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Orchidaceae, also called the Orchid family, is the largest family of the flowering plants (Angiospermae). Its name is derived from the genus Orchis. Orchid has several meanings: Orchids are plants in the family Orchidaceae. ...
Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2360x3324, 1630 KB) Summary A color plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur of 1899, showing various types of orchids. ...
Ernst Haeckel. ...
The 8th print, Discomedusae. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ...
Hemerocallis flower, with three flower parts in each whorl Wheat, an economically important monocot The monocotyledons or Monocots are a group of flowering plants, (angiosperms) dominating great parts of the earth. ...
Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ...
Portrait of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French botanist. ...
Genera Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
Tribes See text. ...
Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
Angiospermae is one of several botanical names allowed (see Art 16 of the ICBN) for the most important group of plants on land, i. ...
List of genera in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae), originally according to The Families of Flowering Plants - L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz. ...
The Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew list 880 genera and nearly 22,000 accepted species, but the exact number is unknown since classification differs greatly in the academic world. About 800 new species are added each year. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species). The family also includes the Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), Orchis (type genus) and many commonly cultivated plants like some Phalaenopsis or Cattleya. Royal Botanical Gardens might refer to: Royal Botanical Gardens, Ontario in Canada. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
Species List of Bulbophyllum species 1805 species, including: Bulb. ...
Species ? Epidendrum is a large and very varied genus of the the Orchid Family; some authors refer to it as a mega-genus. ...
Species 1190 species; see List of Dendrobium species Dendrobium Swartz is a large genus of tropical orchids that consists of about 1200 species. ...
Species More than 1200, see text Pleurothallis R. Br. ...
Vanilla pods Vanilla is a flavouring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. ...
Binomial name Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla. ...
List of genera in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae), originally according to The Families of Flowering Plants - L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz. ...
Type Species Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, (1825) Species See text. ...
Species See text Cattleya is a genus of approximately 53 species of orchids from Mexico to tropical South America. ...
Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species in the 19th century, horticulturists have more than 100,000 hybrids and cultivars. Horticulture (Latin: hortus (garden plant) + cultura (culture)) are classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. ...
// This article is about a biological term. ...
This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...
Distribution Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from deserts and glaciers. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America. They are found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia and even on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica. A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ...
Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ...
This article is about arid terrain. ...
This article is about the geological formation. ...
A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ...
For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ...
For the fast food restaurant chain, see Arctic Circle Restaurants. ...
Patagonia, as most commonly defined (in orange). ...
Macquarie Island lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica. ...
The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:
- tropical America: 300 to 350 genera
- tropical Asia: 250 to 300 genera
- tropical Africa: 125 to 150 genera
- Oceania: 50 to 70 genera
- Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera
- North America: 20 to 30 genera
Taxonomy -
This family is universally recognised, and the APG II system, of 2003, places it in the order Asparagales. Dendrobium Orchid in southern Florida The taxonomy of the orchid family has evolved slowly during the last 150 years, starting with Carolus Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera. ...
Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ...
The taxonomy of this family is in constant flux, as new studies give more and more information.
Five subfamilies are now recognised:
- Apostasioideae: 2 genera and 16 species, south-western Asia
- Cypripedioideae: 5 genera and 130 species, mostly from the temperate regions of the world, some in tropical America
- Vanilloideae: 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America
- Orchidoideae: 208 genera and 3630 species, cosmopolitan
- Epidendroideae: more than 500 genera and more or less 20 000 species, cosmopolitan
This cladogram has been made according to the APG system: Genera Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Tribes See text. ...
Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ...
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the APG system of plant classification was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Ecology A majority of species are perennial epiphytes; they are found in tropical moist broadleaf forests or mountains and subtropics. These are anchored on other plants, mostly trees, sometimes shrubs. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 367 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (747 × 1218 pixel, file size: 220 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Neottia nidus-avis Picture taken by BerndH Date: 22. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 367 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (747 × 1218 pixel, file size: 220 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: Neottia nidus-avis Picture taken by BerndH Date: 22. ...
Binomial name Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. ...
This article or section is missing citation of sources. ...
Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, also known as tropical rain forests, are a tropical and subtropical biome. ...
The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...
A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ...
A few are lithophytes, growing naturally on rocks or on very rocky soil. Lithophytes are a type of plant that grows in or on rocks. ...
Others are terrestrial. This group includes nearly all temperate orchids.
Some orchids, like Neottia and Corallorhiza, lack chlorophyll and are myco-heterotrophs (formerly incorrectly called saprophytes). These achlorophyllous (i.e. nonphotosynthetic) orchids live on an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and are completely dependent on soil fungi feeding on decaying plant matter, such as fallen leaves, to provide them nutrients. Binomial name (L.) Rich. ...
Coralroot orchids are members of the Orchidaceae belonging to the genus Coralorrhiza (alternately spelled Corallorhiza). ...
Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color Space-filling model of the chlorophyll molecule Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. ...
Myco-heterotrophs ...
Saprophytes may refer to A Lithuanian gothic/death metal band, see Saprophytes (band) An outdated term for organisms which obtain nutrients from organic matter, see Saprotroph (this term commonly applied to fungi) Category: ...
For other uses, see Symbiosis (disambiguation). ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Description
 Cattleya aclandiae. Note the typical zygomorphic flower with three petal-like sepals (top, lower right, lower left), two normal petals on either side and the labellum Orchids are easily distinguished, as they share some very evident apomorphies. Among these: bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic) and resupinate, a petal (labellum) is always highly modified, stamens and carpels are fused and the seeds are extremely small. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 243 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 243 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ...
Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ...
It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...
The Labellum (or Lip) is a part of an orchid. ...
This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...
The elaborate patterns on the wings of butterflies are one example of biological symmetry. ...
A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ...
It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...
Flower of the spider tree (Crateva religiosa) with its numerous conspicuous stamens The stamen is the male organ of a flower. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Leaves Like most monocots, orchids generally have simple leaves with parallel veins, although some Vanilloideae have a reticulate venation. They may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate and very variable in size. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally alternate on the stem, often plicate, and have no stipules. Orchids leaves often have siliceous bodies called stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not present in the Orchidoideae) and are fibrous. Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In botany, phyllotaxis is the arrangement of the leaves on the shoot of a plant. ...
The lanceolate-linear, paired stipules of Hibiscus kokio In botany, stipule refers to outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a leafstalk (or petiole). ...
The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2. ...
Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the laminas are covered by a waxy cuticle to retain their necessary water supply. Shade species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves. This article is about the leaf, a plant organ. ...
Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the epidermal cells (Kolattukudy, 1996) of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs. ...
The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs, as in Catasetum. Species See text. ...
The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of the Macodes sanderiana, a semiterrestrial or lithophyte, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of Psychopsiella limminghei are light brownish green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of Lady's Slippers from temperate zones (Paphiopedilum) is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also Phalaenopsis schilleriana is a lovely pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The Jewel Orchid (Ludisia discolor) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its fairly inconspicuous white flowers. Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
Species See text. ...
Some orchids, as Polyrrhiza lindenii (Ghost Orchid), Aphyllorchis and Taeniophyllum depend on their green roots for photosynthesis and lack normally developed leaves, as of course do all of the heterotrophic species. Binomial name Dendrophylax lindenii (Lindl. ...
The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype A heterotroph (Greek heterone = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. ...
Stem and roots All orchids are perennial herbs and lack any permanent woody structure. Orchids can grow according to two patterns: Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ...
Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hə()b, or əb; see pronunciation differences) are seed-bearing plants without woody stems, which die down to the ground after flowering. ...
For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ...
- Monopodial: The stems grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several meters in length, as in Vanda and Vanilla.
- Sympodial: The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing, to be then replaced. Sympodial orchids grow laterally rather than vertically, following the surface of their support. The growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in Cattleya. While a new lead is developing, the rhizome may start its growth again from a so-called 'eye', an undeveloped bud, thereby branching.
 Orchis lactea showing the two tubers Terrestrial orchids may be rhizomatous or forme corms or tubers. The root caps of terrestrials are smooth and white. Orchids with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. ...
Species See text Vanda W. Jones ex R. Br. ...
Vanilla pods Vanilla is a flavouring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. ...
Orchids with sympodial growth have a specialized lateral growth pattern in which the terminal bud dies. ...
Species See text Cattleya is a genus of approximately 53 species of orchids from Mexico to tropical South America. ...
For other uses, see Rhizome (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
For other uses, see Rhizome (disambiguation). ...
Taro corms for sale in a Réunion market A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ...
For fungal genus, see tuber (genus). ...
Some sympodial terrestrials, such as Orchis and Ophrys, have two subterranean tuberous roots. One is used as a food reserve for wintery periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops. List of genera in the Orchid family (Orchidaceae), originally according to The Families of Flowering Plants - L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz. ...
Species About 40 The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. ...
A tuberous root is a modified lateral root, enlarged for storage. ...
In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs.
Epiphytic orchids have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis called velamen has the function to absorbe humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-gray, white or brown appearance. Pneumatophore redirects here. ...
The epidermis is the outer multi-layered group of cells covering the leaf and young tissues of a plant. ...
Special adaptations of roots are found among epiphytic or semi-epiphytic plants such as Orchid sp. ...
The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients mainly come from animal droppings on their supporting tree.
The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form what is called a pseudobulb that contains nutrients and water for drier periods. The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes. ...
 The pseudobulb of Prosthechea fragrans The pseudobulb has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in Bulbophyllum (black orchids) it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world, Grammatophyllum speciosum (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some Dendrobium have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length, some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves. Download high resolution version (547x685, 68 KB)Catasetum viridiflavum growing on Annona glabra in Lake Gatun, Republic of Panama File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Download high resolution version (547x685, 68 KB)Catasetum viridiflavum growing on Annona glabra in Lake Gatun, Republic of Panama File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Species List of Bulbophyllum species 1805 species, including: Bulb. ...
Binomial name Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume, 1825 The Giant Orchid, Grammatophyllum speciosum, also called Tiger Orchid, Sugar Cane Orchid or Queen of the Orchids, is the worlds largest orchid. ...
Species 1190 species; see List of Dendrobium species Dendrobium Swartz is a large genus of tropical orchids that consists of about 1200 species. ...
With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a backbulb. A pseudobulb then takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years.
Flower Orchidaceae are well known for the many structural variations in their flowers. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 758 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (788 × 623 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 758 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (788 × 623 pixel, file size: 73 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ...
Some orchids have single flowers but most have a racemose inflorescence, sometimes with a large number of flowers. The flowering stem can be basal, that is produced from the base of the tuber, like in Cymbidium, apical, meaning it grows from the apex of the main stem, like in Cattleya, or axillary, from the leaf axil, as in Vanda. Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ...
Species See text Cymbidium Swartz 1799, is a genus of 52 evergreen species in the orchid family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. ...
Species See text Cattleya is a genus of approximately 53 species of orchids from Mexico to tropical South America. ...
Species See text Vanda W. Jones ex R. Br. ...
As an apomorphy of the clade, orchid flowers are primitively zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), although in some genera like Mormodes, Ludisia, Macodes this kind of symmetry may be difficut to notice. This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...
A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ...
A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ...
The elaborate patterns on the wings of butterflies are one example of biological symmetry. ...
The orchid flower, like most flowers of monocots has two wholrs of sterile elements. The outer whorl has three sepals and three petals are in the inner whorl. The sepals are usually very similar to the petals (an thus called tepals, 1), but may be completely distinct. Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ...
Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ...
It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...
The upper medial petal, called the labellum or lip (6),, is always modified and enlarged. The inferior ovary (7) or the pedicel is rotated 180 degrees, so that the labellum, goes on the lower part of the flower, thus becoming suitable to form a platform for pollinators. This characteristic, called the resupination occours primitively in the family and is considered apomorphic (the torsion of the ovary is very evident from the picture). Some orchids have secondarily lost the resupination, like some Zygopetalum'. The Labellum (or Lip) is a part of an orchid. ...
// For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ...
In anatomy, the pedicle (also spelled pedicel) is the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body. ...
This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...
Species See text Zygopetalum (Hook. ...
The normal form of the sepals can be found in Cattleya, where they form a triangle. In Paphiopedilum (Venus slippers) the lower two sepals are fused together into a synsepal, while the lip has taken the form of a slipper. In Masdevallia all the sepals are fused. Species See text Cattleya is a genus of approximately 53 species of orchids from Mexico to tropical South America. ...
Species See text. ...
A synsepal is a floral structure formed by the partial or complete fusion of two or more sepals. ...
Species See text Masdevallia is a large genus of impressive plants of the Pleurothallidinae, subtribe of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips are called peloric. Peloria is a genetic trait, but its expression is environmentally influenced and may appear random. Floral symmetry refers to whether, and how, a flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. ...
Orchid flowers primitively had three stamens, but this situation is now limited to the genus Neuwiedia. Apostasia and the Cypripedioideae have two stamens, the central one being strile and reduced to a staminode. All of the other orchids, the clade called Monandria, retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to staminodes (4). The filaments of the stamens are always adnate (fused) to the style to form cylindrical structure called the gynostemium or column (2). In the primitive Apostasioideae this fusion is only partial, in the Vanilloideae it is more deep, while in Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae it is total. The stigma (9) is very asymmetrical as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lay on the bottom of the column. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1427x953, 436 KB) Summary Photo & caption : B.navez - JAN 2006 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Vanilla ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1427x953, 436 KB) Summary Photo & caption : B.navez - JAN 2006 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Vanilla ...
Binomial name Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla. ...
Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...
Species See text. ...
From Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing. Also derived from Greek αποστάτης, meaning political rebel, as applied to rebellion against God, its law and the faith of Israel (in Hebrew מרד) in the old testament. ...
Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen. ...
In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen. ...
Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure in the center of an orchid flower (also in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, such as in Thottea hainanensis ). It is derived from the fusion of both male and female parts (stamens and pistil) into a single organ. ...
Genera Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Tribes See text. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
Pollen is released as single grains, like in most other plants, in the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae. In the other subfamilies, that comprise the great majority of orchids, the anther (3), carries and two pollinia. SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...
Genera Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen grains held together by the glue-like alkaloid viscin, containing both cellulosic stands and mucopolysaccharides. Each pollinium is connected to a a filament which can take the form of a caudicle, like in Dactylorhiza or Habenaria or a stipe, like in Vanda. Caudicles or stipes hold the pollinia to the viscidium, a sticky pad which sticks the pollinia to the body of pollinators. Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ...
Species See text Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski 1937, is a small genus of terrestrial (ground-dwelling) plants from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Species Over 800, see text Habenaria, commonly called bog orchids, are a far ranging genus of orchid, one of approximately 800 described Orchidaceae genera within that large and diverse family. ...
In botany, a stipe is a supportive structure that may be stem-like, as in seaweed, or a true leaf stem, as in ferns. ...
Species See text Vanda W. Jones ex R. Br. ...
A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ...
At the upper edge of the stigma of single-anthered orchids, in front of the anther cap, there is the rostellum (5), a slender extension involved in the complex pollination mechanism.
As aforementioned, the ovary is always inferior (located behind the flower). It is three-carpelate and one or, more rarely, three-partitioned, with parietal placentation (axile in the Apostasioideae). Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. ...
Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...
The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates, such as some mammals and sharks during gestation (pregnancy). ...
Genera Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Pollination Orchids have developed highly specialized pollination systems and thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce. This is why orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods and why most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass: each time pollination succeeds thousands of ovules can be fertilized. Carpenter bee with pollen collected from Night-blooming cereus Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ...
Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, nectar may be produced in a spur (8) of the labellum, on the point of the sepals or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the Asparagales. In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ...
A spur in botany is a structure that exists in certain plants consisting of an elongated sepal at its back edge. ...
Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ...
In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following. When the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forewords and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. The possessors of orchids may be able to reproduce the process with a pencil or similar device.
Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination, especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower hasn't been visited by any pollinator and the pollina then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in Holcoglossum amesianum). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (732x927, 128 KB) Description: Ophrys apifera, flower Picture taken by BerndH Date: 12. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (732x927, 128 KB) Description: Ophrys apifera, flower Picture taken by BerndH Date: 12. ...
Binomial name Ophrys apifera The Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera Hudson) is a rare and protected perennial, growing on semi-dry turf, on limestone, calcareous dunes or in open areas in woodland. ...
Self-pollination is the activity that arises when a flower has both stamen and pistils. ...
Holcoglossum is a genus of orchids, in the family Orchidaceae. ...
The labellum of the Cypripedioideae is poke-shaped and has the function to trap visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor. Genera See Taxonomy of the orchid family. ...
In some extremely specialized orchids, like the Eurasian genus Ophrys, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers. Species About 40 The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. ...
“Mimic†redirects here. ...
Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination. Genera Aglae Euglossa Eulaema Eufriesea Exaerete Euglossine bees, also called orchid bees, are the only group of corbiculate bees which do not all possess eusocial behavior. ...
Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone is a chemical that triggers an innate behavioural response in another member of the same species. ...
Cross pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from one plant pollinates another. ...
An underground orchid in Australia, Rhizanthella slateri, never sees the light of day and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it. Rhizanthella slateri is a terrestrial saprophytic orchid with fleshy underground stem to 15 cm long and 15 mm diam. ...
For other uses, see Ant (disambiguation). ...
Catasetum, a genus discussed briefly by Darwin actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a seta. Species See text. ...
For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ...
Look up seta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
After pollination the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.
Asexual reproduction Some species, as some Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium and Vanda, produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the nodes along the stem, through the accumulation of growth hormones at that point. These shoots are known as keiki. Type Species Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, (1825) Species See text. ...
Species 1190 species; see List of Dendrobium species Dendrobium Swartz is a large genus of tropical orchids that consists of about 1200 species. ...
Species See text Vanda W. Jones ex R. Br. ...
A node is the place on a stem where a lateral meristem develops as either a lateral bud or a secondary shoot, often subtended by a leaf. ...
Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node. ...
Regular Keiki in blossom on Phalaenopsis mother plant Regular Keikis on Phalaenopsis mother plant Basal Keiki on Phalaenopsis mother plant Keiki Hawaiian word for baby referring to a baby plant produced asexually by an orchid plant, usually used when referring to Dendrobiums, Phalaenopsis, or Vandaceous orchids. ...
Fruits and seeds
 Cross-section of an orchid capsule, the longitudinal slits The ovary typically develops into a capsule that is dehiscent by 3 or 6 longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. The ripening of a capsule can take 2 to 18 months. Image File history File links Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen. ...
Image File history File links Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen. ...
Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ...
Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. ...
Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE, French for European IP Networks) is a forum open to all parties with an interest in the technical development of the Internet. ...
The seeds are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in most species over a million per capsule. After ripening they blow off like dust particles or spores. They lack endosperm and must enter symbiotic relationship with various mycorrhizal basidiomyceteous fungi that provide them the necessary nutrients to germinate, so that all orchid species are mycoheterotrophic during germination and reliant upon fungi to complete their lifecycle. A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Endosperm is the tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. ...
Orchid mycorrhiza are a symbiotic relationship between the roots of plants of the family Orchidaceae and a variety of fungi. ...
Classes Subdivision Teliomycotina Urediniomycetes Subdivision Ustilaginomycotina Ustilaginomycetes Subdivision Hymenomycotina Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms The Division Basidiomycota is a large taxon within the Kingdom Fungi that includes those species that produce spores in a club_shaped structure called a basidium. ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
As the chance for a seed to meet a fitting fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into an adult plant. Germination can take up to fifteen years.
Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating seeds on a nutrient-containing gel, eliminating the requirement of the fungus for germination, greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. The Latin words hortus (garden plant) and cultura (culture) together form horticulture, classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. ...
Evolution A study in the scientific journal Nature [1] has shown that the origin of orchids goes back much longer than originally expected. A fossilized stingless bee Proplebeia dominicana, an extinct species trapped in Miocene amber about 15-20 million years ago, carried pollen of the orchid Meliorchis caribea (a new genus and species, as of this study) on its wings. This indicates that orchids may have an ancient origin and have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous, in other words : they may have co-existed with dinosaurs. It shows also that at that time, insects were already active pollinators of orchids. Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ...
The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ...
For other uses, see Amber (disambiguation). ...
SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ...
Binomial name Meliorchis caribea is a species of plant fossil in the Orchidaceae family. ...
Geography of the US in the Late Cretaceous Period Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. ...
Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...
A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ...
Using the so-called molecular clock method, scientist were able to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. This also confirmed that the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of Vanilla is estimated at 60 to 70 million years). The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis (MCH)) is a technique in genetics, which researchers use to date when two species diverged. ...
Tribes Poginiinae Vanillinae Vanilloideae (Lindley) Szlachetko, is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. ...
In botanical terms, monandrous simply means to have a single stamen. ...
Up to this find, recovered by a private collector in the Dominican Republic in 2000, there was no definite fossil record of orchids
The extinct orchid M. caribea has been placed within the extant tribe Cranichideae, subtribe Goodyerinae (subfamily Orchidoideae). Tribes See text The Orchidoideae , or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ...
Uses - Further information: Vanilla
One orchid genus, Vanilla, is commercially important, used as a foodstuff flavouring. Vanilla pods Vanilla is a flavouring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (933x700, 342 KB) Description: Vanilla fragrans drying on clays, Bras-Panon, La Réunion, nov. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (933x700, 342 KB) Description: Vanilla fragrans drying on clays, Bras-Panon, La Réunion, nov. ...
Vanilla pods Vanilla is a flavouring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. ...
The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids (mainly Orchis mascula) are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" salepi dondurma. Binomial name L. 1755 The Early Purple Orchid (Orchis mascula) is a species in the orchid genus Orchis. ...
Salep is a flour made from grinding the dried tubers of various species of orchid, which contain a nutritious starch-like polysaccharide called bassorin. ...
Salepi dondurma is a form of ice cream made in Turkey from ground tubers of orchids in the genus Orchis. ...
The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumists (using Gas-liquid chromatography) to identify potential fragrance chemicals. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. ...
Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), or simply gas chromatography (GC), is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen, and the stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on...
The only other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers (see also Botanical orchids). Botanical orchid is a loose term to denote mainly small flowered tropical orchids belonging to several genera (not necessarily related to each other) that dont fit into the Florist orchid category. ...
Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include Ophrys apifera (bee orchid), Gymnadenia conopsea (fragrant orchid), Anacamptis pyramidalis (pyramidal orchid) and Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid). The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ...
Binomial name Ophrys apifera The Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera Hudson) is a rare and protected perennial, growing on semi-dry turf, on limestone, calcareous dunes or in open areas in woodland. ...
Fragrant orchid Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to: Gymnadenia conopsea Categories: Plant stubs | Orchid species ...
Binomial name Anacamptis pyramidalis The pyramidal orchid Anacamptis pyramidalis is an orchid native to central and southern Europe. ...
Binomial name Dactylorhiza fuchsii The Common Spotted Orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) is the most commonly occurring species of orchid in Great Britain. ...
Amongst the most common orchids found in "casual" culture we count Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Binomial name Loher Phalaenopsis lindenii is a species of plant in the Orchidaceae family. ...
Taiwan, the biggest orchid exporter in the world, establishes the Taiwan Orchid Plantation, a science-based industrial park, in 2004, to explore novel ways of growing and distributing orchids (see also botanical orchids). The renowned Taiwanese International Orchid Show, usually held in early March each year, is amongst the top three orchid exhibition in the world [1]. Taiwan is particularly famous for the production of Phalaenopsis, and is a member of the International Phalaenopsis Alliance (IPA). The Taiwan Orchid Growers Association (TOGA), a NPO established in 2001, acts as a bridge between the government and the local orchid producers and distributors. Species See text The genus Anguloa Ruiz & Pav. ...
Species See text Cattleya is a genus of approximately 53 species of orchids from Mexico to tropical South America. ...
Species See text Cymbidium Swartz 1799, is a genus of 52 evergreen species in the orchid family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. ...
Species See text. ...
Species 1190 species; see List of Dendrobium species Dendrobium Swartz is a large genus of tropical orchids that consists of about 1200 species. ...
Type Species Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, (1825) Species See text. ...
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