Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1].

List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. 178 awards have been given as of 2006. The prize is awarded every year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Image File history File links Hannes-alfven. ... Image File history File links Hannes-alfven. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995), winning the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics. ... Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) (magnetofluiddynamics or hydromagnetics) is the academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. ... The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ) are awarded for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine. ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or , founded in 1739 by King Frederick I, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden. ...

Laureates

1901-1925

Year	Name	Country [1]	Topics
1901	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	German Empire	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)"
1902	Hendrik Lorentz Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena". See Zeeman effect.
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
	Pierre Curie Marie Curie	France	"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
1904	John William Strutt	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
1905	Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard	German Empire	"for his work on cathode rays"
1906	Joseph John Thomson	United Kingdom	"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
1907	Albert Abraham Michelson	United States	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". See Michelson-Morley experiment.
1908	Gabriel Lippmann	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1909	Guglielmo Marconi Karl Ferdinand Braun	Italy  German Empire	"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Netherlands	"For his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids." See van der Waals force.
1911	Wilhelm Wien	German Empire	"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat."
1912	Nils Gustaf Dalén	Sweden	"invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and light-buoys."
1913	Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes	Netherlands	"For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914	Max von Laue	German Empire	"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals."
1915	William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg	United Kingdom	"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."
1916	no award		prize purse allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917	Charles Glover Barkla	United Kingdom	"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
1918	Max Planck	German Empire	"In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta." See Planck constant.
1919	Johannes Stark	German Empire	"For his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields."
1920	Charles Edouard Guillaume	Switzerland	"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
1921	Albert Einstein	Germany  Switzerland	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his explanation of the photoelectric effect"
1922	Niels Henrik David Bohr	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1923	Robert Andrews Millikan	United States	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924	Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn	Sweden	"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1925	James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (in English: William Conrad Roentgen) (March 27, 1845 – February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or Röntgen Rays, an achievement... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray or Röntgen ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (July 18, 1853, Arnhem – February 4, 1928, Haarlem) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and elucidation of the Zeeman effect. ... Pieter Zeeman (May 25, 1865 – October 9, 1943) (pronounced zāmän) was a physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... The Zeeman effect (IPA ) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a magnetic field. ... Antoine Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Radioactivity may mean: Look up radioactivity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pierre Curie (Paris, France, May 15, 1859 – April 19, 1906, Paris) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. ... This article is about the chemist and physicist. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Antoine Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. ... See also Rayleigh fading Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh number Rayleigh waves Rayleigh-Jeans law External links Nobel website bio of Rayleigh About John William Strutt MacTutor biography of Lord Rayleigh Categories: People stubs | 1842 births | 1919 deaths | Nobel Prize in Physics winners | Peers | British physicists | Discoverer of a chemical element ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (born in Bratislava on June 7, 1862 – died May 20, 1947 in Messelhausen) was a physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... A schematic diagram of a Crookes tube apparatus. ... Sir Joseph John Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940), often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... His signature. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and is considered by some to be the first strong evidence against the theory of... Gabriel Jonas Lippmann (August 16, 1845 – July 13, 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgian physicist and inventor. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Named after Gabriel Lippmann, physicist. ... Interference of two circular waves - Wavelength (decreasing bottom to top) and Wave centers distance (increasing to the right). ... Guglielmo Marconi [gue:lmo marko:ni] (25 April 1874 - 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany – 20 April 1918 in New York City, USA) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... // Within the timeline of radio, many people were involved in the invention of radio transmission of information as we know it today. ... van der Waals Johannes Diderik van der Waals (November 23, 1837 – March 8, 1923) was a Dutch scientist famous for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids, for which he won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1910. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... In chemistry, the term van der Waals force originally referred to all forms of intermolecular forces; however, in modern usage it tends to refer to intermolecular forces that deal with forces due to the polarization of molecules. ... Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (January 13, 1864 – August 30, 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to compose Wiens displacement law, which relates the maximum emission of a blackbody to its temperature. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Nils Gustaf Dalén (November 30, 1869 - December 9, 1937) was a Swedish inventor and founder of AGA. Laureate for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1912 for his work on automatic gas regulator controlled buoys. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... A Sun valve, (aka Solventil, solar valve) is a form of flow control valve, notable because it earned its inventor, Gustaf Dalén the Nobel prize in physics. ... The Peggys Point lighthouse in Nova Scotia, Canada An aid for navigation and pilotage at sea, a lighthouse is a tower building or framework sending out light from a system of lamps and lenses or, in older times, from a fire. ... Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Helium exists in liquid form only at very low temperatures. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ... Sir William Henry Bragg OM, Cantab, OKW (Westward, Cumbria, England July 2, 1862 – March 10, 1942) was an English physicist and chemist, educated at King Williams College, Isle of Man, and Trinity College, Cambridge. ... Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH, FRS, (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 with his father Sir William Henry Bragg. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Charles Glover Barkla (June 7, 1877 – October 23, 1944) was a British physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Wilhelm Röntgen X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0. ... “Planck” redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Fig. ... Plancks constant, denoted h, is a physical constant that is used to describe the sizes of quanta. ... Johannes Stark (April 15, 1874 – June 21, 1957) was a prominent 20th century physicist, and a Physics Nobel Prize laureate. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... A source of waves moving to the left. ... A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. ... In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field. ... Charles Édouard Guillaume (February 15, 1861, Fleurier – June 13, 1938, Sèvres), was a French-Swiss Physicist that received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics, as opposed to experimental processes, in an attempt to understand nature. ... A diagram illustrating the emission of electrons from a metal plate, requiring energy gained from an incoming photon to be more than the work function of the material. ... Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made essential contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... Not to be confused with Robert S. Mulliken. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (December 3, 1886 - September 26, 1978) was a Swedish physicist, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Extremely high resolution spectrogram of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines (fraunhofer lines) Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation, or light, as well as particle radiation) and matter. ... James Franck (August 26, 1882 - May 21, 1964) was a German-born physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Gustav Ludwig Hertz (July 22, 1887, Hamburg – October 30, 1975, Berlin) was a German physicist, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ...

1926-1950

Year	Name	Country	Topics
1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927	Arthur Holly Compton	United States	"for his discovery of the effect named after him". See Compton effect.
	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	United Kingdom	"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". See cloud chamber.
1928	Owen Willans Richardson	United Kingdom	"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1929	Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie	France	"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". See De Broglie hypothesis.
1930	Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1931	no award		prize purse allocated to the Special Fund for this prize.
1932	Werner Karl Heisenberg	Germany	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933	Erwin Schrödinger Paul Dirac	Austria  United Kingdom	"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
1934	no award		prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize.
1935	James Chadwick	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of the neutron"
1936	Victor Franz Hess	Austria	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
	Carl David Anderson	United States	"for his discovery of the positron"
1937	Clinton Joseph Davisson George Paget Thomson	United States  United Kingdom	"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals". See wave-particle duality.
1938	Enrico Fermi	Italy	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939	Ernest Lawrence	United States	"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1940	no award		prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize.
1941
1942
1943	Otto Stern	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946	Percy Williams Bridgman	United States	"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947	Edward Victor Appleton	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1948	Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	United Kingdom	"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949	Hideki Yukawa	Japan	"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". See Yukawa potential.

Jean Baptiste Perrin (b. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Sedimentation equilibrium is an analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) method for measuring protein molecular masses in solution and for studying protein-protein interactions. ... Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1927) for discovery of the effect named after him. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Compton Effect is the second album from rapper Greydon Square. ... Charles Thomson Rees Wilson CH (February 14, 1869 – November 15, 1959) was a Scottish physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Discovery of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson in a cloud chamber The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation. ... Owen Willans Richardson (down) Solvay conference 1927 Sir Owen Willans Richardson (April 26, 1879 - February 15, 1959) was a British physicist, a professor at Princeton University from 1906 to 1913, and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928 for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Closeup of the filament on a low pressure mercury gas discharge lamp showing white thermionic emission mix coating on the central portion of the coil. ... Closeup of the filament on a low pressure mercury gas discharge lamp showing white thermionic emission mix coating on the central portion of the coil. ... Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie (August 15, 1892–March 19, 1987), was a French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... In physics, the de Broglie hypothesis is the statement that all matter (any object) has a wave-like nature (wave-particle duality). ... Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect, which is named after him. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon. ... Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Fig. ... Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna, Austria. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms, as opposed to obsolete beliefs that matter could be divided into any arbitrarily small quantity. ... Sir James Chadwick, CH (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate who is best known for discovering the neutron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Victor Francis Hess (June 24, 1883 – December 17, 1964) was an Austrian-American physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... Carl Anderson at LBNL 1937 Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was a U.S. experimental physicist. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... Clinton Joseph Davisson (22 October 1881–1 February 1958), was an American physicist. ... Joe has no friends what-so-ever Sir George Paget Thomson FRS (May 3, 1892 – September 10, 1975) was a Nobel-Prize-winning, English physicist who discovered the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and of particles. ... Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... Ernest O. Lawrence Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate best known for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the cyclotron beginning in 1929, and his later work in uranium-isotope separation in the Manhattan Project. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... A pair of Dee electrodes with loops of coolant pipes on their surface at the Lawrence Hall of Science. ... Otto Stern Otto Stern (February 17, 1888 – August 17, 1969) was an German physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... A bar magnet. ... In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... Isidor Isaac Rabi (July 29, 1898 - January 11, 1988) was an American physicist of Austro-Hungarian origin. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about Austrian-Swiss physicist Wolfgang Pauli. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... The Pauli exclusion principle, commonly referred to simply as the exclusion principle, is a quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, which states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state. ... Percy Williams Bridgman (April 21, 1882–August 20, 1961) was an American physicist who won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... High pressure physics is a specialized field in physics that involves the science and technology challenges of basic and applied materials at high pressures and temperatures. ... Sir Edward Victor Appleton (September 6, 1892 – April 21, 1965) was an English physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The Appleton layer is another name for the F layer of the Ionosphere. ... Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett (November 18, 1897—July 13, 1974) was a British experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers, cosmic rays, and paleomagnetism. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Discovery of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson in a cloud chamber The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation. ... Hideki Yukawa Hideki Yukawa FRSE (湯川 秀樹, January 23, 1907 - September 8, 1981) was a Japanese theoretical physicist and the first Japanese to win the Nobel prize. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... Mesons of spin 1 form a nonet In particle physics, a meson is a strongly interacting boson, that is, it is a hadron with integral spin. ... A Yukawa potential (also called a screened Coulomb potential) is a potential of the form Hideki Yukawa showed in the 1930s that such a potential arises from the exchange of a massive scalar field such as the field of the pion whose mass is . ...

1950-1975

Year	Name	Country	Topics
1950	Cecil Frank Powell	United Kingdom	"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951	John Douglas Cockcroft Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	United Kingdom  Ireland	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
1952	Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1953	Frits Zernike	Netherlands	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1954	Max Born	United Kingdom	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
	Walther Bothe	West Germany	"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955	Willis Eugene Lamb	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". See Lamb shift.
	Polykarp Kusch	United States	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956	William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain	United States	"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1957	Chen Ning Yang (楊振寧) Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道)	China	"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
1958	Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov Il'ia Frank Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect"
1959	Emilio Gino Segrè Owen Chamberlain	United States	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
1960	Donald Arthur Glaser	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961	Robert Hofstadter	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
	Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer	West Germany	"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". See Mössbauer effect.
1962	Lev Davidovich Landau	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963	Eugene Paul Wigner	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
	Maria Goeppert-Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen	United States  West Germany	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1964	Charles Hard Townes Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Prokhorov	United States  Soviet Union  Soviet Union	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
1965	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard Phillips Feynman	Japan  United States  United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1966	Alfred Kastler	France	"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967	Hans Albrecht Bethe	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1968	Luis Walter Alvarez	United States	"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1969	Murray Gell-Mann	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions". See Eightfold way.
1970	Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén	Sweden	"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
	Louis Eugene Félix Néel	France	"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971	Dennis Gabor	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972	John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer	United States	"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1973	Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever	Japan  United States	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
	Brian David Josephson	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974	Martin Ryle Antony Hewish	United Kingdom	"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
1975	Aage Niels Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson Leo James Rainwater	Denmark  Denmark  United States	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"

Cecil Frank Powell (December 5, 1903 - August 9, 1969) was a British physicist, awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1950 for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson), a heavy subatomic particle. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... See also: John Cockroft (politician) Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (May 27, 1897 - September 18, 1967) was a British physicist. ... Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (October 6, 1903 – June 25, 1995) was an Irish physicist, the winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics along with Sir John Douglas Cockcroft. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Felix Bloch (October 23, 1905 – September 10, 1983) was a Swiss physicist, working mainly in the USA. // A stamp from Guyana commemorating Felix Bloch. ... Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Frederik Zernike (Amsterdam, July 16, 1888 – March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... A phase contrast microscope is a microscope that does not require staining to view the slide. ... Max Born (December 11, 1882 in Breslau – January 5, 1970 in Göttingen) was a mathematician and physicist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Fig. ... Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (January 8, 1891 – February 8, 1957) was a German physicist, mathematician, chemist, and Nobel Prize winner. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Willis Eugene Lamb, Junior (b. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms. ... In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb, is a small difference in energy between two energy levels and of the hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics. ... Polykarp Kusch (January 26, 1911 - March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist who, with Willis Eugene Lamb, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of and... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was a physicist and co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. ... John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. ... Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was a physicist at Bell Labs who, along with John Bardeen and William Shockley invented the transistor. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For other uses, see Transistor (disambiguation). ... Zhen-Ning Franklin Yang (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (born 22 September[1], 1922) is a Chinese American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and symmetry principles. ... Tsung-Dao Lee (T. D. Lee, 李政道 Pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese American physicist, well known for parity violation, Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity) is the simultaneous flip in the sign of all spatial coordinates: A 3×3 matrix representation of P would have determinant equal to -1, and hence cannot reduce to a rotation. ... In particle physics, an eleme