| Operation Market Garden | | Part of World War II |
Waves of paratroopers land in the Netherlands during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. | | | | Belligerents |
 Poland
 United Kingdom
 United States
|
 Germany | | Commanders |
Field Marshal Montgomery
Lieutenant-General Dempsey
Lieutenant-General Horrocks
Major-General Urquhart
Major General Taylor
Brigadier General Gavin |
Walter Model
Wilhelm Bittrich
Kurt Student | | Strength | | 35,000 (airborne only) | 20,000 | | Casualties and losses |
Poland:
1st Polish Brigade:
378 Casualties[1]
United Kingdom
1st Airborne Division:
1,300 killed[2]
~4,500 captured[3]
2nd British Army:
3,716-5,354 Casualties[4]
RAF 38 & 46 Groups:
294 Casualties[5]
United States
USAAF IX Troop Carrier Command:
3, 974 Casualties[5]
82nd Airborne Division:
1,432 Casualties[5]
101st Airborne Division:
2,110 Casualties
Total:17,704-19,342 Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1398x1097, 141 KB) Description: Parachutes open overhead as waves of paratroops land in Holland during operations by the 1st Allied Airborne Army. ...
is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
North Brabant (Dutch: Noord-Brabant) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country, bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River (Maas) in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west. ...
Capital Arnhem Queens Commissioner Clemens Cornielje Religion (1999) Protestant 31% Catholic 29% Area • Land • Water 4,975 km² (1st) 161 km² Population (2005) • Total • Density 1,970,865 (4th) 393/km² (6th) Inclusion {{{inclusion}}} Anthem Ons Gelderland ISO NL-GE Official website www. ...
i hate erin saunders ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ...
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Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
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Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC (IPA: ; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), often referred to as Monty, was an Anglo-Irish British Army officer. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ...
Lieutenant-General Dempsey Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Christopher Dempsey GBE KCB DSO MC (15th December 1896 - 5th June 1969) was commander of the British Second Army during the D-Day landings in World War II. After graduating from Sandhurst Military Academy in 1915 Dempsey joined the Royal Berkshire Regiment. ...
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Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Gwynne Horrocks, (September 7, 1895 - January 4, 1985) was a British military officer. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ...
Urquhart outside his headquarters during Operation Market Garden. ...
Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ...
General Maxwell Davenport Taylor (August 26, 1901 – April 19, 1987) was an American soldier and diplomat of the mid-20th century. ...
Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ...
James Maurice Jumpin Jim Gavin (born as James Nally Ryan; March 22, 1907-February 23, 1990 rose to the rank of Lieutenant General in the United States Army. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
Otto Moritz Walter Model (IPA: ) (24 January 1891 – 21 April 1945) was a German general and later field marshal during World War II. He is noted for his defensive battles in the latter half of the war, mostly on the Eastern Front but also in the west, and for his...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
Wilhelm Bittrich Wilhelm Willi Bittrich (February 26, 1894 – April 19, 1979) was a General of the German SS during World War II. Born in the town of Wernigerode in the Harz mountains of Germany, Bittrich served as an army officer during World War I. He joined the SS-Verfügungstruppe...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
Kurt Student Kurt Student (May 12, 1890-July 1, 1978) was a German Luftwaffe General who fought as a pilot on the Eastern Front during the First World War and as the commander of the German parachute troops during the Second World War. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ...
Official force name 1 Samodzielna Brygada Spadochronowa Other names 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade 1 SBS Branch Polish Army Chain of Command Directly subordinate to Polish Government in Exile In 1944 transferred under British command Description Airborne force, rapidly deployable aeromobile infantry force. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ...
(Redirected from 1st Airborne Division) The British 1st Airborne Division was a military unit that fought in World War II. It suffered terrible casualties, especially in Operation Market Garden. ...
RAF is an three letter acronym for: Royal Air Force -- the Air Force of the United Kingdom (see also Air Ministry) Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) -- a German terror organisation Rigas Autobusu Fabrika -- a factory making buses in Riga, Latvia Rapid Action Force in India RaÄunarski Fakultet RAF...
Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ...
USAAF recruitment poster. ...
The 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army was formed originally as the 82nd Infantry Division on August 25, 1917, at Camp Gordon, Georgia. ...
The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)—nicknamed the “Screaming Eaglesâ€â€”is an airborne division of the United States Army primarily trained for air assault operations. ...
|
German:
2,000 Killed[1]
6,000 Wounded[1] | | | | | | Operation Market Garden (September 17, 1944–September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II in the Netherlands and Germany. Through large-scale use of airborne forces, its tactical objectives were to secure a series of bridges over the main rivers of the German-occupied Netherlands to allow rapid advance by armored units. The strategic purpose was to allow an Allied crossing of the Rhine river, the last major natural barrier to an advance into Germany. The planned rapid advance from the Dutch-Belgian border into northern Germany, across the Maas (Meuse) and two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine), would have outflanked the Siegfried Line and made possible an encirclement of the Ruhr Area, Germany's industrial heartland. Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ...
American soldiers cross the Siegfried Line The drive to the Siegfried Line was one of the final Allied phases in World War II of the Western European Campaign. ...
The 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade was tasked to cross the Ghent Canal about five kilometers south of Bruges at a small village called Oostcamp. ...
Combatants United States Germany Commanders Manton S. Eddy Heinrich F. v. ...
Combatants United States Germany Commanders Courtney Hodges Walter Model Strength 120,000 80,000 Casualties 33,000 casualties 12,000—16,000 deaths[1] (est. ...
The Battle of Overloon (Code named Operation Aintree) took place between September 30th and October 18th 1944. ...
Combatants United States Germany Commanders William Simpson Gerhard Wilck Strength 100,000 soldiers 12,000 soldiers Casualties 2,000 dead, 3,000 wounded 5,000 dead or wounded, 5,600 captured The Battle of Aachen was a battle in Aachen, Germany, that took place in October 1944 in World War...
Combatants Nazi Germany United States of America Commanders Colonel Gerhard Wilck Colonel George A. Smith Jr. ...
Combatants Canada United Kingdom Poland Belgium Norway Germany Commanders Guy Simonds (acting) (First Canadian Army) Gustav-Adolf von Zangen (German 15th Army) Strength ? ? Casualties 12,873 total; including 6,367 Canadian ? The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of military operations which took place in northern Belgium and south...
During World War II, Operation Clipper was an Allied offensive by Thirtieth British Corps (including the American Eighty-fourth Infantry Division) to reduce the Geilenkirchen Salient on 18 November 1945. ...
Combatants United States United Kingdom Germany Commanders Omar Bradley Walther Model Strength 100,000 soldiers 40,000 soldiers Casualties ? ? Operation Queen was a joint British-American operation during World War II at the Western Front between Aachen and the Rur river in November 1944. ...
Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland France Canada Free France Netherlands Belgium Germany Italy Commanders Winston Churchill, Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Harold Alexander, Bertram Ramsay, Bernard Montgomery, Lord Gort, Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Franklin Roosevelt,, George Marshall, Dwight Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Jacob Devers, Władysław Anders, Władysław Sikorski, Stanis...
Combatants Kingdom of the Netherlands Germany Commanders Henry G. Winkelman, Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Strength 9 divisions, 676 guns, 1 tank (inoperational), 124 aircraft Total: 350,000 men 22 divisions, 1,378 guns, 759 tanks, 1150 aircraft Total: 750,000...
This article is about a Second World War battle in 1940, for the 1658 battle of the same name see Battle of the Dunes (1658) Combatants United Kingdom France Belgium Germany Commanders Lord Gort General Weygand Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Ewald von Kleist (Panzergruppe von Kleist) Strength approx. ...
Combatants Canada United Kingdom United States Germany Commanders Louis Mountbatten J. H. Roberts Gerd von Rundstedt Strength 6,086 1,500 Casualties Canada: 950 dead, 2,340 captured or wounded; United Kingdom: 600; United States:4+; 311 dead, 280 wounded The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe...
This article is about the assault phase of Operation Overlord. ...
Combatants United States1 United Kingdom2 Free France3 Germany Commanders Lt. ...
American soldiers cross the Siegfried Line The drive to the Siegfried Line was one of the final Allied phases in World War II of the Western European Campaign. ...
The Battle of Overloon (Code named Operation Aintree) took place between September 30th and October 18th 1944. ...
Combatants Canada United Kingdom Poland Belgium Norway Germany Commanders Guy Simonds (acting) (First Canadian Army) Gustav-Adolf von Zangen (German 15th Army) Strength ? ? Casualties 12,873 total; including 6,367 Canadian ? The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of military operations which took place in northern Belgium and south...
Combatants United States Germany Commanders Courtney Hodges Walter Model Strength 120,000 80,000 Casualties 33,000 casualties 12,000—16,000 deaths[1] (est. ...
Combatants United States Germany Commanders William Simpson Gerhard Wilck Strength 100,000 soldiers 12,000 soldiers Casualties 2,000 dead, 3,000 wounded 5,000 dead or wounded, 5,600 captured The Battle of Aachen was a battle in Aachen, Germany, that took place in October 1944 in World War...
For the 1965 film, see Battle of the Bulge (film). ...
Located near Alsace in Eastern France, the Colmar Pocket was the site of a ten-day battle during the Second World War that saw four divisions of the French Army and an entire Corps from the U.S. Army overwhelm German resistance. ...
Operation Nordwind (North Wind) was an attack conducted by the German Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS during January 1945 in Alsace and Lorraine. ...
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During the Battle for Berlin, the Red Flag was raised over the Reichstag, May 1945. ...
is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Airborne Military parachuting form of insertion. ...
Military tactics (Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ...
For other uses, see Rhine (disambiguation). ...
The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ...
For other uses, see Waal. ...
Categories: Netherlands geography stubs | Rivers of the Netherlands | Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta ...
Map of the Siegfried line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 in northern France during World War I. However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World...
Ruhr Area within Germany Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area, also called simply Ruhr, (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott or Kohlenpott) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large formerly industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to...
The operation was initially successful with the capture of the Waal bridge at Nijmegen on September 20. But it was a failure overall since the planned Allied advance across the Rhine at Arnhem had to be abandoned. The British 1st Airborne Division did not secure the bridge at Arnhem, and although they managed to hold out near the bridge far longer than planned, the British XXX Corps failed to relieve them. The Rhine remained a barrier to the Allied advance until the offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, Rees and Wesel in March 1945. Due to the Allied defeat at Arnhem, the north of the Netherlands could not be liberated before winter and the Hongerwinter ('Hungerwinter') took tens of thousands of lives, particularly in the cities of the Randstad area. Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area (2006) - Municipality 57. ...
is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. ...
The British 1st Airborne Division was a military unit that fought in World War II. It suffered terrible casualties, especially in Operation Market Garden. ...
The XXX Corps was an infantry corps in the British Army. ...
Remagen is a city in Germany in Rhineland-Palatinate, in the district of Ahrweiler. ...
Oppenheim is a small town (about 7000 inhabitants) on the Upper Rhine (Rheinhessen), between Mainz and Worms. ...
During World War II, Operation Plunder was the crossing of the Rhine river at Rees, Wesel and south of the Lippe Canal by the British Second Army, under Lieutenant-General Miles C Dempsey, and the US Ninth Army, under Lieutenant-General William H Simpson. ...
After the landing of the Allied Forces on D-Day, things grew worse in Nazi occupied Holland. ...
Schematic map of the Randstad. ...
Background After major defeats in Normandy in July to August 1944, remnants of German forces withdrew across the Low Countries and eastern France towards the German border by the end of August. In the north, the British 21st Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was advancing on a line running from Antwerp to the northern border of Belgium. The First Canadian Army was just finishing their own offensive northward along the coast and were too fatigued to take part in major actions. To their south, the U.S. 12th Army Group under General Omar Bradley was nearing the German border and had been ordered to orient on the Aachen gap with the U.S. First Army. In the south, the U.S. 6th Army Group under General Jacob L. Devers was advancing towards Germany after their landings in southern France. This article is about the assault phase of Operation Overlord. ...
For information about the confusion between the Low Countries and the Netherlands, see Netherlands (terminology). ...
(Redirected from 21st Army Group) The British 21st Army Group was an important Allied force in the European Theatre of World War II. Commanded by Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery it initially controlled all ground forces in Operation Overlord. ...
Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ...
For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ...
The First Canadian Army was the senior Canadian operational formation in Europe during the Second World War. ...
The Twelfth United States Army Group was the largest and most powerful American military formation ever to take to the field. ...
Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ...
Oche redirects here; in darts the oche is the line from which players must throw. ...
Shoulder Sleeve Insignia of the U.S. First Army. ...
The 6th Army Group was an Army Group of the Allies (namely the United States Army) during World War II. It was created in Corsica, France (specifically activated on August 1, 1944) to consolidate the combined French and American forces that were planning to invade southern France in Operation Dragoon. ...
General Jacob Jake Loucks Devers (September 8, 1887 - October 15, 1979), who is best remembered for his command of the 6th Army Group in Europe during World War II, graduated from the US Military Academy in 1909. ...
Combatants United States1 United Kingdom2 Free France3 Germany Commanders Lt. ...
Logistical problems
 The "Red Ball Express" was an attempt to resolve persistent Allied supply problems. On 4 September 1944 supply shortages halted the Allied advance. Supply sources were limited to the shallow docks built on the original invasion beaches and the nearby deepwater port of Cherbourg at the tip of the Cotentin peninsula. The massive port of Antwerp lay intact in British hands, but the Scheldt estuary leading inland was still under German control. Other important ports on the English Channel coast such as Dunkirk remained in German hands until May 1945. Although over-the-beach supply operations outperformed expectations and enough supplies were present on the continent to support Allied operations, a shortage of transport to move these supplies forward created a bottleneck. At the beginning of September, Cherbourg had 70,000 tons of stockpiled supplies but no transport to move them. Regional railway transport was non-existent because of the pre-invasion airstrikes; train movement out of Normandy did not resume until August 30 and was very limited. The situation was exacerbated by the fact that 1,400 British three-ton trucks were found to be useless because of faulty pistons in their engines — they could have moved 800 tons per day, enough for two divisions. In an attempt to address this acute shortage of transport, three newly-arrived U.S. infantry divisions (the 26th, 95th, and 104th) were stripped of their trucks in order to supply Montgomery's British 21st Army Group to allow Operation Market Garden to proceed. Similarly, the heavy artillery units of General Omar Bradley's US 12th Army Group were left west of the Seine, freeing their trucks to move supplies for other units. Organization of the Red Ball Express did much to lessen the impact of the transport shortage, but this ad hoc operation could not solve the problem. Image File history File links RedBallExpress. ...
Image File history File links RedBallExpress. ...
is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Australian town and Aboriginal Mission, see Cherbourg, Queensland. ...
The Cotentin Peninsula juts out into the English Channel from Normandy towards England, forming part of the north-west coast of France. ...
The Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde, French Escaut) is a 350 km[1] long river in northern France, western Belgium and the southwestern part of the Netherlands. ...
For the Thoroughbred racehorse of the same name, see English Channel (horse). ...
For other uses of Dunkirk or Dunkerque, see Dunkirk (disambiguation). ...
Airstrike in Kosovo War An airstrike is a military strike by air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position, which depending on the selected tactics may or may not be followed up by artillery, armor, or infantry units. ...
is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. ...
The 26th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. // Activated: July 1917 (National Guard Division from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont). ...
The 95th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War II. // Activated: 15 July 1942. ...
The 104th Infantry Division —nicknamed the Timberwolf Division— was a division of the United States Army that fought for 195 consecutive days during World War II. Some 34,000 men served with the division under the leadership of General Terry Allen, who was much admired despite his nickname, Terrible Terry...
Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ...
The 12th Army Group was the largest and most powerful American formation ever to take to the field. ...
Sign posted along the Red Ball route The Red Ball Express was an enormous convoy system created by Allied forces to supply their forces moving through Europe following the breakout from the D-Day beaches in Normandy. ...
Competing solutions Following the British and Canadian breakout from Caen and the closure of the Falaise pocket, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, favoured a broad advance eastwards to the Rhine across a wide front, combined with capture and clearance of the Channel ports and Antwerp (Hibbert 1998, p. 8). This strategy was contested by the field commanders, especially Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery who commanded the British 21st Army Group in the north, and General George Patton, commander of the US 3rd Army in the south. Both favored rapid, concentrated thrusts across the Rhine in their own sectors. With the supply situation deteriorating in early September, a broad advance became impossible; there were not enough supplies moving forward to keep all of the armies in "combat supply". Download high resolution version (1401x1093, 319 KB)Then came the big day when we marched into Germany--right through the Siegfried Line. ...
Download high resolution version (1401x1093, 319 KB)Then came the big day when we marched into Germany--right through the Siegfried Line. ...
Map of the Siegfried line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 in northern France during World War I. However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World...
, Caen (pronounced ) is a commune of northwestern France. ...
Combatants North: United Kingdom Canada Polish forces South: United States Free French Nazi Germany Commanders Omar Bradley Harry Crerar Philippe Leclerc Stanisław Maczek Bernard Montgomery George Patton Günther von Kluge Walter Model Strength ~at least 500,000 Casualties Canadian: 1,470 killed Polish: 325 killed ~50,000 killed...
Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ...
Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ...
General George Smith Patton Jr. ...
Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks, commander of the British XXX Corps that captured Antwerp, explained in his autobiography "A Full Life" (Collins,1960) how the Allies were crippled by a strategic error in the first days of September. It was assumed that the port of Antwerp would become usable as soon as the city had been captured; not one Allied commander realised that the Scheldt estuary leading to the port was mined and that the Germans had dug in on its banks, so preventing use of the port. Lieutenant-General Horrocks states that the correct action would have been to bypass Antwerp on 3-4 September and drive 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west to Woensdrecht, so cutting off the Beveland isthmus, trapping the German 15th Army and allowing the Scheldt to be cleared for Allied shipping. The Allied failure to do this on 4 September allowed the Germans a two week respite, during which over 60,000 soldiers of the German 15th Army withdrew from Flanders and escaped across the Beveland isthmus into the Netherlands (Hibbert 1998, p. 44). The continued closure of the Scheldt hugely exacerbated the Allies' supply problem. Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Gwynne Horrocks, (September 7, 1895 - January 4, 1985) was a British military officer. ...
is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Most Allied commanders favored pursuit of the seemingly shattered German armies. Omar Bradley (and his subordinate George S. Patton) and Montgomery both requested priority on supplies in order to cross the Rhine River in a single decisive thrust, instead of clearing the Scheldt to open the port of Antwerp. Bradley and Patton favoured an attack east to take the city of Metz and into the industrial area of the Saarland, requiring passage of the Siegfried Line to the heavily defended Rhine. Bradley suggested that Allied air transport should continue to be used to move supplies to the front, able to keep the front lines moving regardless of the existing problems to the rear. Bradley was indulgent with respect to Patton's requests, interpreting Eisenhower's orders in a manner that gave Patton free rein. On 5 September Bradley allowed Patton's US 3rd Army to advance to the Moselle, a move that stretched the US 1st Army, which was trying to cover the gap between Montgomery's 21st Army Group and the US 3rd Army (Hibbert 1998, p. 10). Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ...
George Patton redirects here. ...
City flag City coat of arms Motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) Cathedral St. ...
Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DEC Capital Saarbrücken Minister-President Peter Müller (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 2,569 km² (992 sq mi) Population 1,044,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 406 /km...
Map of the Siegfried line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 in northern France during World War I. However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World...
is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Montgomery initially suggested Operation Comet, a limited airborne coup de main to seize the bridge in Arnhem on September 7, but weather postponements and a fluid enemy situation made it evident that Arnhem was too distant a target for an unsupported airborne attack. Comet was replaced by a more ambitious plan to bypass the Siegfried Line, cross the Rhine with large-scale forces, and trap the German 15th Army between Arnhem and the shores of the IJsselmeer: Operation Market Garden. On 10 September Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey, commander of the British 2nd Army under Montgomery, told Montgomery that he had doubts about this plan, and that he instead favored a strike north-eastwards between the Reichswald and the Ruhr to Wesel. Montgomery replied that he had just received a signal from London that something must be done to neutralise the V-2 launch sites around the Hague, which were bombarding London and Antwerp, and that the plan must therefore proceed (Hibbert 1998, p. 16). Furthermore, operations would be within range of aircraft flying from English bases, it would circumvent the strong defences of the Siegfried Line by hooking around its northern end, and a deep northern penetration would take the Germans by surprise. However, the plan had several problems. It required the British 2nd Army to drive northwards through terrain with numerous water obstacles to cross, and General Bradley pointed out that it would open a dangerous gap to the south between the 21st Army Group and the US 1st Army. Additionally, it entailed an armored advance up a single narrow road, built like a causeway with low-lying polder on both sides, restricting supply lines and the ability to use numerical strength to full advantage (Whiting 2002). Airborne Military parachuting form of insertion. ...
A Coup de main is a swift attack that relies on speed and surprise to accomplish its objectives in a single blow. ...
is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Map of the Siegfried line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 in northern France during World War I. However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World...
The German Fifteenth Army (German: ) was a World War II field army. ...
Traditional boat on the IJsselmeer Landsat photo The IJsselmeer (or Lake IJssel) is a shallow lake of some 1250 km² in the central Netherlands bordering the provinces of Flevoland, North Holland and Friesland, with an average depth of 5 to 6 m. ...
is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Lieutenant-General Dempsey Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Christopher Dempsey GBE KCB DSO MC (15th December 1896 - 5th June 1969) was commander of the British Second Army during the D-Day landings in World War II. After graduating from Sandhurst Military Academy in 1915 Dempsey joined the Royal Berkshire Regiment. ...
Wesel (IPA: ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ...
German test launch. ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
Map of the Siegfried line The original Siegfried line (Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 in northern France during World War I. However, in English, Siegfried line more commonly refers to the similar World...
This article is about the geographical feature. ...
After meeting Lieutenant-General Dempsey, Montgomery flew to Brussels that afternoon (10 September) to meet Eisenhower. Supply difficulties were so severe that tank transporters were being used to ferry parts of portable runways and basic supplies. The British 2nd Army did not even have use of its heavy artillery and anti-aircraft guns. Montgomery requested Eisenhower's Chief Administrative Officer to leave the meeting, but insisted on his own remaining. He then tore a file of Eisenhower's messages to shreds in front of him, and argued for a concentrated northern thrust, simultaneously demanding priority of supply. Eisenhower, convinced that German forces faced imminent collapse, was equally adamant that advance on a broad front was correct. However, he consented to Operation Market Garden, giving it "limited priority" in terms of supplies. In vain, Montgomery complained about this to the Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff in London. For their part, the American commanders were irritated by the priority accorded to the 21st Army Group.[citation needed] is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Meanwhile General Patton had advanced so far that it became clear to Lieutenant-General Dempsey that the US 1st Army would not be able to cover the gap once Market Garden was launched. Hence the British VIII Corps would have to be detached from the main striking force to cover the south-eastern flank. There was not enough transport immediately available to move VIII Corps, necessitating a four day delay until 21 September. On 11 September Montgomery brought this argument to bear on Eisenhower, and on 12 September the Americans promised to give the British many trucks and 1,000 tons of their own supplies each day. Both Montgomery and Bradley assumed that this meant that Eisenhower had accepted Montgomery's demand for a single concentrated, northern thrust to Berlin.[citation needed] is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
General Bradley thought that the advance of the US 3rd Army under General Patton was thus at risk, and warned Patton. Patton decided to advance immediately beyond the Moselle and become so engaged with the enemy that the fight could not be broken off, forcing supplies to be diverted south. Patton was told to conduct "a continuous reconnaissance", it being understood that this meant "unrelenting attack". Indeed, the US 12th Army Group's supplies, which Eisenhower had intended to divert to Montgomery, continued to be supplied to the US 1st Army and Patton's 3rd Army. Thus the supply situation leading up to Operation Market Garden was extraordinarily difficult.[citation needed]
Keith Flint in his book "Airborne Armour", asks why Montgomery did not task Major-General Percy Hobart, who commanded the specialized combat engineering 79th Armoured Division, to attach some of his amphibious DD Sherman medium tanks and LVT-4 Buffalo amtracks that could carry troops, antitank guns as well as jeep and Bren universal carriers - the latter having excellent soft soil mobility. He also believes that the failure to fly in the 6th Airborne Division's 6th Recce Squadron's paratankers with Tetrarch light tanks, to capture and hold Arnhem bridge as requested by Major Frederick Gough, played a major role in the subsequent defeat. Keith Flint believes that the Tetrach light tanks were landed with such great effect on D-Day by Hamilcar gliders that a German commander cancelled his counter-attack.[page # needed] However, there was an extreme shortage of both air and ground transport before Market Garden. Most gliders could only be used once under combat conditions, and could not be constructed within days for such an operation. The light tanks would have been no match for heavy German tanks and anti-tank guns. In any case Operation Market Garden was based on the premise that armour would quickly arrive by road, to relieve the bridges captured and held by airborne infantry (Whiting 2002). Major-General Sir Percy Cleghorn Stanley Hobart (14 June 1885-19 February 1957) was a British military engineer and commander of the 79th Armoured Division during World War II. He was responsible for many of the specialised armoured vehicles (Hobarts Funnies) that took part in the invasion of Normandy. ...
The Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT) was an amphibious vehicle used by the United States Navy, Marine Corps and Army during World War II. It was widely known as amphtrack, amtrak, amtrac etc. ...
General characteristics Length 12. ...
Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ...
The Mk VII Tetrarch light tank was a British design of tank produced during the Second World War initially for reconnaisance purposes but used by airborne forces. ...
Colonel (Charles) Frederick Howard Gough, MC, TD (16 September 1901 – 19 September 1977) was a British Territorial Army officer, company director and politician. ...
The General Aircraft G.A.L. 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mk I was a large British military glider of World War II, which was capable of carrying 7 tons of cargo or a light tank such as the Tetrarch or Locust. ...
Eisenhower's decision to launch Market Garden was mostly influenced by his desire to keep the retreating Germans under pressure. However, General Eisenhower was also under pressure from the U.S. to use the Airborne Army as soon as possible. After Normandy the airborne forces had been withdrawn to reform in England, forming the First Allied Airborne Army of three U.S. and two British airborne divisions, and a Polish brigade. After Normandy, plans for 18 airborne operations had been drafted, but then cancelled at short notice, mostly when Allied ground forces overran the intended drop zones.[6] For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Badge of the First Allied Airborne Army The First Allied Airborne Army was part of the Allied Expeditionary Force in North West Europe in 1944 and 1945. ...
Official force name 1 Samodzielna Brygada Spadochronowa Other names 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade 1 SBS Branch Polish Army Chain of Command Directly subordinate to Polish Government in Exile In 1944 transferred under British command Description Airborne force, rapidly deployable aeromobile infantry force. ...
Plan - Further information: Operation Market Garden order of battle
The plan of action consisted of two operations: This the complete order of battle of Allied and German forces involved during Operation Market Garden. ...
- MARKET: airborne forces of General Brereton's the First Allied Airborne Army to seize bridges and other terrain, under tactical command of Lieutenant-General Browning, and
- GARDEN: ground forces of the British 2nd Army to move north spearheaded by XXX Corps under Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks.
Terrain considerations There were eight major water obstacles between the XXX Corps jumping-off point and the objective of the north bank of the Rhine, including several major rivers and three canals. Plans were made to seize bridges across all these obstacles nearly simultaneously. Although the smaller canals and rivers could be temporarily bridged by engineers of XXX Corps if the existing permanent bridges could not be seized, the larger rivers (the Waal at Nijmegen and the Rhine at Arnhem) could not be bridged by XXX Corps.
Highway 69 (later nicknamed "Hell's Highway") leading through the planned route was two lanes wide, generally raised above the surrounding flat terrain of polder. The ground on either side of the highway was too soft to support tactical vehicle movement.
A single 100 meter (100 yards) high hill, the Groesbeek ridge, lay in the 82nd Airborne's zone. Seizure and defence of this hill was considered vital to holding the highway bridges. Groesbeek is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. ...
Market Market would employ three of the five divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division, under Major General Maxwell D. Taylor, would drop in two locations just north of XXX Corps to take the bridges northwest of Eindhoven at Son and Veghel. The 82nd Airborne Division, under Brigadier General James M. Gavin, would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen, and the British 1st Airborne Division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade would drop at the extreme north end of the route, to take the road bridge at Arnhem and rail bridge at Oosterbeek. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1835x3170, 1297 KB) Description: Market-Garden - The allied plan Source: selfmade Map User:W.wolny Licence: GNU/FDL File links The following pages link to this file: Operation Market Garden ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1835x3170, 1297 KB) Description: Market-Garden - The allied plan Source: selfmade Map User:W.wolny Licence: GNU/FDL File links The following pages link to this file: Operation Market Garden ...
Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. ...
Badge of the First Allied Airborne Army The First Allied Airborne Army was part of the Allied Expeditionary Force in North West Europe in 1944 and 1945. ...
The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)—nicknamed the “Screaming Eaglesâ€â€”is an airborne division of the United States Army primarily trained for air assault operations. ...
General Maxwell Davenport Taylor (August 26, 1901 – April 19, 1987) was an American soldier and diplomat of the mid-20th century. ...
Country Province Government - Mayor G.Braks (CDA) Area (2006) - Municipality 88. ...
Son en Breugel is a municipality in the southern Netherlands. ...
Veghel (pronounced ) is a municipality and a town in the southern Netherlands. ...
The 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army was constituted in the National Army as the 82nd Division on August 5, 1917, and was organized on August 25, 1917, at Camp Gordon, Georgia. ...
James Maurice Jumpin Jim Gavin (born as James Nally Ryan; March 22, 1907-February 23, 1990 rose to the rank of Lieutenant General in the United States Army. ...
Grave is a municipality and a city in the southern Netherlands. ...
Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area (2006) - Municipality 57. ...
(Redirected from 1st Airborne Division) The British 1st Airborne Division was a military unit that fought in World War II. It suffered terrible casualties, especially in Operation Market Garden. ...
Urquhart outside his headquarters during Operation Market Garden. ...
Official force name 1 Samodzielna Brygada Spadochronowa Other names 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade 1 SBS Branch Polish Army Chain of Command Directly subordinate to Polish Government in Exile In 1944 transferred under British command Description Airborne force, rapidly deployable aeromobile infantry force. ...
This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. ...
Renkum is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. ...
The First Allied Airborne Army had been created on August 16 as the end result of British requests for a coordinated headquarters for airborne operations, a concept approved by General Eisenhower on June 20. The British had strongly hinted that a British officer—Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning in particular—be appointed its commander. Since the bulk of both troops and aircraft were American, however, a USAAF officer, Major General Lewis H. Brereton, was named by Eisenhower on July 16 and appointed by SHAEF on August 2. Brereton had no experience in airborne operations but had extensive command experience at the air force level in several theatres, most recently as commander of Ninth Air Force, which gave him a working knowledge of the operations of IX Troop Carrier Command.[7] is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Browning as Commander, Airborne Corps. ...
USAAF recruitment poster. ...
Lewis Hyde Brereton was an military aviation pioneer and US Army Air Force general in the Second World War. ...
is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Ninth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force in Air Combat Command (ACC). ...
IX Troop Carrier Command was an operational command of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and its immediate aftermath. ...
Market would be the largest airborne operation in history, delivering over 34,600 men of the 101st, 82nd, 1st Airborne Divisions and the Polish Brigade. 14,589 troops were landed by glider and 20,011 by parachute. Gliders also brought in 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. 3,342 tons of ammunition and other supplies were brought in by glider and parachute drop.[8] Gliders built by the military of various countries were used for carrying troops and heavy equipment, mainly during the Second World War. ...
To deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent, the First Allied Airborne Army had under its operational control the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier Command,[9] and after August 31, the 16 squadrons of both 38 Group (an organization of converted bombers providing support to resistance groups) and a transport formation, 46 Group. is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The combined force had available 1,438 C-47/Dakota transports (1,274 USAAF and 164 RAF) and 321 converted RAF bombers. The Allied glider force had been rebuilt after Normandy until by September 16 it numbered 2,160 CG-4A Waco gliders, 916 Airspeed Horsas (812 RAF and 104 US Army), and 64 General Aircraft Hamilcars. However the U.S. had only 2,060 glider pilots available, so that none of its gliders would have a co-pilot but would instead carry an extra passenger.[10] The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota is a military transport that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. ...
is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The CG-4A Waco (named Hadrian in Royal Air Force use) was the most widely used United States troop/cargo military glider of World War II. Flight testing began in 1942 and eventually more than 12,000 CG-4As were procured. ...
Airspeed Horsa The Airspeed AS.51 Horsa was a World War II troop-carrying glider built by the British company Airspeed Ltd and subcontractors and used for air assault by British and Allied armed forces. ...
The General Aircraft G.A.L. 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mk I was a large British military glider of World War II, which was capable of carrying 7 tons of cargo or a light tank such as the Tetrarch or Locust. ...
Because the C-47s served as both paratrooper transports and glider tugs, and because IX Troop Carrier Command would provide all the transports for both British parachute brigades, this massive force could deliver only 60% of the ground forces in a single lift. This limitation was the primary factor in the decision to split the troop lift schedule into successive days. Ninety percent of the USAAF transports on the first day would drop parachute troops, with the same proportion towing gliders on the second day (the RAF transports were almost entirely used for glider operations).[11]
Because September 17 was on a dark moon, and in the days following it, the new moon did not rise until dawn, the drops had to be made by daylight. (Airborne doctrine prohibited large scale operations in the absence of all light.) The risk of Luftwaffe interception was judged small, given the crushing air superiority of Allied fighters, but strong concerns existed about the increasing number of flak units in the Netherlands, especially around Arnhem. General Brereton's experience with tactical air operations judged that flak suppression would be sufficient to permit the troop carriers to operate without prohibitive loss. Further, the invasion of Southern France had demonstrated that large scale daylight airborne operations were feasible.[12] is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Dark moon is the period when the Moon appears so close to the Sun in the sky that it cannot be seen even near sunset or sunrise. ...
The lunar phase depends on the Moons position in orbit around Earth. ...
The Deutsche Luftwaffe or (German: air force, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ...
FLAK was a punk rock side project of members of the band Machinae Supremacy in 2001. ...
Combatants United States1 United Kingdom2 Free France3 Germany Commanders Lt. ...
Daylight operations, in contrast to those in Sicily and Normandy, would have much greater navigational accuracy and time-compression of succeeding waves of aircraft, tripling the number of troops that could be delivered per hour. The time required to assemble airborne units on the drop zone after landing would be reduced by two-thirds.[13] Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ...
For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ...
Garden Garden consisted primarily of XXX Corps and was initially spearheaded by the Guards Armoured Division, an elite British armoured |
