Novaya Zemlya (Russian: Но́вая Земля́, lit. New Land; formerly known in English and still in Dutch as Nova Zembla) is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the north of Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe (see also extreme points of Europe). The archipelago is administered by Arkhangelsk Oblast as Novaya Zemlya Island Territory. Population: 2,716 (2002 Census), of which 2,622 reside in Belushya Guba, an urban-type settlement that is the administrative center of Novaya Zemlya District. Image File history File links Based on map from CIA factbook. ... Preparation for an underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site in the 1980s. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... This article is about nuclear technology. ... An induced nuclear fission event. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... // This is a list of the extreme points of Europe, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe. ... Arkhangelsk Oblast (Russian: , Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... Belushya Guba (Russian: ) is an urban-type settlement in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... Urban-type settlement (Russian: , posyolok gorodskogo tipa; Ukrainian: , selyshche miskoho typu; abbreviated as in Russian and as in Ukrainian) is an official designation for a certain type of urban settlements used in some of the countries of the former Soviet Union. ...

Novaya Zemlya consists of two major islands, separated by the narrow Matochkin Strait, and a number of smaller ones. The two main islands are Severny (northern) and Yuzhny (southern). Novaya Zemlya separates the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea. The total area is about 90,650 km². A map of the Novaya Zemlya testing sites, with Matochkin Shar in blue. ... Severny Island (Russian: ) is the northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, lying north of Russia. ... Yuzhny is the southern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, lying north of Russia. ... Location of the Barents Sea. ... A map showing the location of the Kara Sea. ...

As Novaya Zemlya was a sensitive military area during the Cold War years, the Russian Air Force maintained a presence at Rogachevo air base on the southern part of the island. It was used primarily for interceptor aircraft operations but also provided logistical support for the nearby nuclear test area. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The Russian Air Force (Russian: Военно-воздушные cилы России, transliteration: Voyenno-vozdushnye sily Rossii) is the air force of Russia. ... Rogachevo (recorded in various sources as Belushya, Rogachvo, or Rogatschovo) is a military air base on Novaya Zemlya, Russia located 9 km northeast of Belaya. ... The MiG-25 is a Russian interceptor that was the mainstay of the Soviet air defence. ...

Geology

Novaya Zemlya is the northern part of the Ural Mountains,^[1] and the interior is mountainous throughout.^[2] It is separated from the mainland by the Kara Strait.^[2] The mountains reach a height of 1,547 m.^[3] The northern island contains many glaciers, while the southern one has a tundra climate.^[4] Natural resources include copper, lead, and zinc.^[4] The indigenous population consists of about 100 Nenetses and 50 Avars^{[citation needed]} who subsist mainly on fishing, trapping, polar bear husbandry, and seal hunting.^[4] Map of the Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) (also known as the Urals, the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, and known as the Stone Belt) are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... A map showing the location of the Kara Strait. ... ‹ The template below (Unit of length) is being considered for deletion. ... Glacial and Glaciation redirect here. ... For other uses, see Tundra (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... The Nenets people (Russian name: Ненцы - Nentsy (plural)) are an indigenous people in Russia. ... The Eurasian Avars were a nomadic people of Eurasia who established a state in the Danube River area of Europe in the early 6th century. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Binomial name Phipps, 1774 Polar bear range Synonyms Ursus eogroenlandicus Ursus groenlandicus Ursus jenaensis Ursus labradorensis Ursus marinus Ursus polaris Ursus spitzbergensis Ursus ungavensis Thalarctos maritimus The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a bear native to the Arctic. ... subfamilies Otariidae Phocidae Odobenidae Pinnipeds are large marine mammals belonging to the Pinnipedia, a family (sometimes a suborder or superfamily, depending on the classification scheme) of the order Carnivora. ...

History

Novaya Zemlya

The Russians knew of Novaya Zemlya from the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod visited the area.^[2] For western Europeans, the search for the Northeast passage in the 16th century led to its exploration.^[2] The first visit was by Hugh Willoughby in 1553.^[2] Willem Barents in 1594 rounded the north point of Novaya Zemlya,^[2] and wintered on the north-east coast.^[5] During a later voyage by Feodor Liitke in 1821–1824, the west coast was mapped.^[2] Henry Hudson was another explorer who ended up at Novaya Zemlya while searching for the Northeast Passage.^[6] Image File history File links Novaya_Zemlya. ... Image File history File links Novaya_Zemlya. ... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia, situated on the M10(E95) federal highway connecting Moscow and St. ... The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. ... Hugh Willoughby is the name of a number of historically notable men: Sir Hugh Willoughby, sea captain Hugh Willoughby, twelfth Baron Willoughby of Parham Hugh Willoughby, fifteenth Baron Willoughby of Parham This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Willem Barents. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... No portrait of Hudson is known to be in existence. ... The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. ...

The first permanent settlement was established in 1870 at Malye Karmakuly, which served as capital of Novaya Zemlya until 1926. Sometime later the administrative center was transferred to Belushya Guba ^[7].

Nuclear testing

Novaya Zemlya's major test site boundaries and facilities

In July 1954, Novaya Zemlya was declared as the Novaya Zemlya Test Site, construction of which began in October^[8] and existed during much of the Cold War. "Zone A", Chyornaya Guba (70.7° N 54.6° E), was used in 1955–1962 and 1972–1975.^[8] "Zone B", Matochkin Shar (73.4° N 54.9° E), was used for underground tests in 1964–1990.^[8] "Zone C", Sukhoy Nos (73.7° N 54.0° E), was used in 1958–1961 and was the 1961 explosion site of Tsar Bomba, a record 50-megaton blast conducted in the atmosphere.^[8] Other tests occurred elsewhere throughout the islands, with an official testing range covering over half of the landmass. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x1692, 2326 KB) Summary A map of Novaya Zemlya with chief zones of nuclear testing activity indicated (A, B, C, with their respective geographical names), as well as the general boundaries of the testing subareas on the islands. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x1692, 2326 KB) Summary A map of Novaya Zemlya with chief zones of nuclear testing activity indicated (A, B, C, with their respective geographical names), as well as the general boundaries of the testing subareas on the islands. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... A map of the Novaya Zemlya testing sites, with Matochkin Shar in blue. ... Site of the detonation. ...

1963 saw the implementation of the Limited Test Ban Treaty outlawing most atmospheric nuclear tests.^[9] The largest underground test at Novaya Zemlya took place on September 12, 1973, involving four nuclear devices of 4.2 megatons total yield. Although far smaller in blast power than the Tsar Bomba and other atmospheric tests, the confinement of the blasts underground led to pressures rivaling natural earthquakes. In the case of the September 12, 1973 test, a seismic magnitude of 6.97 on the Richter Scale was reached, setting off an 80 million ton avalanche that blocked two glacial streams and created a lake 2 km in length.^[9] The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT), although the former also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), is a treaty... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... The Richter magnitude test scale (or more correctly local magnitude ML scale) assigns a single number to quantify the size of an earthquake. ... ‹ The template below (Unit of length) is being considered for deletion. ...

Over its entire history as a nuclear test site, Novaya Zemlya hosted 224 nuclear detonations with a total explosive energy equivalent to 265 megatons of TNT.^[8] For comparison, all explosives used in World War II, including the detonations of two U.S. nuclear bombs, amounted to only two megatons.^[9] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

In 1988–1989, glasnost helped make the Novaya Zemlya testing activities public knowledge,^[8] and in 1990 Greenpeace activists staged a protest at the site.^[10] The last nuclear test explosion was in 1990 (also the last for the entire Soviet Union and Russia). The Ministry for Atomic Energy has performed a series of subcritical hydronuclear experiments near Matochkin Shar each autumn since 1998.^[11] These tests reportedly involve up to 100 g of weapons-grade plutonium.^[12] //   (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... Greenpeace protest against Esso / Exxon Mobil. ... The Ministry for Atomic Energy (Russian Federation) is the ministry of Russia responsible for all things nuclear. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...

See also: Semipalatinsk Test Site

The Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons. ...

In popular culture

• Novaya Zemlya may have been the inspiration for the fictional land of Zembla, which plays a key role in Vladimir Nabokov's 1962 novel Pale Fire.
• The islands are prominently featured in the book Raise the Titanic! by Clive Cussler, as the only natural source of a rare mineral, byzanium, for use in an advanced missile defense system.
• Novaya Zemlya is the location for the first sortie in the third set of missions in the PC game Delta Force Xtreme
• The last two missions of the Playstation 2 game SWAT: Global Strike Team take place in Novaya Zemlya.
• Novaya Zemlya is the location for some of the action in Philip Pullman's 1997 novel The Subtle Knife. In Lyra's world, it is called Nova Zembla.
• Novaya Zemlya served as the destination of the submarine in Frank Herbert's Book Under Pressure.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Набо́ков, pronounced ) (April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1899, Saint Petersburg – July 2, 1977, Montreux) was a Russian-American, Academy Award nominated author. ... Penguin Classics edition of Pale Fire Pale Fire (1962) is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov, his fourteenth in total and fifth in English. ... Raise the Titanic! is the name of a 1976 novel by Clive Cussler. ... // Clive Eric Cussler (born July 15, 1931 in Aurora, Illinois)[1][2] is an American adventure novelist and successful amateur marine archaeologist. ... Fictional chemical substances are compounds or minerals that exist only in works of fiction (usually fantasy or science fiction). ... Missile defence is an air defence system, weapon program, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception and destruction of attacking missiles. ... Delta Force Xtreme is intended to be a remake of the original Delta Force series. ... “PS2” redirects here. ... Philip Pullman CBE (born October 19, 1946) is an English writer. ... For the weapon mentioned in this book, see Æsahættr The Subtle Knife is the second novel in the His Dark Materials series, written by British novelist Philip Pullman, and published in 1997. ... Frank Patrick Herbert (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American science fiction author. ...

See also

• Extreme points of Europe
• List of islands of Russia
• Novaya Zemlya effect

// This is a list of the extreme points of Europe, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe. ... This is a list of islands of Russia. ... The Novaya Zemlya effect is basically a polar mirage, caused by high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Selected satellite views of nuclear test site Novaya Zemlya (global security).
• Environment, climate change, and history of exploration (Barents' wintering).
• http://www.rozenbergps.com/index.php?frame=boek.php&item=295