NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Northern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. Before 1450 the Italian Renaissance had almost no influence outside Italy. After 1500 Renaissance spread around Europe, but Late Gothic influences remained present until the arrival of Baroque.^[1] This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. ... For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ...

In France, King Francis I imported Italian art, commissioned Italian artists (including Leonardo da Vinci), and built grand palaces at great expense, beginning the French Renaissance. Writers such as Rabelais and Pierre de Ronsard also borrowed from the spirit of the Italian Renaissance. From France, the spirit of the age spread to the Low Countries and to the Holy Roman Empire and Scandinavia in the German Renaissance, and finally to Britain by the late 16th century. During the English Renaissance (which overlapped with the Elizabethan era) writers such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe composed works of lasting influence. The Renaissance was brought to Poland directly from Italy by artists from Florence, starting the Polish Renaissance. Francis I of France (French: FranÃ§ois Ier) (September 12, 1494 â€“ March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le PÃ¨re et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Contents // Categories: Art stubs | Art by nationality | Art history | Italian culture ... â€œDa Vinciâ€ redirects here. ... This article is about the cultural movement known as the French Renaissance. ... François Rabelais (ca. ... Pierre de Ronsard Pierre de Ronsard, commonly referred to as Ronsard (September 11, 1524 â€“ December, 1585), was a French poet and prince of poets (as his own generation in France called him). ... It has been suggested that Regents: Low Countries be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. ... Elizabethan redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the English dramatist. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... The Polish Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, started spreading in Poland in the 15th and 16th century. ...

The Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy was dominated by independent city-states, countries in central and western Europe began emerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church. The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the VisegrÃ¡d Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... A current understanding of Western Europe. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... Reformation redirects here. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ...

Overview

Western Europe was more uniformly under the embrace of feudalism than Northern Italy. This economic system had dominated western Europe for a thousand years, but was on the decline at the beginning of the Renaissance. The reasons for this decline include the post-plague environment, the increasing use of money rather than land as a medium of exchange, the growing number of serfs living as freedmen, the formation of nation-states with monarchies interested in reducing the power of feudal lords, the increasing uselessness of feudal armies in the face of new military technology (such as gunpowder), and a general increase in agricultural productivity due to improving farming technology and methods. As in Italy, the decline of feudalism opened the way for the cultural, social, and economic changes associated with the Renaissance in western Europe. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ... A medium of exchange is an intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system. ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Smokeless powder Gunpowder is a pyrotechnic composition, an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot gas which can be used as a propellant in firearms and fireworks. ...

Finally, the Renaissance in western Europe would also be kindled by a weakening of the Roman Catholic Church. The seeming inability of the church to help with the devastating Black Plague and the Western Schism tore Europe apart. The slow demise of feudalism also weakened a long-established policy in which church officials helped keep the population of the manor under control in return for tribute. Consequently, the early 15th century saw the rise of many secular institutions and beliefs. Among the most significant of these, humanism, would lay the philosophical grounds for much of Renaissance art, music, and science. Forms of artistic expression which a century ago would have been banned by the church were now tolerated or even encouraged. Ultimately, the printing press spurred mass production of the Bible, contributing to the Protestant Reformation. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 512 KB) Description: The courtyard of the fortress Wawel in KrakÃ³w, Poland Source: Vacation photo Date: 9 Aug 2005 Author: Leif Arne Storset Permission: - Other versions of this file: - File links The following pages link to this file: Krak... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 512 KB) Description: The courtyard of the fortress Wawel in KrakÃ³w, Poland Source: Vacation photo Date: 9 Aug 2005 Author: Leif Arne Storset Permission: - Other versions of this file: - File links The following pages link to this file: Krak... Polish renaissance architect, who together with Benedykt from Sandomierz rebiult the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow under the rule of Sigismund I of Poland after it burnt down in 1499. ... Wawel (Polish WzgÃ³rze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a lime hillock situated on the left bank of the Vistula in KrakÃ³w, Poland at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level. ... For other uses, see Krakow (disambiguation). ... ImageMetadata File history File links Zamosc_ratusz. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Zamosc_ratusz. ... Polish-Italian renaissance architect, who built the town of Zamosc for Jan Zamojski. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Reproduction of Gutenberg-era Press on display at Printing History Museum in Lyon, France. ... Reproduction of Gutenberg-era Press on display at Printing History Museum in Lyon, France. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Hubert van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432. ... Hubert van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece “The Adoration of the Lamb”, painted 1432. ... Opened view of the polyptych. ... Hubert van Eyck (also Huybrecht van Eyck) (?1366 — 1426) was a Flemish painter and older brother of Jan van Eyck. ... The Cathedral of Saint Bavo, was built in Haarlem, the Netherlands by the Catholics in 1898 after the Sint-Bavokerk was converted to Protestantism in 1578. ... This article is about the Belgian city. ... This article concerns the epidemic of the mid-14th century. ... Historical map of the Western Schism: red is support for Avignon, blue for Rome The Western Schism or Papal Schism (also known as the Great Schism of Western Christianity) was a split within the Catholic Church (1378 - 1417). ... See also the specific life stance known as Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement, see Renaissance humanism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities... Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. ... Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 to 1600. ... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, an example of the blend of art and science during the Renaissance. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...

The velocity of transmission of the Renaissance throughout Europe can also largely be ascribed to the invention of the printing press. The printing press was popularized arrived well after the Renaissance was underway in Italy, but its power to mass-produce printed material dramatically affected the course of the Renaissance in northern Europe. The ability to widely disseminate knowledge enhanced scientific research and helped spread the Renaissance from Italy to other parts of Europe. The introduction of the printing press also led to the introduction of public propaganda, which was used by rulers to strengthen nation states. The creation of the printing press also encouraged authors to write in the local vernacular rather than in the classical languages of Greek and Latin, widening the reading audience and further promoting the spread of Renaissance ideas. The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... This article is about the concept. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... Look up Vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A classical language, is a language with a literature that is classicalâ€”ie, it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

Art

As Renaissance art techniques moved to northern Europe, they changed and were adapted to local circumstances. Notable painters of the period include Albrecht Dürer, Hans Dürer, Pieter Bruegel, Hans Holbein, Jean Fouquet, Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, and Rogier van der Weyden. Paintings by these artists retain a Gothic influence; this is perhaps most evident in the works of Hieronymus Bosch. Northern art was more concerned with Christianity than with Greek and Roman, in part a reflection of the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. ... Albrecht DÃ¼rer (pronounced /al. ... Hans DÃ¼rer was born and died in Nuremberg. ... Bruegels The Painter and The Connoisseur drawn c. ... Hans Holbein is the name of two German Renaissance painters: Hans Holbein the Elder (1460-1524) Hans Holbein the Younger (c. ... Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels (c. ... A typical painting attributed to Campin Robert Campin (1378–April 26, 1444) is sometimes considered the first great master of Flemish painting. ... Portrait of a Man in a Turban (actually a chaperon), probably a self-portrait, painted 1433 Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck (pronounced: vÄn ike)(c. ... Deposition by Roger van der Weyden (c. ... The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral ( 1145). ... Hieronymus Bosch, (latinized, actually Jheronimus Bosch; his real name Jeroen van Aken) (c. ... A head of Minerva found in the ruins of the Roman baths in Bath Roman mythology, the mythological beliefs of the people of Ancient Rome, can be considered as having two parts. ...

One major difference between the Northern and Italian Renaissances was that of language. While Italy's humanists turned Latin and Greek, the northerners began to write in the vernacular creating literature that was widely accessible. The greater use and respectability of the vernacular languages played an important role in the formation of the new nation states that were largely defined by language.

Age of Discovery

Perhaps the most important technological development of the Renaissance was the invention of the caravel, the first truly oceangoing ship. This combination of European and Arab ship building technologies for the first time made extensive trade and travel over the Atlantic feasible. While first introduced by the Italian states, and the early captains, such as Christopher Columbus and Giovanni Caboto, who were Italian, the development would end Northern Italy’s role as the trade crossroads of Europe, shifting wealth and power westwards to Spain, Portugal, France, and England. These states all began to conduct extensive trade with Africa and Asia, and in the Americas began extensive colonisation activities. This period of exploration and expansion has become known as the Age of Discovery. Eventually European power, and also Renaissance art and ideals, spread around the globe. See also: Age of Sail and Afro-Asiatic age of discovery For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ... Caravela Latina / Latin Caravel Caravela Redonda / Square-rigged Caravel A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, two or three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 â€“ May 20, 1506) was a navigator and colonialist who is one of the first Europeans to discover the Americas, after the Vikings. ... Giovanni Caboto (c. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... See also: Age of Sail and Afro-Asiatic age of discovery For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ...

References

Contents

Overview GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Art

Age of Discovery

References

See also

Overview