Norwegian literature is literature composed in Norway or by Norwegian people. The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and skaldic verse of the 9th and 10th centuries with poets such as Bragi Boddason and Eyvindr Skáldaspillir. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence this was to flower into an active period of literature production in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include Historia Norwegie, Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá. // Norwegians in Norway There are nearly 4. ... Norse paganism or Nordic religion is a termed used to abbreviate the religion preferably amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries under pre-Christian period that are supported by archaeology findings and early written materials. ... The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. ... Skaldic poetry (Icelandic: dróttkvæði, court poetry) is Old Norse poetry composed by known skalds, as opposed to the anonymous Eddaic poetry. ... Bragi, in Norse mythology, is the god of poetry. ... Eyvindr Finnsson skáldaspillir was a 10th century Norwegian skald. ... Historia Norwegiæ is a short history of the Norwegian past written by a monk around the second half of the 12th century. ... Thidreks saga (also Thidreksaga, Thidrekssaga, Niflungasaga) is a saga of the adventures of the hero Dietrich von Bern, believed to be based on the historical Theodoric the Great, and written down about 1250. ... A page from Konungs skuggsjá. Konungs skuggsjá (Old Norse for Kings mirror; Latin: Speculum regale, modern Norwegian: Kongespeilet) is a Norwegian educational scripture from around 1250, dealing with politics and moral. ...

The period from the 14th century up to the 19th is considered a dark age in the nation's literature though Norwegian-born writers such as Peder Claussøn Friis and Ludvig Holberg contributed to the common literature of Denmark-Norway. With the advent of nationalism and the struggle for independence in the early 19th century a new period of national literature emerged. The dramatist Henrik Wergeland was the most influential author of the period while the later works of Henrik Ibsen were to earn Norway an influential place in Western European literature. In the 20th century notable Norwegian writers include the two Nobel Prize winning authors Knut Hamsun and Sigrid Undset. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... Henrik Wergeland Henrik Wergeland (June 17, 1808–July 12, 1845) was a Norwegian poet and prose writer, born in Kristiansand. ... Ibsen redirects here. ... Knut Hamsun (31 years old) in 1890 Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a leading Norwegian author and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1920. ... Sigrid Undset as photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1927. ...

Medieval poetry

See also: Old Norse poetry

The earliest preserved examples of Old Norse literature are the Eddic poems, the oldest of which may have been composed in early 9th century Norway drawing on the common Germanic tradition of alliterative verse. In the 9th century the first instances of skaldic poetry also appear with the skalds Bragi Boddason, Þjóðólfr of Hvinir and the court poets of Harald Fairhair. This tradition continued through the 10th century with the major Norwegian poet being Eyvindr skáldaspillir. By the late 10th century the tradition of skaldic verse had increasingly moved to Iceland and Norwegian rulers such as Eiríkr Hákonarson and St. Olaf employed mostly Icelandic poets. Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in a number of Nordic languages, embraced by the term Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century to as late as the far end of the 13th century. ... The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. ... The Old English epic poem Beowulf is written in alliterative verse. ... Skaldic poetry (Icelandic: dróttkvæði, court poetry) is Old Norse poetry composed by known skalds, as opposed to the anonymous Eddaic poetry. ... Bragi, in Norse mythology, is the god of poetry. ... Þjóðólfr of Hvinir was a skald. ... Harald I (b. ... Eyvindr Finnsson skáldaspillir was a 10th century Norwegian skald. ... Erics victory in the battle of Svolder was his most celebrated achievement. ... Olaf II Haraldsson (995 – July 29, 1030), king from 1015–1028, (known during his lifetime as the Stout and after his canonization as Saint Olaf), was born in the year in which Olaf Tryggvason came to Norway. ...

In the late Middle Ages a different genre appeared, religious poetry such as Draumkvedet (The Dream Poem) which ranks favorably among the vision poems of the medieval period^[1][2].

Medieval prose

See also: Old Norse literature

In pagan times the runic alphabet was the only one used in Norway. The preserved inscriptions from that time are mostly short memorial dedications or magical formulas. One of the longest inscriptions is that on the 8th century Eggjum stone, containing cryptic religious or magical allusions. Around the years 1000 to 1030, Christianity became established in Norway, bringing with it the Latin alphabet. The oldest preserved Norwegian prose works are from the mid-12th century, the earliest are Latin hagiographical and historical texts such as Passio Olavi, Acta sanctorum in Selio, Historia Norwegie and Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium. At the end of the 12th century historical writing expanded to the vernacular with Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum followed by the Legendary Saga of St. Olaf and Fagrskinna. Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in a number of Nordic languages, embraced by the term Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century to as late as the far end of the 13th century. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The Eggja stone is a grave stone that was ploughed up in 1917 on the farm of that name, in Sogndal, parish of Sogn, Norway. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... Acta sanctorum in Selio is a Latin hagiographical work on Sunniva and the other saints of Selja. ... Historia Norwegiæ is a short history of the Norwegian past written by a monk around the second half of the 12th century. ... Theodoricus monachus[1] was a 12th century Norwegian Benedictine monk. ... Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum or Ágrip is a synoptic history of the kings of Norway, written in Old Norse. ... The Legendary Saga of St. ... The Fagrskinna is a Norse saga from the Fornmanna Sogur. ...

Medieval Norwegian literature is closely tied with medieval Icelandic literature and considered together as Old Norse literature. The greatest Norse author of the 13th century was the Icelander Snorri Sturluson. He recorded Norse mythology in the form of the Prose Edda, a book of poetic language providing an important understanding of Norse culture prior to Christianity. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a detailed history of the Norse kings that begins in the legendary Ynglinga saga and continues to document much of early Norwegian history. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in a number of Nordic languages, embraced by the term Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century to as late as the far end of the 13th century. ... Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... The Younger Edda, known also as the Prose Edda or Snorris Edda is an Icelandic manual of poetics which also contains many mythological stories. ... Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ... The Ynglinga saga was originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson about 1225. ...

The period of common Old Norse literature continued up through the 13th century with Norwegian contributions such as Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá but by the 14th century saga writing was no longer cultivated in Norway and Icelandic literature became increasingly isolated. Thidreks saga (also Thidreksaga, Thidrekssaga, Niflungasaga) is a saga of the adventures of the hero Dietrich von Bern, believed to be based on the historical Theodoric the Great, and written down about 1250. ... A page from Konungs skuggsjá. Konungs skuggsjá (Old Norse for Kings mirror; Latin: Speculum regale, modern Norwegian: Kongespeilet) is a Norwegian educational scripture from around 1250, dealing with politics and moral. ...

"Four Hundred Years of Darkness"

Norwegian literature was virtually nonexistent during the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387—1814). Ibsen characterized this period as "Four Hundred Years of Darkness."^{[citation needed]} During the period of union with Denmark, Danish replaced Norwegian. The university and cultural center of Denmark-Norway was Copenhagen, where young men went to study.

The reformation was imposed on Norway in 1537 and the Dano-Norwegian rulers used it to also impose Danish culture; this was effected through the pulpit as well as through written records, as pastors were trained in Copenhagen. Thus, written Norwegian became closely related to Danish, causing the literature to become essentially Danish. Geble Pedersson (c.1490—1557) was the first Lutheran Bishop of Bergen and a man of broad humanistic views; his adopted son, Absalon Pederssøn Beyer (1528—1575), followed in his footsteps as a humanist and a nationalist, writing an important historical work, Concerning the Kingdom of Norway (1567). Peder Claussøn Friis (1545—1615) was also a humanist who both revived the Heimskringla by translating it into the language of the period and wrote the first natural history of Norway as well as an important topographic study of Norway.^[2] Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language. ... Absalon Pederssøn Beyer (c. ... Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ...

The seventeenth century was a period of meager literary activity in Norway, but there were significant contributions. Petter Dass (1647—1707) wrote Nordlands Trompet (The Trumpet of Nordland) which described in graphic verse the landscape, mode of life, conditions and character of the northern Norwegian people. Two other authors merit mention. Dorothe Engelbretsdotter (1634—1713), was Norways first recognized woman author who wrote powerful religious poetry. Her first work, Siælens Sang-offer, was published 1678. Taare-Offer was her second collected works and was published for the first time in 1685. Another gifted poet was Anders Arrebo who translated the Psalms into Norwegian and composed the creation poem, Hexaemeron.^[2] Petter Dass memorial in Sandnessjøen Petter Dass (born in 1647, died September 18, 1707) was the foremost poet and hymn writer of his generation. ... Dorothe Engelbretsdotter (born January 16, 1634 in Bergen, died February 19, 1713 in Bergen), was daughter of Engelbret Jørgenssøn and Anna Wrangel. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Year 1713 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events August 10 - Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Dutch War. ... Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ...

Norway also contributed significantly to the joint literature of Denmark-Norway. One of the very first names in Danish literature, Peder Claussøn Friis (1545—1614), was Norwegian born. Other important Norwegian by birth ‘Danish’ authors of the period included Ludvig Holberg (Bergen, 1684—1754), Christian Tullin (Christiania, 1728—1785), and Johan Wessel (1742—1785).^[2] This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Johan Wessel (c. ...

Rebirth

Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature. In 1811 a Norwegian university was established in Christiania (later named Oslo). Seized by the spirit of revolution following the American and French Revolutions, as well as bridling as a result of the forced separation from Denmark and subordination to Sweden subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, Norwegians signed their first constitution in 1814. Virtually immediately, the cultural backwater that was Norway brought forth a series of strong authors recognized first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide.

Henrik Wergeland is generally recognized as the father of a new Norwegian literature. The enthusiastic nationalism of Wergeland and his young following brought conflict with the establishment, which was unwilling to accept everything as good, simply because it was Norwegian. Henrik Wergeland Henrik Wergeland (June 17, 1808–July 12, 1845) was a Norwegian poet and prose writer, born in Kristiansand. ...

This period also saw collection of Norwegian folk tales by Peter Asbjørnsen and Bishop Jorgen Moe. This collection, which paralleled those by the Brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark, captured an important overview of the folk culture of the mountains and fjords. PC Asbjørnsen Peter Christen Asbjørnsen (1812-1885) was a Norwegian writer and scientist. ... Jørgen Moe (1813-1882) was, through his collaboration with Peter Christian Asbjørnsen, responsible for collecting and editing Norwegian folk tales, Norske Folkeeventyr. ... Wilhelm (left) and Jacob Grimm (right) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann The Brothers Grimm were Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, German professors who were best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales,[1] and for their work in linguistics, relating to how the sounds in... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

At least as important in the creation of a Norwegian literature was the effort to introduce a pure Norwegian language, based on the dialects spoken in the areas more isolated from capital. The genius of Ivar Aasen (1813—1898) was at the heart of this effort. Aasen, a self-taught linguistic scholar and philologist, documented a written grammar and dictionary for the spoken Norwegian folk language, which became Nynorsk (New Norwegian) – the “speech of the country” as opposed to the official language largely imported from Denmark. Nynorsk is one of the two official Norwegian languages to this day. Ivar Andreas Aasen (August 5, 1813 - September 23, 1896) was a Norwegian philologist and lexicographer. ...

National Romantic Period

By the late 19th century, in a flood of nationalistic romanticism, the four great emerged, Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Alexander Kielland, and Jonas Lie. A unity of purpose pervades the whole period, creation of a national culture based on the almost forgotten and certainly neglected past, as well as celebration of the Bonde Kultur or Norwegian farm culture. The realism of Kielland (e.g., Skipper Worse) gave way to the romantic and nationalistic spirit which swept Europe rekindled and the Norwegian interest in their glorious Viking past (e.g., Ibsen’s The Vikings at Helgeland), the struggles of the Middle Ages (e.g., Ibsen’s Lady Inger of Østeraad), peasant stories (e.g., Bjørnson’s A Happy Boy) and the wonders of myths and folks tales of the mountains (e.g., Ibsen’s Peer Gynt) and the sea (e.g., Lie’s The Visionary). Ibsen redirects here. ... Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson (December 8, 1832–April 26, 1910). ... Alexander Kielland when he was mayor of Stavanger. ... Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie (November 6, 1833 – July 5, 1908) was a Norwegian novelist, considered to be one of the Four Greats of 19th century Norwegian literature. ... Norwegian Farm Culture or bondekultur was a rural civilization which assumed a form in Viking Age Norway retained with little change into the age of firearms, and in many respects even to the early 20th Century. ... The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of the British Isles, France and other parts of Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Transition to Realism

Although a strong contributor to early Norwegian romanticism, Henrik Ibsen is perhaps best known as an influential Norwegian playwright who was largely responsible for the popularity of modern realistic drama in Europe, with plays like The Wild Duck and A Doll's House. In this, he built on a theme first evident in Norway with plays like Bjørnson's A Bankruptcy. Ibsen redirects here. ... The Wild Duck (original Norwegian title: Vildanden) is a 1884 play by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: A Dolls House A Dolls House (original Norwegian title: Et dukkehjem) is an 1879 play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. ...

Emigration Literature

Although a side note to the mainstream of Norwegian literature, the literature which documents the experience of Norwegian emigrants to American is as important as the Norwegian immigrants became to the growing America of the 19th century. Three authors are recognized in this genre; Ole Rølvaag wrote about immigrants, while Johan Bojer and Ingeborg Refling Hagen wrote about emigrants. Ole E. Rølvaag, who immigrated to America, experienced life in the prairies, and rose to become professor of Norwegian at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, provided a strong record of the joys and pains of the immigrant in adapting to the harsh realities of and carving out a new life in a wild new country. Norwegian author Johan Bojer provided a mirror image, depicting the struggles and processes which led to the decisions to emigrate. Ingeborg Refling Hagen, having two brothers and a sister in the United States contemplated the emigrant's longing for home and their harsh struggle "over there" in a known collection of emigrant poems from 1935. Ole Edvart Rølvaag Ole Edvart Rølvaag (spelled Rolvaag in the United States) (April 22, 1876 - November 5, 1931) was a Norwegian-American writer and professor, well known for his writings on the immigrant experience. ... Johan Bojer was a Norwegian author. ... Ingeborg Refling Hagen, born December 19. ... St. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ...

The Twentieth Century

After the death of the four great and Amalie Skram, a new period of Norwegian literature took place. The year 1905, when Norway was free from the union with Sweden, marks a new period in the history of Norwegian literature. In the twentieth century three Norwegian novelists won the Nobel prize in literature. The first was Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, whose prize reflected work of the previous century. The second was awarded tp Knut Hamsun for the book "Markens Grøde" in 1920 and the third Sigrid Undset for the trilogy of Kristin Lavransdatter and the two books of Olav Audunssøn, in 1927. Statue of Amalie Skram in Bergen Amalie Skram (born August 22, 1846 in Bergen, Norway; died March 15, 1905 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Norwegian author and feminist who gave voice to a womans point of view with her naturalist writing. ... The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ) are awards in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. ... Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson (December 8, 1832–April 26, 1910). ... Knut Hamsun (31 years old) in 1890 Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a leading Norwegian author and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1920. ... Sigrid Undset as photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1927. ...

Knut Hamsun was especially criticized because of his sympathy for Nasjonal Samling, a Norwegian Nazi-party, during the Second World War. Symbol of the Hirden, the stormtroopers or paramilitary organization of the Nasjonal Samling. ...

Other important Norwegian writers are Jens Bjørneboe, Agnar Mykle, Olav Duun, Cora Sandel, Kjartan Fløgstad, Arne Garborg, Aksel Sandemose, Tarjei Vesaas, Lars Saabye Christensen, Kjell Askildsen, Johan Borgen, Dag Solstad, Herbjørg Wassmo, Jon Fosse, Hans Herbjørnsrud, Jan Erik Vold, Roy Jacobsen, Bergljot Hobæk Haff, Hans E. Kinck, Olav H. Hauge, Rolf Jacobsen, Arnulf Øverland, Sigbjørn Obstfelder, Olaf Bull, Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Tor Ulven, Torborg Nedreaas, Stein Mehren, Jan Kjærstad, Georg Johannesen, Kristofer Uppdal, Aslaug Vaa, Halldis Moren Vesaas, Sigurd Hoel, Johan Falkberget and Axel Jensen. Jens Bjørneboe Jens Bjørneboe (October 9, 1920–May 9, 1976) was a Norwegian painter, dramatist, essayist and novelist. ... Agnar Mykle (1915-1994) was a Norwegian author born in Trondheim to parents Ole Elias and Emma Myklebust. ... Olav Duun was a Norwegian author. ... Norwegian writer, born Sara Fabricius. ... Kjartan Fløgstad (born June 7th, 1944 in the industrial city of Sauda in Ryfylke, Rogaland) is a Norwegian author. ... Sculpture in stone of Arne Garborg, located at his home in Knudaheio Arne Garborg (1851-1924) was a Norwegian writer. ... Aksel Sandemose (March 19, 1899 - August 5, 1965) was a Danish/ Norwegian novelist, born in Nykøbing, Mors Island, Denmark of a Danish father and Norwegian mother. ... Tarjei Vesaas (August 20, 1897 - March 15, 1970) was a Norwegian poet and novelist. ... Lars Saabye Christensen (born in 1953 in Denmark) is a Norwegian author. ... Kjell Askildsen (born September 30, 1929 in Mandal, Norway) is a Norwegian writer. ... Johan Collett Müller Borgen (April 28, 1903, Kristiania – October 16, 1979) was a Norwegian author, journalist and critic. ... Dag Solstad ( born July 16, 1941 in Sandefjord, Norway) is a Norwegian novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist whose work has been translated into several languages. ... Herbjørg Wassmo (born VesterÃ¥len, 1942 ) is a Norwegian author. ... Jon Fosse (born September 29, 1959 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian author and dramatist. ... Hans Herbjørnsrud (born 2 January 1938 in Heddal) is a Norwegian author of short stories. ... Roy Jacobsen (born September 21, 1954) is a norwegian author. ... Hans E. Kinck (1865-1926) was Norwegian author who wrote novels, short stories, dramas and essays. ... Rolf Jacobsen, the modernist poet Rolf Jacobsen (1907-1994) was the firs modernistic writer in Norway. ... Arnulf Øverland (April 27, 1889 - March 25, 1968) was a Norwegian author born in Kristiansund and raised in Bergen. ... Sigbjørn Obstfelder. ... Olaf Bull Olaf Jacob Martin Luther Breda Bull or Olaf Bull was a Norwegian poet. ... Aasmund Olavsson Vinje (1818-1879) was a famous Norwegian poet and journalist who is remembered for poetry, travel writing, and his pioneering use of nynorsk. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Torborg Nedreaas (born November 13, 1906 in Bergen, Norway died June 30 1987) was a Norwegian author who debuted with the collection of short stories Bak skapet stÃ¥r øksen in 1945. ... Jan Kjærstad (born March 6, 1953) is a Norwegian author. ... Georg Johannesen Photo: Gisle Hannemyr Georg Johannesen (born February 22, 1931 in Bergen, died December 24, 2005 in Egypt) was a Norwegian author and professor of rhetoric. ... Kristofer Oliver Uppdal (1878-1961), born Opdal, was a Norwegian poet and author, born in Beitstad, Nord-Trøndelag. ... Halldis Moren Vesaas (born November 18, 1907 in Trysil, died September 8, 1995) was a Norwegian poet and novelist, writing in Nynorsk. ... Sigurd Hoel (December 14, 1890 - October 14, 1960) was a Norwegian author and publishing consultant, born in Nord-Odal. ... The author Johan Falkberget was born Johan Petter Lillebakken in Rugldal valley of Røros municipality on September 30, 1879, and died April 5, 1967. ... Axel Jensen by the piano. ...

See also: Norway, List of Norwegians, List of Norwegian Writers. This is a list of notable people from Norway. ... This is a list of Norwegian literature authors in the order of their year of birth. ...

Notes

1. ^ Other examples of vision poems include the later Divine Comedy.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Blankner 1938.

Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, in Michelinos fresco. ...

References

• Blankner, Frederika (1938). A History of the Scandinavian Literatures. Dial Press Inc., New York.
• Clough, Ethlyn T. (editor) (1909). Norwegian Life. Bay View Reading Club.
• Gjerset, Knut (1915). The History of the Norwegian People. MacMillan.
• Griffiths, Tony (2004). Scandinavia; at War with Trolls. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1403967768
• Grøndahl, Carl Henrik and Nina Tjomsland (editors) (1978). The Literary Masters of Norway, with Samples of Their Works. Tanum-Norli, Oslo.
• Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press.
• Naess, Harald S. (1993). A History of Norwegian Literature. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3317-5

External links

• Norwegian literature Columbia Encyclopedia article
• Norwegian literature A short overview
• Trends in contemporary Norwegian literature Article by Janneken Øverland
• Norwegian children’s literature: Word games, earnestness – diversity of genre and experiment in form Article by Karin Beate Vold
• Norway Cultural Profile - national cultural portal for Norway in English

Nordic Literature
Danish literature Faroese literature Finnish literature Icelandic literature Norwegian literature Swedish literature