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Encyclopedia > Nikolaas Tinbergen
Niko Tinbergen
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (1907-1988)
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (1907-1988)
Born April 15, 1907
The Hague, Netherlands
Died December 21, 1988
Residence UK
Nationality Dutch
Field Zoologist, ethologist
Institution Oxford University
Alma mater Leiden University
Notable students Richard Dawkins
Known for Hawk/goose effect
Notable prizes Nobel Prize (1973)

Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (April 15, 1907December 21, 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals. Image File history File links Nikolass_Tinbergen. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour (particularly of social animals such as primates and canids), and is a branch of zoology. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. ... Dr. Clinton Richard Dawkins (born March 26, 1941) is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and popular science writer who holds the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Nobel Prize medal. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior considered as a branch of zoology. ... Ornithology (from the Greek ornitha = chicken and logos = word/science) is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of birds. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Karl von Frisch 1961 Karl Ritter von Frisch (1886-1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. ... Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903 in Vienna – February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... Animalia redirects here. ...

Contents

Origins

Born in The Hague, Netherlands, he is also noted as the brother of Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. He had a third eminent brother, Luuk Tinbergen. Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ... Jan Tinbergen Jan Tinbergen (The Hague, April 12, 1903 – June 9, 1994 The Hague), Dutch economist, was awarded the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis... The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (in Swedish Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne), is a prize awarded each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. ... Luuk Tinbergen (c. ...


Tinbergen's interest in nature manifested itself when he was young. He studied biology at Leiden University and was a prisoner of war during World War II. Tinbergen's experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled. After the war, Tinbergen moved to England where he taught at the University of Oxford. Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek Βìο meaning life and Λoγος meaning the study of) is the study of life. ... Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...


He married Elisabeth Rutten.


Contributions

He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:


Proximate mechanisms:

  • 1. Causation: what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning? How do behaviour and psyche "function" on the molecular, physiological, neuro-ethological, cognitive and social level, and what do the relations between the levels look like? (compare: Nicolai Hartmann: "The laws about the levels of complexity")
  • 2. Development (Ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown? Which developmental steps (the ontogenesis follows an "inner plan") and which environmental factors play when / which role? (compare: Recapitulation theory)

Ultimate mechanisms: It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nicolai Hartmann (February 20, 1882 – October 9, 1950) was a German philosopher. ... Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ... Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ... The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, is a theory in biology which attempts to explain apparent similarities between humans and other animals. ...

  • 3. Function (Adaptation): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?
  • 4. Evolution (Phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen through the process of phylogeny? Why did structural associations (behaviour can be seen as a "time space structure") evolve in this manner and not otherwise?

In ethology and sociobiology causation and ontogeny are summarized as the "proximate mechanisms" and adaptation and phylogeny as the "ultimate mechanisms". They are still considered as the cornerstone of modern ethology, sociobiology and transdisciplinarity in Human Sciences. (For an expanded discussion, see animal behavior questions, which presents graphically the causal relationships among these explanations.) A biological adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioral trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection such that it increases the expected long-term reproductive success of the organism. ... Behavior or behaviour refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior considered as a branch of zoology. ... Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that explains behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... When asked questions of animal behavior such as why animals see, even grade school children can answer that vision helps animals find food and avoid danger. ...


References concerning the four questions:


Lorenz, Konrad 1937: Biologische Fragestellungen in der Tierpsychologie (in English: Biological Questions in Animal Psychology). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1: 24-32


Tinbergen, Niko 1963: On Aims and Methods in Ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20: 410-433;


References

  • Hans Kruuk (2003) Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour ISBN 0-19-851558-8
  • Marian Stamp Dawkins (1991) The Tinbergen Legacy ISBN 0-412-39120-1
  • Richard W. Burkhardt Jr. (2005) Patterns of Behavior : Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology ISBN 0-226-08090-0

2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

  • Autobiography
  • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973: von Frisch, Lorenz and Tinbergen
  • Diagram on The Four Areas of Biology
  • Further Diagrams on The Four Areas of Biology (Documents No. 9, 10 and 11 in English)

  Results from FactBites:
 
Nikolaas Tinbergen Summary (2392 words)
Nikolaas Tinbergen, a zoologist, animal psychologist, and pioneer in the field of ethology (the study of the behavior of animals in relation to their habitat), is most well known for his studies of stimulus-response processes in wasps, fishes, and gulls.
Nikolaas Tinbergen was born April 15, 1907, in The Hague, Netherlands.
Tinbergen is widely recognized for his studies of behavioral patterns and the individual environmental triggers, or "releasers," that cause specific actions in organisms.
US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Nikolaas Tinbergen (542 words)
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (April 15, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.
Born in The Hague, Netherlands, he is also noted as the brother of Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
Tinbergen's experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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