Also known as Taizu Emperor, Nurhaci or Nuerhachi (Chinese: 努爾哈赤; Manchu: ) (1558-September 30, 1626; r. 1616-September 30, 1626) was the last chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens and first Khan of Later Jin. He is considered to be the founding father of the Manchu state and is also credited with ordering the creation of a written script for the Manchu language. Nurhaci's organization of the Manchu people, his attacks on the Ming Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty Korea, and his conquest of China's northeastern Liaodong province, laid the groundwork for the conquest of China by the Qing Dynasty. Download high resolution version (543x820, 170 KB)Nurhaci, also known as Emperor TaiZu File links The following pages link to this file: Nurhaci ... The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... Image File history File links Nurhaci1. ... Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ... Events October 25 — Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ... The Jianzhou Jurchens were a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: 满族; Traditional Chinese: 滿族; Hanyu pinyin: ) are a Tungusic people who originated in Northeastern Asia, collectively known in English as Manchuria. ... The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... The Míng Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; Pinyin: Míng Cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. ... Joseon or Chosun (Korean: ì¡°ì„ ; Hanja: 朝鮮; Revised: Joseon; McCune-Reischauer: Chosŏn; Chinese: CháoxiÇŽn; Japanese: Chōsen) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon... The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China and the surrounding territories, establishing the Empire of the Great Qing...

Background

Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mönke Timur, a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The Aisin Gioro family originated in present day North Korea. According to Chinese sources, the young man grew up as a soldier in the household of Li Chengliang in Fushun, where he became literate in Chinese. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as Khan of Later Jin. Li Chengliang was a general of Korean descent in the reign of the Wanli Emperor during the Ming Dynasty who was in charge of maintaining peace and relations with the Jurchen tribes. ... Aisin Gioro (Chinese: 愛新覺羅; pinyin: ixīn j o1) was the family name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty. ...

In 1582 his father Taksi and grandfather Giocangga led by the Ming Dynasty General Li Chengliang, were killed in an attack on Gure by a rival Jurchen cheiftain Nikan Wailan. Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. ... Giocangga (Manchu: ; Chinese: 覺昌安) (d. ... Li Chengliang was a general of Korean descent in the reign of the Wanli Emperor during the Ming Dynasty who was in charge of maintaining peace and relations with the Jurchen tribes. ...

From 1583 onwards, Nurhaci began to unify the Jurchen bands. When he was 25, he beheaded Nikan Wailan at Tulin to avenge the deaths of his father and grandfather, who had only left him thirteen suits of armor. 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Nurhaci was the organizer of the Eight Banners, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that would dominate the Qing empire. The Eight Banners (In Manchu: jakūn gūsa, In Chinese: 旗 baqí) were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. ...

In 1599, he had two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi and Gagai Jarguchi, create the written Manchu language by adapting the Mongolian alphabet. Events The Jesuit educational plan known as the Ratio Studiorum is issued (January 8). ...

In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin Dynasty (aisin gurun), often called the Later Jin. He constructed a palace at Mukden (present-day Shenyang in Liaoning province). The first Jin Dynasty of the twelfth century was also formed by the Jurchen. Jin was renamed Qing by his son Hong Taiji after his death but Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Events October 25 — Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books... Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han) is a title with many meanings, originally commander, leader or ruler, in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Major districts of Shenyang. ... Shenyang (Simplified Chinese: 沈阳; Traditional Chinese: 瀋陽; pinyin: ShÄ›nyáng; English formerly Mukden) is the capital of Liaoning province in China. ... Liaoning (Simplified Chinese: 辽宁; Traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: ) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Jin Dynasty (金 pinyin: Jīn 1115-1234; Anchu in Jurchen), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Huang Taiji (Manchu: ; Chinese: 皇太極 huáng tài jí; also known as 洪太極 hóng tài jí or 黃台吉 huáng tái jí; sometimes referred erroneously to as Abahai in Western literature), (November 28, 1592-September 21, 1643), was first Khan of the Later Jin and then Emperor of the...

In 1618, he commissioned a document entitled the Seven Great Vexations in which he enumerated seven grievances against the Ming and began to rebel against the Ming Dynasty. A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favorism of Yehe. Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ...

Only after he became Khan did he finally unify Ula (clan of Abahai) and Yehe (clan of Monggo, the last empress dowager Cixi, and many more consorts of Qing Emperors in between). One of the Manchu clans. ... Lady Abahai was the First Rank Concubine of Nurhachi of the Manchu dynasty in ancient China and mother of Prince Dorgon, Prince Dodo and Prince Ajige. ... The Yehe Nara were a Manchu clan who ruled Yehe, one of the HÅ«lun Four States. ... Empress Xiaoci Gao (zh: 孝慈高皇后), named Monggo Gege (孟古)(1575 - 31 October 1603). ... Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: 慈禧太后; Wade-Giles: Tzu-hsi) (November 29, 1835–November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the Western Empress Dowager (西太后), and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiaoqin Xian (孝欽顯皇后), was a powerful and charismatic figure who was the de facto ruler...

Nurhaci led many successful engagements against the Ming Dynasty, the Koreans, the Mongols, and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control. In the first serious military defeat of his life, Nurhaci was beaten by the Ming general Yuan Chonghuan at Ningyuan. Nurhaci was wounded in the battle by Yuan's Portuguese cannon(紅衣大炮). His morale and physical self did not recover, and he died 2 days later at a little town called De-A Man on September 30, 1626 at the age of 68. The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Yuan Chonghuan (袁崇煥; style name: Yuansu 元素 and Ziru 自如; born June 6, 1584, died 22 September 1630) was a famed patriot and military commander of the Ming Dynasty who battled the Manchus in Liaoning. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... Events September 30 - Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji. ...

Nurhaci was succeeded by his eighth son, Hong Taiji. It is said he took the throne by letting his father's consort Abahai commit suicide in order to block the succession of his younger brother Dorgon. Huang Taiji (Manchu: ; Chinese: 皇太極 huáng tài jí; also known as 洪太極 hóng tài jí or 黃台吉 huáng tái jí; sometimes referred erroneously to as Abahai in Western literature), (November 28, 1592-September 21, 1643), was first Khan of the Later Jin and then Emperor of the... Lady Abahai was the First Rank Concubine of Nurhachi of the Manchu dynasty in ancient China and mother of Prince Dorgon, Prince Dodo and Prince Ajige. ... Dorgon (多爾袞 duo1 er3 gun3) (November 17, 1612 - December 31, 1650), also known as Hošoi Mergen Cin Wang (和碩睿親王), was a Manchu prince in the early Qing dynasty. ...

His posthumous name was given on 1736: Chengtian-guangyun-shengde-shengong-zhaozhi-liji-renxiao-ruiwu-duanyi-qin'an-hongwen-dingye Gao Emperor (承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝). A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號 Simplified Chinese: 谥号; Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ...

Family

• father: Taksi (塔克世).
• grandfather: Giocangga (觉昌安).
• mother: Concubine of the Hitara clan (喜塔拉氏).
• brother (same mother): Shuerhagi (苏尔哈吉).
• consorts:

1. Empress Xiaoci Gao (孝慈高皇后) of the Yehe Nara clan (1575 - 1603).
2. Yuan Fei, Hahana Dajing (Qingya) (元妃, 哈哈纳扎青) of the Tungiya clan ( ? - 1685).
3. Lady Gundai (继妃, 衮代) of the Fucha clan ( ? - 1621).
4. Lady Abahai (大妃，阿巴亥) of the Ulanara clan (1590 - 1626).

Giocangga (Manchu: ; Chinese: 覺昌安) (d. ... Empress Xiaoci Gao (zh: 孝慈高皇后), named Monggo Gege (孟古)(1575 - 31 October 1603). ... Lady Abahai was the First Rank Concubine of Nurhachi of the Manchu dynasty in ancient China and mother of Prince Dorgon, Prince Dodo and Prince Ajige. ...

Primary sources

Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the Manchu Veritable Records (in Chinese Manzhou Shilu 滿洲實錄, in Manchu the Yarkiyang Kooli.) Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Joseon Wangjo Sillok朝鮮王朝實錄), especially the Seonjo Sillok and the Gwanghaegun Ilgi. Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the Seonjo Sillok.

The original Manchu language records from Nurhaci's reign also survive. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the Qianlong emperor. This has been translated into Japanese, under the title Manbun roto, and Chinese, under the title Manwen laodang. A project is currently under way at Harvard to translate them into English, as the Old Manchu Chronicles. The Qianlong Emperor (September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

Trivia

In the adventure film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (first released May 23, 1984) an urn containing the remains of Nurhaci was portrayed as stolen in 1935 by Indiana Jones who attempted to trade it for a diamond (Peakocks eye, See Young Indiana Jones - Episode 20). This is a rare Western pop culture reference to a significant historical figure of the East. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 action/adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones Dr. Henry Indiana Jones, Jr. ... The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles was a TV series that ran from 1992 to 1996, which explored the childhood and youth of the character Indiana Jones. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Popular culture, or pop culture, is the vernacular (peoples) culture that prevails in a modern society. ...

A lengthy historical dramatization, Epic of Tai Zu, was released in 2005. It is the third part of the Mi Shi (Secret History) series directed by You Xiaogang. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...