids," however, Theodore's actions are central to the denouement. It is curious that in spite of the great emphasis on food and eating throughout the series, along with Wolfe's frequent query of guests or gathered suspects as to whether they have yet eaten, little mention is ever made of where, when, or what Horstmann eats, except that in Plot It Yourself he is said to eat in the kitchen with Fritz.

Archie Goodwin as illustrated in the June 21, 1958 edition of The Saturday Evening Post alongside the story Frame Up for Murder by Rex Stout. ... Fer-de-Lance is the first Nero Wolfe detective novel written by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1934. ... A Right to Die is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1964 Spoiler warning: The novel is set against the background of the Civil Rights Act conflict in the Johnson Administration. ... Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American author of hardboiled detective novels and short stories. ... Poster of the 1941 Warner Brothers film version of The Maltese Falcon, directed by John Huston Sam Spade was the leading character in the novel and movie The Maltese Falcon (1931). ... A portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget from the Strand Magazine, 1891 Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. ... Agatha Mary Clarissa, Lady Mallowan, DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976), mainly known as Agatha Christie, was an English crime fiction writer. ... David Suchet as Hercule Poirot in The Dream Hercule Poirot (pronounced in english ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by Agatha Christie. ... Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ... Georges Auguste Escoffier (October 28, 1846 (?)-February 12, 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods. ... —Brillat-Savarin Quite possibly the most famous French epicure and gastronome of all, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (April 1, 1755 - 1826) was born in the town of Belley,where the Rhine then separated France from Savoy, to a family of lawyers in whom eloquence flowed. ... Fer-de-Lance is the first Nero Wolfe detective novel written by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1934. ... John Joseph McGraw (April 7, 1873–February 25, 1934), nicknamed Little Napoleon and Muggsy, was a Major League Baseball player and manager. ... Three Doors to Death is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1950 — itself collected in the omnibus volume Five of a Kind (Viking 1961). ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Plot It Yourself (British title Murder in Style) is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1959, and also collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces (Viking 1969). ...

The 'Teers

They were the three 'teers because once at a conference Orrie had said they were the three musketeers and we had tried to change it to fit. We tried snoopeteers, privateers (for private eyes), dicketeers, wolfeteers, hawketeers, and others, and ended up by deciding that none of them was good enough and settling for the three 'teers.

– Archie Goodwin writing in The Father Hunt (1968), chapter 11 The Father Hunt is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1968. ...

• Saul Panzer, a top-notch private detective who is frequently hired by Nero Wolfe either to assist Archie Goodwin, or to carry out assignments Wolfe prefers that Archie not know about. Panzer is not an impressive looking character; he dresses sloppily, has a big nose, and almost always needs a shave. Even so, Archie and Wolfe respect Saul immensely. He charges much higher fees than other New York detectives, but Archie insists he's worth every cent.
• Fred Durkin, a blue-collar gumshoe who is often hired for mundane tasks like surveillance. Durkin is honest and likable, but unsophisticated. He is often nervous around Nero Wolfe, whom he once offended by stirring vinegar into a roux for squab at Wolfe's table.^[14] To curry favor with Wolfe, he sometimes accepts Wolfe's offer of beer, even though Archie has heard Fred call beer "slop."^[15]
• Orvald "Orrie" Cather, whose self-indulgence is central to the plots of Death of a Doxy and A Family Affair. Stout depicts Orrie as unusually handsome, someone who makes people want to tell him things. Orrie can be too full of himself at times. In The Mother Hunt, after Wolfe leaves it to Saul to teach Orrie better manners, Archie warns Wolfe, "You know, if you pile it on enough to give Orrie an inferiority complex it will be a lulu, and a damn good op will be ruined."^[16] But Archie too has an occasional run-in with Orrie, who thinks he would look just fine sitting at Archie's desk.

Death of a Doxy is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1966. ... The Mother Hunt is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1963. ...

Other associates

• Lon Cohen, of the New York Gazette, is Archie's pipeline to breaking crime news. Archie frequently asks Lon to run background checks on current or prospective clients. Lon is also one of Archie's poker-playing pals.
• Lily Rowan, heiress and socialite, often appears as Archie's romantic companion, although both Lily and Archie are fiercely independent and have no intention of getting engaged or settling down. Lily was introduced in Some Buried Caesar, appears in several stories, and assists in a couple of cases.
• Herb Aronson and Al Goller are two friendly cabbies who make themselves available to Archie for mobile surveillance jobs.
• Bill Gore and Johnny Keems, freelance operatives, are occasionally called in when Wolfe requires additional help in the field. In almost every story where he is mentioned, Archie as narrator remarks on his distaste for Keems, whose slickness and overwhelming desire for Archie's job as Nero Wolfe's live-in assistant (a trait subsequently reassigned to Orrie Cather) are constant irritants. Keems is killed while working for Wolfe in Might as Well Be Dead.
• Whenever Wolfe's plans call for a female operative, Wolfe engages Ruth Brady (who is handy with a blackjack) or Dol (short for Theodolinda) Bonner. Dol Bonner has her own independent agency, and her assistant is Sally Corbett (aka Sally Colt).
• Del Bascom, another local independent with his own agency, is a professional colleague referred to on occasion.
• Nathaniel Parker serves as Wolfe's lawyer (or occasionally as a client's lawyer, on Wolfe's recommendation) when only a lawyer will do. Parker succeeded Henry H. Barber, who played this role earlier in the series. On the way from Henry Barber to Nathaniel Parker, Wolfe consults Henry Parker in chapter 9 of The Golden Spiders.

The Golden Spiders is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by popular American mystery writer Rex Stout, first published in 1953. ...

Eccentricities

Wolfe has pronounced eccentricities, as well as strict rules concerning his way of life, and their occasional violation adds spice to many of the stories:

• According to Amis, Wolfe does not allow people to use his first name, spends his free time reading, and "react[s] so little in conversation that an eighth-of-an-inch shake of the head becomes a frenzy of negation." Amis also states that there are no televisions in the brownstone. However, both Plot It Yourself and The Doorbell Rang mention televisions in Wolfe's house. The latter story places one television in Fritz's basement den (its volume turned up to foil potential eavesdroppers) and another in Wolfe's office^[17].
• The stories insist that Wolfe conducts no business outside the brownstone, but in fact this rule is frequently violated. At times, Wolfe and Archie are on a personal errand when a murder occurs, and legal authorities require that they remain in the vicinity (Too Many Cooks, Some Buried Caesar, "Too Many Detectives" and "Immune to Murder", for example). In other instances, the requirements of the case force Wolfe from his house (In the Best Families, The Second Confession, The Doorbell Rang, Plot It Yourself, The Silent Speaker, Death of a Dude). Although he occasionally ventures by car into the suburbs of New York City, he is loath to travel, and clutches the safety strap continually on the occasions that Archie drives him somewhere.
• Wolfe maintains a rigid schedule in the brownstone. After breakfast in his bedroom while wearing yellow silk pajamas, he is with Horstmann in the plant rooms from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. Lunch is usually at 1:15 p.m. He returns to the plant rooms from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. Dinner is generally at 7:15 or 7:30 p.m. (although in one book, Wolfe tells a guest that lunch is served at 1 o'clock and dinner at 8). The remaining hours, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., and after dinner, are available for business, or for reading if there is no pressing business (by Archie's lights, even if there is). Sunday's schedule is more relaxed.
• Wolfe drinks copious amounts of beer, starting after returning to his office from the plant rooms at 11 a.m., and not ending until bedtime. He carefully collects the bottle caps in a desk drawer to track his consumption. In the first book, Fer-de-Lance, his daily consumption is said to be six quarts but that he was considering cutting it back to five quarts.
• Wolfe has stated that "all music is a vestige of barbarism."^[18]. And in a conversation over lunch with Saul Panzer, Wolfe denies that music can have any intellectual content.^[19]
• In the course of the stories, Wolfe displays a pronounced, almost pathological, dislike for the company of women. Although some readers interpret this attitude as simple misogyny, various details in the stories, particularly the early ones, suggest it has more to do with an unfortunate encounter in early life with a femme fatale. He dislikes women not so much as what he perceives as their frailties, especially their tendency to hysterics — to which he thinks every woman is prone. However, "Cordially Invited to Meet Death" describes Wolfe's respect for a woman who solves the problem of preparing corned beef — he actually allows her to stand "... closer to him than I had ever seen any woman or girl of any age tolerated, with her hand slipped between his arm and his bulk ..." And Death of a Doxy offers this vignette: "'I decline your invitation, Miss Jackson,' he said, 'but I wish you well. I have the impression that your opinion of our fellow beings and their qualities is somewhat similar to mine.' He got to his feet. He almost never stands for comers or goers, male or female. And he actually repeated it. 'I wish you well, madam.'"
• It is noted early in the first Wolfe novel that there is a gong under Archie's bed that will ring upon any intrusion into or near Wolfe's own bedroom: "Wolfe told me once ... that he really had no cowardice in him, he only had an intense distaste for being touched by anyone ..."
• In nearly every story, Wolfe solves the mystery by considering the facts brought to him by Archie and others, and the replies to questions he himself asks of suspects. Wolfe ponders with his eyes closed, leaning back in his chair, breathing deeply and steadily, and pushing his lips in and out. Archie says that during these trances Wolfe reacts to nothing that is going on around him. Archie seldom interrupts Wolfe's thought processes, he says, largely because it is the only time that he can be sure that Wolfe is working.

Plot It Yourself (British title Murder in Style) is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1959, and also collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces (Viking 1969). ... The Doorbell Rang is a mystery novel by American author Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1965. ... Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... Some Buried Caesar is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1938. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... In the Best Families is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1950. ... The Second Confession is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1949. ... The Doorbell Rang is a mystery novel by American author Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1965. ... Plot It Yourself (British title Murder in Style) is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1959, and also collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces (Viking 1969). ... The Silent Speaker is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1946. ... Fer-de-Lance is the first Nero Wolfe detective novel written by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1934. ... Convicted spy Mata Hari made her name synonymous with femme fatale during WWI. A femme fatale (plural: femmes fatales) is an alluring and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers in bonds of irresistible desire, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Death of a Doxy is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1966. ...

Food

Along with reading, enjoyment of good food is the keystone of Wolfe's mostly leisured existence. He is both a gourmand and a gourmet, dining on generous helpings of Fritz's cuisine three times a day. Shad roe is a particular favorite, prepared in a number of different ways. Archie, who heartily enjoys his food but lacks Wolfe's palate, laments at one point that "Every spring I get so fed up with shad roe that I wish to heaven fish would figure out some other way. Whales have." ^[20] Shad roe is frequently the first course, followed by another Wolfe favorite, roasted or braised duck. Archie also complains that there is never corned beef or rye bread on Wolfe's table, and he sometimes ducks out to eat a corned beef sandwich at a nearby diner. But in "Black Orchids" a young woman gives Wolfe a cooking lesson in the preparation of corned beef hash. Another contradiction: in Plot It Yourself Archie goes to a diner to eat "fried chicken like my Aunt Margie used to make it back in Ohio," since Fritz does not fry chicken. But in The Golden Spiders Fritz prepares fried chicken for Wolfe, Archie, Saul, Orrie, and Fred. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Species About 15-20, see text. ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Plot It Yourself (British title Murder in Style) is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1959, and also collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces (Viking 1969). ... The Golden Spiders is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by popular American mystery writer Rex Stout, first published in 1953. ...

Wolfe displays an oenophile's knowledge of wine and brandy, but it is only implied that he drinks either. In And Be a Villain, he issues a dinner invitation and regrets doing so on short notice: "There will not be time to chambrer a claret properly, but we can have the chill off." Continuing the invitation, Wolfe says of a certain brandy, "I hope this won't shock you, but the way to do it is to sip it with bites of Fritz's apple pie."^[21] And Be A Villain is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1948. ...

On weekdays, Fritz serves Wolfe's breakfast in Wolfe's bedroom. Archie eats his separately in the kitchen, although if Wolfe has morning instructions for Archie, Wolfe will ask Fritz to send Archie upstairs first. For lunch and dinner, regularly scheduled mealtimes are part of Wolfe's daily routine. In an early story, Wolfe tells a guest that luncheon is served daily at 1:00 p.m. and dinner at 8:00, although later stories suggest that lunchtime may have been changed to 1:15 or 1:30, at least on Fridays. Lunch and dinner are served in the dining room. If Archie is in a rush due to pressing business or a social engagement, however, he will eat separately in the kitchen because Wolfe cannot bear to see a meal rushed. Wolfe also has a rule, sometimes bent but never overtly broken, that business is never discussed at the table.

Wolfe views much of life through the prism of food and dining, going so far as to say at one point that Voltaire "... wasn't a man at all, since he had no palate and a dried-up stomach."^[22] He knows enough about fine cuisine to lecture on American cooking to Les Quinze Maîtres (a group of the 15 finest chefs in the world) in Too Many Cooks and to dine with the Ten for Aristology (a group of epicures) in "Poison à la Carte." Wolfe does not, however, enjoy visiting restaurants (with the occasional exception of Rusterman's, owned for a time by Wolfe's best friend, Marco Vukcic); in The Red Box (1937), Wolfe states that "I know nothing of restaurants; short of compulsion, I would not eat in one were Vatel himself the chef."^[23] For the singer of the same name, see Voltaire (musician). ... Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... Three at Wolfes Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. ... The Red Box is the fourth Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... François Vatel (1631 – April 24, 1671) was a French chef, famous for inventing Chantilly cream, a sweet, vanilla-flavoured whipped cream, for an extravagant banquet for 2,000 people hosted in honor of Louis XIV by Louis, the great Condé in April 1671 at the Château de Chantilly...

It appears that Wolfe knows his way around the kitchen; in Too Many Cooks, he tells Jerome Berin, "I spend quite a little time in the kitchen myself."^[24] In The Doorbell Rang, he offers to cook Yorkshire Buck for the 'teers, and in "Immune to Murder", the State Department asks him to prepare trout Montbarry for a visiting dignitary. In The Black Mountain, Wolfe and Archie stay briefly in an unoccupied house in Italy on their way to Montenegro; Wolfe prepares a pasta dish using Romano cheese that, from "his memory of local custom," he finds in a hole in the ground. (The early story "Bitter End" suggests the contrary view that Wolfe was unable to prepare his own meals, as in that story Fritz's illness with the flu causes a household crisis and forces Wolfe to resort to canned liver pâté for his lunch.) Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... The Doorbell Rang is a mystery novel by American author Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1965. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... The Black Mountain is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1954. ...

Wolfe's meals generally include an appetizer, a hearty main course, a salad served after the entrée (with the salad dressing mixed at tableside and used immediately), and a dessert course with coffee.

Bibliography

Nero Wolfe books by Rex Stout

Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe books are listed below in order of publication. Novels can be browsed alphabetically by title at the Nero Wolfe novels by Rex Stout page. Titles of the novella collections are listed alphabetically on the Nero Wolfe short story collections page.

Fer-de-Lance is the first Nero Wolfe detective novel written by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1934. ... The League of Frightened Men is the second Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... The Rubber Band is a punk rock band started by two 11 year olds, a 10 year old and a 12 year old. ... The Red Box is the fourth Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... Some Buried Caesar is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1938. ... Over My Dead Body is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1939. ... Spoiler warning: // Barb finds herself a finalist for Mother of the Year. ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Not Quite Dead Enough was originally the name of a Nero Wolfe novella by Rex Stout published in American Magazine in 1942, and later the name of a book containing that story and also the story Booby Trap, which was likewise separately published during the war. ... The Silent Speaker is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1946. ... Too Many Women is a Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout, published in 1947 by the Viking Press. ... And Be A Villain is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1948. ... Trouble in Triplicate is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1949, and itself collected in the omnibus volume All Aces (Viking 1958). ... The Second Confession is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1949. ... Three Doors to Death is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1950 — itself collected in the omnibus volume Five of a Kind (Viking 1961). ... In the Best Families is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1950. ... Curtains for Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1951 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Full House (Viking 1955). ... Murder by the Book is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout published in 1951 by the Viking Press, and collected in the omnibus volume Royal Flush (1965). ... Triple Jeopardy is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1952. ... Prisoners Base is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1952. ... The Golden Spiders is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by popular American mystery writer Rex Stout, first published in 1953. ... Three Men Out is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1954. ... The Black Mountain is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1954. ... Before Midnight is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout // Plot introduction Explanation of the novels title The title refers to the deadline contestants face in a lucrative national contest (sponsored by a perfume company) which has taken a deadly turn with the death of the creative genius... Three Witnesses is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1956 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Royal Flush (Viking 1965). ... Might As Well Be Dead is the name of a detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1956. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... If Death Ever Slept is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1957 and collected in the omnibus volume Three Trumps (Viking 1973). ... And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ... Champagne for One is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1958. ... Plot It Yourself (British title Murder in Style) is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1959, and also collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces (Viking 1969). ... Three at Wolfes Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. ... Too Many Clients is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960, and collected in the omnibus volume Three Aces (Viking 1971). ... The Final Deduction is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1961 and collected in the omnibus volume Three Aces (Viking 1971). ... Homicide Trinity is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1962. ... Gambit is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1962. ... The Mother Hunt is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1963. ... Trio for Blunt Instruments is a collection into a single book of three of Rex Stouts Nero Wolfe novellas, or long short stories. ... A Right to Die is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1964 Spoiler warning: The novel is set against the background of the Civil Rights Act conflict in the Johnson Administration. ... The Doorbell Rang is a mystery novel by American author Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1965. ... Death of a Doxy is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1966. ... The Father Hunt is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1968. ... Death of a Dude is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1969. ... Please Pass the Guilt is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1973. ... A Family Affair is the final Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1975. ... Death Times Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published posthumously by Bantam Books in 1985. ...

Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout

Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe novellas are listed below in order of first appearance.

Death Times Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published posthumously by Bantam Books in 1985. ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Black Orchids is a Nero Wolfe double mystery by Rex Stout published in 1942 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. ... Not Quite Dead Enough was originally the name of a Nero Wolfe novella by Rex Stout published in American Magazine in 1942, and later the name of a book containing that story and also the story Booby Trap, which was likewise separately published during the war. ... Not Quite Dead Enough was originally the name of a Nero Wolfe novella by Rex Stout published in American Magazine in 1942, and later the name of a book containing that story and also the story Booby Trap, which was likewise separately published during the war. ... Trouble in Triplicate is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1949, and itself collected in the omnibus volume All Aces (Viking 1958). ... Trouble in Triplicate is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1949, and itself collected in the omnibus volume All Aces (Viking 1958). ... Trouble in Triplicate is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1949, and itself collected in the omnibus volume All Aces (Viking 1958). ... Three Doors to Death is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1950 — itself collected in the omnibus volume Five of a Kind (Viking 1961). ... Curtains for Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1951 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Full House (Viking 1955). ... Three Doors to Death is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1950 — itself collected in the omnibus volume Five of a Kind (Viking 1961). ... Three Doors to Death is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1950 — itself collected in the omnibus volume Five of a Kind (Viking 1961). ... Curtains for Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1951 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Full House (Viking 1955). ... Curtains for Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1951 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Full House (Viking 1955). ... Triple Jeopardy is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1952. ... Triple Jeopardy is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1952. ... Triple Jeopardy is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1952. ... Three Men Out is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1954. ... Three Men Out is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1954. ... Three Men Out is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1954. ... Three Witnesses is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1956 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Royal Flush (Viking 1965). ... Three Witnesses is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1956 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Royal Flush (Viking 1965). ... Three Witnesses is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1956 and itself collected in the omnibus volume Royal Flush (Viking 1965). ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... Three for the Chair is a collection of three Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, first published in this form by Viking Press in 1957, and later by Bantam Books in paperback in various printings beginning in 1958. ... And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ... And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ... And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ... And Four to Go (British title Crime and Again) is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. ... Death Times Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published posthumously by Bantam Books in 1985. ... Three at Wolfes Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. ... Three at Wolfes Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. ... Three at Wolfes Door is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. ... Homicide Trinity is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1962. ... Homicide Trinity is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1962. ... Trio for Blunt Instruments is a collection into a single book of three of Rex Stouts Nero Wolfe novellas, or long short stories. ... Homicide Trinity is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1962. ... Trio for Blunt Instruments is a collection into a single book of three of Rex Stouts Nero Wolfe novellas, or long short stories. ... Trio for Blunt Instruments is a collection into a single book of three of Rex Stouts Nero Wolfe novellas, or long short stories. ... Death Times Three is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published posthumously by Bantam Books in 1985. ...

Other Nero Wolfe works by Rex Stout

• The Nero Wolfe Cookbook, with the editors of Viking Press (1973) — The cuisine and world of Nero Wolfe are brought to life in 237 recipes and a wealth of pertinent quotes from the corpus, illustrated by vintage New York City photographs by John Muller, Andreas Feininger and others. Many of the recipes would be regarded today as too heavy: for example, the ingredients listed for il pesto include pig liver and butter. Chapters include "Breakfast in the Old Brownstone"; "Luncheon in the Dining Room"; "Warm-Weather Dinners"; "Cold-Weather Dinners"; "Desserts"; "The Perfect Dinner for the Perfect Detective"; "The Relapse"; "Snacks"; "Guests, Male and Female"; "Associates for Dinner"; "Fritz Brenner"; "Dishes Cooked by Others"; "Rusterman's Restaurant"; "Nero Wolfe Cooks"; and "The Kanawha Spa Dinner". Hardcover ISBN 0670505994 / Paperback ISBN 1888952245
• "Why Nero Wolfe Likes Orchids" [1], Life (April 19, 1963) — Concluding a feature story titled "The Orchid" that was photographed by Alfred Eisenstaedt, Archie Goodwin "investigates and explains the deep satisfactions of his boss's orchid-fixation." Archie reports that Wolfe's fascination with orchids began when he was given a specimen plant "by the wife of a man he had cleared on a murder rap. He kept it in the office and it petered out. He got mad, built a little shed on the roof and bought 20 plants." A detailed description of the dimensions and activities of the rooftop plant rooms follows. Archie notes that he often hears Wolfe talking to the orchids and gives examples of what he says. The main reason his boss grows orchids, he writes, is for the color:

He says you don't look at color, you feel it, and apparently he thinks that really means something. It doesn't to me, but maybe it does to you and you know exactly how he feels as he opens the door to the plant rooms and walks in on the big show. I have never known a day when less than a hundred plants were in bloom, and sometimes there are a thousand...

• "The Case of the Spies Who Weren't," Ramparts (January 1966) — Archie Goodwin reports that the previous evening Nero Wolfe and "Rex Stout, my literary agent" filled 27 pages in his notebook with their discussion of Invitation to an Inquest by Walter and Miriam Schneir, a recently published book that they are reviewing for Ramparts magazine. Since their review must be fewer than 3,000 words, Wolfe frowns and orders Archie to "Contract it. Cramp it."

I frowned back. "You cramp it. Or Stout. Let him earn his ten per cent. Dictate it."

Archie loses the argument and condenses their views on the book, which concerns the case against Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

Feiningers book, Experimental Work displaying his well known picture of Magnum photojournalist, Dennis Stock. ... For other uses, see Life (disambiguation). ... Alfred Eisenstaedt (December 6, 1898[1] – August 24, 1995) was a German American photographer and photojournalist. ... Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were American Communists who received international attention when they were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union. ...

Other authors of Nero Wolfe stories

Robert Goldsborough

With the approval of the estate of Rex Stout, journalist Robert Goldsborough wrote seven Nero Wolfe mysteries, published by Bantam Books. Goldsborough's approach was faithful to the Rex Stout works, but he added his own touches, including an updated frame of reference (Archie now uses a personal computer to file Wolfe's germination records; Wolfe's ancient elevator is finally replaced by a more efficient model, etc.). Goldsborough's first effort, Murder in E-Minor (1986), was a bestseller, and was hailed as an excellent mystery. Goldsborough averaged one new Wolfe novel annually, often drawing on his own background in advertising, education, and journalism for color and detail. Robert Goldsborough is an American author of mystery novels. ... Bantam Books is a major U.S. publishing house owned by Random House and is part of the Bantam Dell Publishing Group. ... Murder in E Minor is a 1986 Nero Wolfe novel written by Robert Goldsborough. ...

• 1986 Murder in E-Minor
• 1987 Death on Deadline
• 1988 The Bloodied Ivy — Murder on the college campus, mingled with the attractions and pitfalls of having dedicated groupies as graduate students.
• 1989 The Last Coincidence — The fallout of the (alleged) date rape of Lily Rowan's niece.
• 1990 Fade to Black
• 1992 Silver Spire — Behind-the-scenes intrigue at a successful televangelism ministry based in Staten Island.
• 1994 The Missing Chapter — Last and least of the Goldsborough novels, this is, in retrospect, the author's explicit farewell to Nero Wolfe: the story concerns the murder of a mediocre continuator of a popular detective series. In fairness to Goldsborough, his personal enthusiasm for the series may have been dampened by an outspoken newspaper critic, who had attacked Goldsborough and his "pallid" pastiches. Actually, the series remained popular throughout Goldsborough's tenure, and the novels sold well in both hardcover and paperback editions.

Murder in E Minor is a 1986 Nero Wolfe novel written by Robert Goldsborough. ... Death on Deadline is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Robert Goldsborough, first published by Bantam in 1987, the second of Goldsboroughs seven novels featuring Rex Stouts famous sedentary detective. ... Fade to Black is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Robert Goldsborough, the fifth of seven Nero Wolfe books extending the Rex Stout canon. ... This article is about the borough in New York City. ...

John Lescroart

While not mentioning Nero Wolfe by name, John Lescroart suggests in two books that the main character, Auguste Lupa (the son of Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler), later becomes Nero Wolfe.^[25] John Lescroart is an American author best known for a series of legal and crime thrillers centering on the characters Dismas Hardy and Abe Glitsky. ... Auguste Lupa is a fictional character in two pastiche novels by author John Lescroart. ...

• 1986 Son of Holmes
• 1987 Rasputin's Revenge

Books about Rex Stout and Nero Wolfe

• Anderson, David R., Rex Stout (1984, Frederick Ungar; Hardcover ISBN 080442005X / Paperback ISBN 0804460094). Study of the Nero Wolfe series.
• Baring-Gould, William S., Nero Wolfe of West Thirty-fifth Street (1969, Viking Press; ISBN 0140061940). Fanciful biography. Reviewed in Time, March 21, 1969 ("The American Holmes" [2]).
• Bourne, Michael, Corsage: A Bouquet of Rex Stout and Nero Wolfe (1977, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers; Hardcover ISBN 0918736005 / Paperback ISBN 0918736013). Posthumous collection produced in a numbered limited edition of 276 hardcovers and 1,500 softcovers. Shortly before his death Rex Stout authorized the editor to include the first Nero Wolfe novella, "Bitter End" (1940), which had not been republished in his own novella collections.^[26]Corsage also includes an interview Bourne conducted with Stout (July 18, 1973; also available on audiocassette tape),^[27] and concludes with the first and only book publication of "Why Nero Wolfe Likes Orchids," an article by Rex Stout that first appeared in Life (April 19, 1963).
• Darby, Ken, The Brownstone House of Nero Wolfe, as Told by Archie Goodwin (1983, Little, Brown and Company; ISBN 0316172804). Full-length book about Wolfe's house, including several elaborate floor plans.
• Gotwald, Rev. Frederick G., The Nero Wolfe Handbook (1985; revised 1992, 2000). Self-published anthology of essays edited by a longtime member of The Wolfe Pack.
• Kaye, Marvin, The Archie Goodwin Files (2005, Wildside Press; ISBN 1557424845). Selected articles from The Wolfe Pack publication The Gazette, edited by a charter member.
• Kaye, Marvin, The Nero Wolfe Files (2005, Wildside Press; ISBN 0809544946). Selected articles from The Wolfe Pack publication The Gazette, edited by a charter member.
• McAleer, John, Rex Stout: A Biography (1977, Little, Brown and Company; ISBN 0316553409). Foreword by P.G. Wodehouse. Winner of the Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award for Best Critical/Biographical Work in 1978. Reissued as Rex Stout: A Majesty's Life (2002, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers; Hardcover ISBN 0918736439 / Paperback ISBN 0918736447).
• McAleer, John, Royal Decree: Conversations with Rex Stout (1983, Pontes Press, Ashton, MD). Published in a numbered limited edition of 1,000 copies.
• McBride, O.E., Stout Fellow: A Guide Through Nero Wolfe's World (2003, iUniverse; Hardcover ISBN 0595657168 / Paperback ISBN 0595278612). Pseudonymous self-published homage.
• Mitgang, Herbert, Dangerous Dossiers: Exposing the Secret War Against America's Greatest Authors (1988, Donald I. Fine, Inc.; ISBN 1556110774). Chapter 10 is titled "Seeing Red: Rex Stout."
• Symons, Julian, Great Detectives: Seven Original Investigations (1981, Abrams; ISBN 0810909782). Illustrated by Tom Adams. "We quiz Archie Goodwin in his den and gain a clue to the ultimate fate of Nero Wolfe" in a chapter titled "In Which Archie Goodwin Remembers."
• Townsend, Guy M., Rex Stout: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography (1980, Garland Publishing; ISBN 0824094794). Associate editors John McAleer, Judson Sapp and Arriean Schemer. Definitive publication history.
• Van Dover, J. Kenneth, At Wolfe's Door: The Nero Wolfe Novels of Rex Stout (1991, Borgo Press, Milford Series; second edition 2003, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers; Hardcover ISBN 091873651X / Paperback ISBN 0918736528). Bibliography, reviews and essays.

William Stuart Baring-Gould (1913–1967) was a noted Sherlock Holmes scholar, best known as the author of the influential fictional biography Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A life of the worlds first consulting detective, published in 1962. ... Marvin Kaye is an American mystery, fantasy, and horror author and editor. ... Marvin Kaye is an American mystery, fantasy, and horror author and editor. ... Called English literatures performing flea, P. G. Wodehouse, pictured in 1904, became famous for his complex plots, ingenious wordplay, and prolific output. ... The Edgar Allan Poe Awards (popularly called the Edgars), named after Edgar Allan Poe, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America. ... Julian Gustave Symons (1912 - 1994) was a British writer, best known for crime fiction. ... John Michael Geoffrey Manningham Adams (1931 - 1985) was a Barbados political figure. ...

Adaptations

Cinema

After the publication of Fer-de-Lance in 1934, several Hollywood studios were interested in the movie rights.^[28] In one of many conversations with his authorized biographer, Rex Stout told John McAleer that he himself had wanted Charles Laughton to play Nero Wolfe: Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was an English stage and film actor. ...

I met Laughton only once, at a party. Of all the actors I have seen, I think he would have come closest to doing Nero Wolfe perfectly. A motion picture producer (I forget who) asked him to do a series of Nero Wolfe movies, and he had said he would agree to do one but would not commit himself to a series.^[29]

In 1974 McAleer interviewed Laughton's widow, Elsa Lanchester. "I seem to remember Charles being very interested in the character of Nero Wolfe," she told him. "I always regretted I did not get to play Dora Chapin."^[30] Lanchester in Naughty Marietta Elsa Lanchester (October 28, 1902 - December 26, 1986 in Woodland Hills, California) was an Oscar-nominated English character actress who became a naturalized American citizen in 1950 along with her husband, actor Charles Laughton. ...

"When Columbia pictures bought the screen rights to Fer-de-Lance for $7,500 and secured the option to buy further stories in the series, it was thought the role would go to Walter Connolly. Instead Edward Arnold got it," McAleer reported in Rex Stout: A Biography. "Columbia's idea was to keep Arnold busy with low-cost Wolfe films between features. Two films presently were made by Columbia, Meet Nero Wolfe (Fer-de-Lance) and The League of Frightened Men. Connolly did portray Wolfe in the latter film, after Arnold decided he did not want to become identified in the public mind with one part. Lionel Stander portrayed Archie Goodwin. Stander was a capable actor but, as Archie, Rex thought he had been miscast."^[31]

Meet Nero Wolfe

Columbia Pictures adapted the first Nero Wolfe novel, Fer-de-Lance, for the screen in 1936. Meet Nero Wolfe was directed by Herbert Biberman, and featured a cast led by Edward Arnold as Nero Wolfe, and Lionel Stander as Archie Goodwin. A young Rita Hayworth (then Rita Cansino) portrays Maria Maringola, who sets the story in motion when she asks for Wolfe's help in finding her missing brother, Carlo. Meet Nero Wolfe is a 1936 mystery film based on the 1934 novel Fer-de-Lance, written by Rex Stout. ... Herbert J. Biberman (1900 - 1971) was a US movie director. ... Arnold in City That Never Sleeps Edward Arnold (February 18, 1890 - April 26, 1956) was an American character actor. ... Lionel Stander & Freeway Lionel Jay Stander (January 11, 1908 – November 30, 1994) was an American character actor in movies, radio, theater and television. ... Rita Hayworth (October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987), was an American actress of Spanish and Anglo-Irish descent who reached fame during the 1940s as the eras leading sex symbol. ...

"Meet Nero Wolfe is an above average minor A picture, a solid mystery, and unfailingly entertaining," reported Scarlet Street magazine in 2002 when it revisted the film. "No, at bottom, it's not Rex Stout's Nero and Archie, but it's a well-developed mystery (thanks to Stout's plot) with compensations all its own — and an interesting piece of Wolfeana."^[32] Scarlet Street is an American film magazine that primarily specializes in the genres of horror, mystery and film noir. ...

The League of Frightened Men

In 1937, Columbia Pictures released The League of Frightened Men, its adaptation of the second Nero Wolfe novel. Lionel Stander reprised his role as Archie Goodwin, and Walter Connolly took over the role of Nero Wolfe. The League of Frightened Men is a 1937 film involving the detective Nero Wolfe (Walter Connolly) and his assistant Archie Goodwin (Lionel Stander). ... Lionel Stander & Freeway Lionel Jay Stander (January 11, 1908 – November 30, 1994) was an American character actor in movies, radio, theater and television. ... Walter Connolly (born April 8, 1887 - died May 28, 1940) was an American actor who made almost fifty films between 1914 and 1939. ...

"He drinks beer in the novel but hot chocolate in the picture. That's the best explanation of what's wrong with the film," wrote Variety (June 16, 1937).

After The League of Frightened Men, Rex Stout declined to authorize any more Hollywood adaptations. "Do you think there's any chance of Hollywood ever making a good Nero Wolfe movie?" biographer John McAleer asked the author. Stout replied, "I don't know. I suppose so."^[33]

Radio

Main article: Nero Wolfe (radio)

Nero Wolfe, the fictional detective genius created in 1934 by Rex Stout, has been portrayed in four radio series. ...

The Adventures of Nero Wolfe (ABC)

1943–1944, 30 minutes

Three actors portrayed Nero Wolfe over the course of the radio series The Adventures of Nero Wolfe. J.B. Williams starred in its first incarnation (April 7–June 30, 1943) on the New England Network. Santos Ortega assumed the role when the suspense drama moved to ABC (July 5–September 27, 1943; January 21–July 14, 1944). Luis Van Rooten succeeded Ortega in 1944, Nero Wolfe's last year on ABC.^[34] The final episode, "The Last Laugh Murder Case," aired July 14, 1944. Nero Wolfe, the fictional detective genius created in 1934 by Rex Stout, has been portrayed in four radio series. ... Santos Ortega (June 30, 1899 - April 10, 1976) was an American actor. ... Luis van Rooten, an American film actor, was born in Mexico City on November 29, 1906. ...

"Differences between (ABC producer) Hi Brown and Edwin Fadiman, who represented Rex's radio, screen and television interests, as Nero Wolfe Attractions, Inc., prevented its later resumption on ABC," John McAleer reported in Rex Stout: A Biography. "This fact Brown regretted. 'Nero Wolfe,' Brown says, 'is one of the strongest and most successful detective characters in all of fiction.'"^[35]

The Amazing Nero Wolfe (MBS)

1946, 30 minutes

"The series next surfaced early in 1946, on Sundays, on the Mutual Network," wrote Stout biographer John McAleer, "with Francis X. Bushman, one-time movie idol, as Wolfe, and Elliott Lewis as Archie. ... The scripts once again were network originals. The humor verged on slapstick."^[36] Francis X. Bushman Francis Xavier Bushman (January 10, 1883 – August 23, 1966) was the first major male movie star, first starting in 1911 in the silent film His Friends Wife. ... Elliott Lewis (November 28, 1917 – May 23, 1990) was active during the Golden Age of Radio as an actor, producer and director, proficient in both comedy and drama. ...

The Amazing Nero Wolfe concluded December 15, 1946, with "The Case of the Shakespeare Folio."^[37] Nero Wolfe, the fictional detective genius created in 1934 by Rex Stout, has been portrayed in four radio series. ...

The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe (NBC)

1950–1951, 30 minutes

The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe began October 20, 1950, with "Stamped for Murder." Sydney Greenstreet starred as Nero Wolfe. Nero Wolfe, the fictional detective genius created in 1934 by Rex Stout, has been portrayed in four radio series. ... Sydney Hughes Greenstreet (December 27, 1879 – January 18, 1954) was an English actor. ...

"Rex thought Greenstreet a splendid choice for the role and Greenstreet did, in fact, fill every reasonable expectation," wrote Stout biographer John McAleer. A succession of Archies included Gerald Mohr, Herb Ellis, Larry Dobkin, Wally Maher and Harry Bartell. The series ended April 27, 1951, with "The Case of Room 304." Gerald Mohr (June 11, 1914 - November 9, 1968) was a film actor who appeared in over sixty films and guest starring in dozens of television programs. ... Lawrence Dobkin (16 September 1919–28 October 2002) was an American television director, character actor, and television screenwriter. ... Harry Bartell as Father Xavier Rojas in the Dragnet Christmas episode, Big Little Jesus Harry Bartell (November 28, 1913 – February 26, 2004) was an American actor and announcer in radio, television, and film. ...

McAleer reports that after hearing five minutes of one of Greenstreet's shows, Stout said he could take no more. "He liked Greenstreet. The script he found impossible."^[38]

Nero Wolfe (CBC)

1982, 60 minutes

In 1982, Canadian actor, producer, writer and cultural pioneer Mavor Moore (1919–2006) starred as Nero Wolfe in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's 13-episode radio series Nero Wolfe (a.k.a. Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe). Don Francks portrayed Archie Goodwin, and Cec Linder played Inspector Cramer. Toronto actor-producer Ron Hartmann spent two years adapting, directing and producing the CBC radio drama. "Ron and I are ardent Nero Wolfe fans, and we're out to convert the listener," Moore told the Toronto Globe and Mail.^[39] James Mavor Moore, C.C., B.A., D.Litt. ... The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a Canadian crown corporation, is the country’s national public radio and television broadcaster. ... Nero Wolfe, the fictional detective genius created in 1934 by Rex Stout, has been portrayed in four radio series. ... Don Francks or Iron Buffalo (born February 28, 1932 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a legendary Canadian actor, vocalist and jazz musician. ... Cec Linder as the archeologist Doctor Matthew Roney in the BBC Television serial Quatermass and the Pit (1958-59). ...

Television

Omnibus, "The Fine Art of Murder" (ABC)

Rex Stout appeared in the December 9, 1956, episode of Omnibus, a cultural anthology series that epitomized the golden age of television. Hosted by Alistair Cooke, "The Fine Art of Murder" [3] was a 40-minute segment described by Time magazine as "a homicide as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Allan Poe [and] Rex Stout would variously present it." The author is credited as appearing along with Gene Reynolds (as Archie Goodwin), Robert Echols, James Daly, Jack Sydow and Dennis Hoey. Written by Sidney Carroll and directed by Paul Bogart, "The Fine Art of Murder" is in the collection of the Library of Congress (VBE 2397-2398) and screened in its Mary Pickford Theater February 15, 2000. Omnibus was a commercially-sponsored educational TV series broadcast in the United States, primarily on Sunday afternoons, from November 9, 1952 to 1961. ... Alistair Cooke should not be confused with Alastair Cook, English cricketer. ... Eugene Gene Reynolds Blumenthal (April 4, 1924, Cleveland, Ohio) is a former actor turned writer and producer/director. ...

Nero Wolfe (Paramount Television)

Disappointed with the Nero Wolfe movies of the 1930s and unimpressed with television, Rex Stout vetoed Nero Wolfe film and TV projects in America until his death in 1975. In 1977, Thayer David, Tom Mason, Anne Baxter and Brooke Adams filmed Nero Wolfe, a Paramount Television production based on the novel The Doorbell Rang. Intended as the pilot for a TV series, the telemovie was shelved due to the death of David shortly after filming. The film was finally broadcast in December 1979. Thayer David was born David Thayer Hersey on March 4, 1927 in Medford, Massachusetts and died on July 17, 1978 in New York City from a heart attack. ... Anne Baxter (May 7, 1923 – December 12, 1985) was an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... For the model and professional wrestling valet, see Brooke Adams (model). ...

A year later, Paramount produced the short-lived Nero Wolfe, a weekly series that ran for the first six months of 1981 on NBC TV. William Conrad played a bearded Wolfe and Lee Horsley played Goodwin, in a production that departed considerably from the Stout originals. The episodes were set in present-day New York City. Conrad in Cannon William Conrad (September 27, 1920 – February 11, 1994), born William Cann, was an American actor and narrator in radio, film and television noted for his gifted use of a marvelous baritone voice, as well as for his sizable girth. ... Lee Horsley (born May 15, 1955 in Muleshoe, Texas) is an American actor best known for his starring roles on the television shows Matt Houston (1982-1985) and Guns of Paradise (1988-1990). ...

"Nero Wolfe could have worked but it was done too quickly," William Conrad told The Toronto Star in 1987. "I replaced Thayer David when he died and we just couldn't deliver it properly in the deadline of a few weeks."^[40]

A Nero Wolfe Mystery (A&E Network)

Main article: A Nero Wolfe Mystery

Timothy Hutton as Archie Goodwin in A Nero Wolfe Mystery

In March 2000, Maury Chaykin (as Nero Wolfe) and Timothy Hutton (as Archie Goodwin) starred in The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery, a Jaffe/Braunstein Films co-production with the A&E Network. High ratings led to the original series, A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001–2002). A Nero Wolfe Mystery (a. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image:Timhut. ... A Nero Wolfe Mystery (a. ... Maury Chaykin (born July 27, 1949) is a Canadian/American actor. ... Image:Timhut. ... The Golden Spiders is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by popular American mystery writer Rex Stout, first published in 1953. ... A Nero Wolfe Mystery (a. ...

Hutton had a strong creative hand in the A&E series, serving as an executive producer and directing four telefilms. A Nero Wolfe Mystery adapted the plots and dialogue of the Stout originals closely; unlike previous Wolfe adaptations, the series did not update the stories to contemporary times. The episodes were colorful period pieces, set in a somewhat vague past, the 1940s to the early 1960s. The production values were exceptional and critics responded favorably.

Maury Chaykin as
Nero Wolfe

Other members of the principal cast are Colin Fox (Fritz Brenner), Conrad Dunn (Saul Panzer), Fulvio Cecere (Fred Durkin), Trent McMullen (Orrie Cather), Saul Rubinek (Lon Cohen), Bill Smitrovich (Inspector Cramer) and R.D. Reid (Sergeant Purley Stebbins). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Maury Chaykin (born July 27, 1949) is a Canadian/American actor. ... Colin Fox is a Canadian-based actor. ... Conrad Dunn (born Los Angeles) is an American actor. ... Fulvio Cecere (1960 - ) is a Canadian actor. ... Trent McMullen is a Canadian actor best known for his portrayal of freelance detective Orrie Cather in the A&E TV original series, A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001-2002), and the series pilot, The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2000). ... Saul Rubinek (born July 2, 1948) is a German-born Canadian film actor, often cast as a shady professional. ... Lon Cohen is a character in the Nero Wolfe novels by Rex Stout and Robert Goldsborough. ... Bill Smitrovich (born May 16, 1947) is an American actor. ... Inspector Fergus Cramer (his full name is only ever mentioned once, in Where Theres A Will) of the New York Police Department is Nero Wolfes main foil in the Nero Wolfe mystery series by Rex Stout. ... R.D. Reid is a Canadian actor best known for his portrayal of Sergeant Purley Stebbins in the A&E TV original series, A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001-2002), and the series pilot, The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2000). ...

BookFinder.com — a web-search service that reports the most-sought out-of-print titles — documents that the production of A Nero Wolfe Mystery coincides with Rex Stout's becoming a top-selling author some 30 years after his death. In March 2003, the top four most-wanted mysteries listed by BookFinder.com were all Nero Wolfe novels: Where There's a Will (1940), The Rubber Band (1936), The Red Box (1937) and The League of Frightened Men (1935). The Red Box was the most-searched mystery title in August 2003, and the novel remained as number two on the list in 2004. In 2006, Too Many Women (1947) was fifth on BookFinder.com's list of most-sought out-of-print thrillers, whodunits, classics and modern mystery titles. In 2007, The Black Mountain was in the number five position.^[41] BookFinder. ... Spoiler warning: // Barb finds herself a finalist for Mother of the Year. ... The Rubber Band is a punk rock band started by two 11 year olds, a 10 year old and a 12 year old. ... The Red Box is the fourth Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... The League of Frightened Men is the second Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... Too Many Women is a Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout, published in 1947 by the Viking Press. ... The Black Mountain is a Nero Wolfe mystery novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1954. ...

Most of the Nero Wolfe stories adapted for A Nero Wolfe Mystery are available through Bantam's Rex Stout Library, a series of paperbacks featuring new introductions by today's best writers and never-before published Rex Stout memorabilia. Some Bantam volumes, like Prisoner's Base, are emblazoned with the words, "as seen on TV." The Audio Partners Publishing Corporation promotes its bestselling line of Rex Stout audiobooks [4], unabridged on CD and audiocassette, "as seen on A&E TV." Bantam Books is a major U.S. publishing house owned by Random House and is part of the Bantam Dell Publishing Group. ...

A Nero Wolfe Mystery is available on DVD as two sets (The Golden Spiders bundled with the second season), and as a single eight-disc thinpack set. ISBN 076708893X

International TV productions

Germany

A German TV adaption of Too Many Cooks — Zu viele Köche (1961) — starred Heinz Klevenow as Nero Wolfe, and Joachim Fuchsberger as Archie Goodwin. After he protested that his story was used without permission, Rex Stout received a $3,500 settlement.^[42] Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... Fuchsberger in Die weiße Spinne (The White Spider) (1963) Joachim Fuchsberger (born March 11, 1927 near Stuttgart) is a German actor and television host best known to a wide German-speaking audience as one of the recurring actors in various Edgar Wallace movies (always playing one of the good...

Italy

"The name Nero Wolfe has magic in Italy," wrote Rex Stout's biographer John McAleer. In 1968, the Italian television network RAI paid Stout $80,000 for the rights to produce 12 Nero Wolfe stories. "He agreed only because he would never see them," McAleer wrote.

In February 1969, Italian television began broadcasting a first group of weekly Nero Wolfe programs — each in two episodes. These, in order of appearance were Veleno in sartoria / Poison at the Tailor Shop (The Red Box), Circuito chiuso / Closed Circuit (If Death Ever Slept), Per la fama di Cecare / For Caesar's Fame (Some Buried Caesar), and Il Pesce più grosso / The Too-Big Fish (The Doorbell Rang). The second series — In the Best Families, Too Many Cooks, "Murder is Corny," Where There's a Will, The Rubber Band, "Counterfeit for Murder," Gambit, and The Final Deduction — followed several weeks later.^[43]

The successful series of black-and-white telemovies stars Tino Buazzelli (Nero Wolfe), Paolo Ferrari (Archie Goodwin), Pupo De Luca (Fritz Brenner), Renzo Palmer (Inspector Cramer), Roberto Pistone (Saul Panzer), Mario Righetti (Orrie Cather) and Gianfranco Varetto (Fred Durkin). Ten episodes of the series were available on DVD in 2007.[5] The Red Box is the fourth Nero Wolfe mystery by Rex Stout. ... If Death Ever Slept is a Nero Wolfe novel by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1957 and collected in the omnibus volume Three Trumps (Viking 1973). ... Some Buried Caesar is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1938. ... The Doorbell Rang is a mystery novel by American author Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in October 1965. ... Too Many Cooks is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout first published in 1938. ... Trio for Blunt Instruments is a collection into a single book of three of Rex Stouts Nero Wolfe novellas, or long short stories. ... Spoiler warning: // Barb finds herself a finalist for Mother of the Year. ... The Rubber Band is a punk rock band started by two 11 year olds, a 10 year old and a 12 year old. ... Homicide Trinity is a collection of Nero Wolfe novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1962. ... Gambit is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1962. ...

Russia

A series of Russian Nero Wolfe TV movies was made in 2001–2002. One of the adaptations, Poka ya ne umer ("Before I Die") [6], was written by Vladimir Valutsky, screenwriter for a Russian Sherlock Holmes television series in the 1980s. Nero Wolfe is played by Donatas Banionis, and Archie Goodwin by Sergei Zhigunov. Donatas Banionis (b. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Nero Wolfe

• The Wolfe Pack, official site of the Nero Wolfe Society
• The Nero Wolfe Database, an editable resource offering plot and character summaries for all of Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe stories
• Merely a Genius..., Winnifred Louis' fan site dedicated to Nero Wolfe including a complete annotated bibliography
• Nero Wolfe Club at Yahoo Groups (established 2000)
• Nero Wolfe profile at The Thrilling Detective
• The psychology of Rex Stout, Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin. at Abelard
• Meet Nero Wolfe (1936) at the Internet Movie Database
• The League of Frightened Men (1937) at the Internet Movie Database
• Nero Wolfe (1979) at the Internet Movie Database
• Nero Wolfe (1981) at the Internet Movie Database
• A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001) at the Internet Movie Database
• A Nero Wolfe Mystery at The Wolfe Pack, official site of the Nero Wolfe Society

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ...

References