Television encoding systems by nation. Countries using the PAL system are shown in blue. (20th century)

PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a color encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC. A Pal is a friend or close acquaintance. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... There are several broadcast television systems in use in the world today. ... Analog television encodes picture information by varying the voltages and/or frequency of the signal. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ...

History of the PAL standard

In the 1950s, when the Western European countries were planning to establish color television, they were faced with the problem that the already existing American NTSC standard wouldn't fit the 50 Hz AC frequency of the European power grids. In addition to that NTSC demonstrated several weaknesses, including color tone shifting under less-than-ideal transmission conditions, for these reasons the development of the SECAM and PAL standards began. The goal was to provide a color TV standard with a picture frequency of 50 fields per second (50 Hertz), and sporting a better color picture than NTSC. City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... In video, a field is one of the many still images which comprise a They are similar to frames, but they have half the vertical resolution and are displayed twice as fast. ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ...

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany. The format was first unveiled in 1963, with the first broadcasts beginning in the United Kingdom and Germany in 1967.^[1] Walter Bruch (March 2, 1908 - May 5, 1990) was a German engineer, famous for inventing the PAL color television system at Telefunken in the early 1960s. ... Telefunken is a German radio- and television company, founded in 1903. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson also bought the Compagnie Générale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM, historically the first European color television standard. Thomson nowadays also co-owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC color TV standard before Thomson became involved. This article is about the media and entertainment company. ... Henri de France was an influential French television engineer. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ...

The term "PAL" is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (576i, principally European) television system, and to differentiate from a 525-line/60 Hz (480i, principally North American/Central American/Japanese) "NTSC" system. Accordingly, DVDs are labelled as either "PAL" or "NTSC" (referring informally to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the European disks do not have PAL composite color. NTSC, by contrast does define the video line and frame format. 576i is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... 480i is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ...

Technical details

The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal (CVBS*). The frequency of this subcarrier is typically 4433618.75 Hz (approximately 4.43 MHz) for PAL, compared to approximately 3.58 MHz for NTSC. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its color subcarrier. The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the color information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out. (Lines where the color phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines.) Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that canceling; however this resulted in a comb-like effect on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance delay line, which stores the received color information on each line of display; an average of the color information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the picture tube. The effect is that phase errors result in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical color resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a color resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal color detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal. NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... “QAM” redirects here. ... A subcarrier is separate analog or digital signal carried on a main radio transmission, which carries extra information such as voice or data. ... Composite video, also called CVBS (Composite Video Blanking and Sync), is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ... MegaHertz (MHz) is the name given to one million (106) Hertz, a measure of frequency. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... The term delay line has multiple meanings: In electronics and derivative fields such as telecommunications, a delay line is rigorously defined as a single-input-channel device, in which the output channel state at a given instant, t, is the same as the input channel state at the instant t... Look up Saturation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

For a 1:1 pixel aspect (square pixels) on a 50 Hz interlaced PAL signal the pixel rate should be 14.75 MHz.

The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the color carrier is a result of 283.75 color clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency is 15625 Hz, the color carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 * 15625 Hz + 25 Hz.

• CVBS is an acronym, but it doesn't stand for "composite video baseband signal", CVBS actually stands for (C)hroma, (V)ideo, (B)urst, and (S)ync; which are the four basic components of a composite video signal. That's why it's called "composite".

Composite video, also called CVBS (Composite Video Blanking and Sync), is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ...

PAL vs. NTSC

Because the PAL format has greater resolution than NTSC, it is generally accepted as being of higher quality.^[2] NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform color correction manually. If this isn't adjusted correctly, the colors will be faulty. The PAL standard automatically removes hue errors by utilizing phase alternation of the color signal (see technical details), so a tint control is unnecessary. NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... Because the NTSC color television standard is susceptible to color errors, there is a tint control on NTSC television sets, which allows the image hue to be corrected. ... An image with the hues cyclically shifted The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time. ...

However, the alternation of color information — Hanover bars — can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems. Usually such extreme phase shifts do not occur; this effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF signals than VHF as VHF signals tend to be more robust. Hanover bars, in the simplest PAL television video format, is an undesirable artefact in the reception of a television image. ...

A PAL decoder can be seen as a pair of NTSC decoders:

• PAL can be decoded with two "NTSC" decoders.
• By switching between the two NTSC decoders every other line it is possible to decode PAL without a phase delay line or two phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits.
• This works because one decoder receives a color sub carrier with negated phase in relation to the other decoder. It then negates the phase of that sub carrier when decoding. This leads to smaller phase errors being cancelled out. However a delay line PAL decoder gives superior performance. Some Japanese TVs originally used the dual NTSC method to avoid paying royalty to Telefunken.
• PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent color spaces, but the color decoder differences here are ignored.;
• PAL supports SMPTE 498.3 while NTSC is compliant with EBU Recommendation 14.
• The issue of frame rates and color sub carriers is ignored in this technical explanation. These technical details play no direct role (except as subsystems and physical parameters) to the decoding of the signal.

The term delay line has multiple meanings: In electronics and derivative fields such as telecommunications, a delay line is rigorously defined as a single-input-channel device, in which the output channel state at a given instant, t, is the same as the input channel state at the instant t... Many electronic systems use internal clocks which are required to be phase-aligned to and/or frequency multiples of some external reference clock. ...

Multisystem PAL support and "PAL 60"

Recently manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of them can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French broadcast SECAM (because France uses the unique positive video modulation), unless they are made for the French market. They will correctly display plain CVBS or S-video SECAM signals. Many can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, though not usually broadcast NTSC. Baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency; it is sometimes used as a noun for a band of frequencies starting at 0. ...

Many newer Video Cassette recorders (and Region 2 DVD players) sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes/discs. When operating in this mode most of them don't output a true (625/25) PAL signal but rather a hybrid of PAL and NTSC known as "PAL 60" (or "pseudo PAL") with "60" standing for 60Hz, instead of 50Hz. Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. Most newer television sets can display such a signal correctly but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (it can be noted, however, that many analog-era TV sets can receive the picture by means of adjusting the V-Hold and V-Height knobs — assuming they have them). Very few TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (a small number can, although software/driver modification is usually required and the manufacturers specs are usually unclear). A "PAL 60" signal is similar to an NTSC (525/30) signal but with a PAL chrominance subcarrier at 4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58) and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of the red color difference signal between the lines.

PAL-M standard (Brazil)

Main article: PAL-M (television)

In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 29.97 frame/s system M, using (very nearly) the NTSC color subcarrier frequency. Exact color subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz PAL-M is the TV system used in Brazil. ...

• Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC.

The PAL color system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture to form what is often known as "PAL-60" (sometimes "PAL-60/525" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL-60" (a video playback system — see above). NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... 480i is the shorthand name for a video mode. ...

PAL-Nc

In Argentina, the PAL-Nc (combination N) variant is used. The same 625-line system / 50 fields per second as PAL-G,D,G,H, and I is used.

PAL-N

In Paraguay and Uruguay, PAL is used with the standard 625 line/50 fields per second system, but again with (very nearly) the NTSC color subcarrier frequency (3.582056 MHz); this variation is called PAL-N.

• PAL-N should not be viewed as wildly incompatible versions of the PAL system, only the choice of color subcarrier is different.
• A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in color on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast, can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc) and it will display in color. This has been very convenient for video collectors in the past.
• In all of South America, DVDs are released in NTSC, Region 4.

People in Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N of course. Direct TV broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central and South America so this is very convenient too. Most DVD players sold in Argentina, Uruguay And Paraguay also play PAL discs. However this is usually output in the European variant (color subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz) so people who own a TV set that only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in black and white, as the color subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz. Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss because of the systems conversion from a 625/50 PAL DVD disc to the output in NTSC-M 525/60. A few DVD players sold in Argentina and Uruguay allow to output the signal in NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV. Because there is no fields/lines conversion, quality is excellent.

Extended features of the PAL specification such as teletext are implemented quite differently in PAL-N. PAL-N supports a modified 608 closed captioning format that is designed to ease compatibility with NTSC originated content carried on line 18, and a modified teletext format that can occur several lines.

PAL L

The PAL L standard uses the System L video standard, which is the same as PAL B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate) except that it uses 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz, lifting the audio subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. When System L is used with SECAM, the audio carrier is amplitude modulated, but when used with PAL, the more usual FM sound system is usually used. The sound offset in B and G is +5.5 whereas in L its +6.5. In layman's language, PAL-L is PAL-BG with positive and AM sound modulation. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used with PAL L,rather than the 7.5 MHz channels usually used with PAL B/G/H. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. ... The abbreviations FM, Fm, and fm may refer to: Electrical engineering Frequency modulation (FM) and its most common applications: FM broadcasting, used primarily to broadcast music and speech at VHF frequencies FM synthesis, a sound-generation technique popularized by early digital synthesizers Science Femtometre (fm), an SI measure of length...

PAL L is used on some hotel internal distribution systems, as well as other public display and plant television systems. It is not used by any national TV networks. One example of a Tv with PAL-L support is Thomson 24WK25.

All PAL systems interoperable except PAL-M (525/60)

The PAL color system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (i.e. 25 full frames per second), such as systems B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the technical details of each format). Interlacing is a method of displaying images on a raster-scanned display device, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). ... There are several broadcast television systems in use in the world today. ...

• Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same.
• However, some European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.^{[citation needed]}

On RF (i.e. via a Modulator or TV Aerial) the difference between I, D/H and B/G is audio. These use different audio subcarriers, so with mismatch on Modulator Settings or an imported TV there will be perfectly normal Color Video, but possibly no audio. Some TVs and VHS tuners have multiple filters in parallel or switched for the 6 MHz, 5.5 MHz, 6.5 MHz or 4.5 MHz sound carriers. Nicam is an additional 6.5 MHz offset carrier carrying stereo digitally, on 6.0 MHz PAL I systems. Germany particularly uses two separate FM sound carriers on PAL B/G. (Stereo FM Radio uses a mono signal with a DSBSC L-R audio centered on 38 kHz with a 19 kHz pilot to aid decoding. Hence the German Zweiton and Nicam both give better performance than FM Radio). Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... RF may mean: RF, the IATA code for Florida West International Airways RF, NYSE ticker symbol for Regions Financial Corporation Royalty free Rf or RF may stand for: Radio frequency Volumetric flow rate/rate of flow (Rf) RF connectors, electrical connectors designed to work at radio frequencies Red Faction, a... For the musical use of modulation, see modulation (music). ... A Yagi-Uda beam antenna Short Wave Curtain Antenna (Moosbrunn, Austria) A building rooftop supporting numerous dish and sectored mobile telecommunications antennas (Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) An antenna or aerial is a transducer designed to transmit or receive radio waves which are a class of electromagnetic waves. ... Zweiton (two sounds) is a two-channel television sound transmission system used in Germany and other countries. ... NICAM (known also as NICAM 728, after the 728 kbit/s bitstream it is sent over), Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex, is a format for digital sound on analogue television transmissions. ... FM radio is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. ...

Baseband interoperability (analog)

When PAL video is transmitted via baseband (via consumer device cables, not RF), most of the differences between the "one-letter" systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate.

In this context, unqualified PAL invariably means

• 576 lines
• 25 frames per second
• interlaced video
• with PAL color (4.43 MHz or 3.58 MHz (PAL-N & PAL-NC))
• FM audio (mono) as only French SECAM uses AM modulation for audio
• mono or stereo audio if sent via connector cables between devices

SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ...

Modulation for TVRO transmission

PAL when it is transmitted for TVRO viewing is transmitted substantially differently from terrestrial transmission.

Full transponder mode (e.g. 72 MHz)

• Luma signal is FM modulated, but with a 50Hz dithering signal to spread out energy over the transponder.
• Chroma is phase modulated.
• An FM subcarrier of 6.50 or 6.65 MHz is added for mono sound.
• Other FM subcarriers (usually 7.02, 7.20, 7.38, 7.56, 7.74 and 7.92 MHz) are added for a true stereo service and can also carry multi-lingual sound and radio services. These additional subcarriers are normally narrower bandwidth than the main mono subcarrier and are companded using Panda 1 or similar to preserve the signal to noise ratio.
• Data subcarrers may also be added.

Half transponder mode (e.g. 36 MHz)

• all of the above is done, but signal is bandwidth limited to 18 MHz
• the bandwidth limiting does not affect audio subcarriers

Baseband interoperability (digital)

In digital video applications, such as DVDs and digital broadcasting, color encoding is no longer significant; in that context, PAL means only

• 576 lines
• 25 frames/50 fields {second}
• interlaced video
• PCM audio (baseband)

There is no longer any difference (in the digital domain) between PAL and SECAM. Digital video uses its own separate color space, so even the minor color space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ...

Use with progressive sources

When PAL is used to transmit content which was originally composed of 25 progressive full frames per second, the odd field of the frame is transmitted first. This is opposite to NTSC. Systems which recover progressive frames, or transcode video should ensure that this 'Field Order' is obeyed, otherwise the recovered frame will consist of a field from one frame and a field from an adjacent frame, resulting in 'comb' interlacing artifacts. NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ...

PAL speed-up

Motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PAL's standard of 25 frames per second, films run 4% faster. This also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital NTSC 24p.^[3] Unlike NTSC's telecine system, which uses 3:2 pulldown to convert the 24 frames per second to the NTSC frame rate, PAL results in the telecined video running 4% shorter than the original film as well as the equivalent NTSC telecined video. Depending on the sound system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cent, which is about .66 of a semitone. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the original pitch of the soundtrack, although the frame rate conversion still results in faster playback. For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as... Telecine (IPA pronunciation: . Phonetic: tel-e-Sin-ee; tel-e-Sin-a as cine is the same root as in cinema; also tele-seen.) is the process of transferring motion picture film into electronic form, or the machine used in this process. ... Telecine (IPA pronunciation: . Phonetic: tel-e-Sin-ee; tel-e-Sin-a as cine is the same root as in cinema; also tele-seen.) is the process of transferring motion picture film into electronic form, or the machine used in this process. ... The cent is a logarithmic unit of measure used for musical intervals. ... A semitone (also known in the USA as a half step) is a musical interval. ...

Some movie enthusiasts prefer PAL speed-up over NTSC's 3:2 pulldown, because the latter results in telecine judder, a visual distortion not present in PAL sped-up video.^[4] This is not an issue on modern upconverting DVD players and PCs, as they play back 23.97fps-encoded video at its true frame rate, without 3:2 pulldown. Telecine (IPA pronunciation: . Phonetic: tel-e-Sin-ee; tel-e-Sin-a as cine is the same root as in cinema; also tele-seen.) is the process of transferring motion picture film into electronic form, or the machine used in this process. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A personal computer (PC) is a computer whose price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals. ...

Software which corrects the speed-up is available for those viewing PAL DVD films on their computers, WinDVD's "PAL TruSpeed" being the most ubiquitous. However, this method involves resampling the soundtrack(s), which results in a slight decrease in audio quality. The WinDVD interface WinDVD is a commercial DVD player for Microsoft Windows, created by InterVideo. ...

Countries and territories using PAL

Over 120 countries and territories use or once used the PAL system. Most of these are currently converting to DVB-T. DVB-T stands for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial and it is the DVB European consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television. ...

PAL B, G, D, H or I

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Motto (Portuguese for Rather die free than in peace subjugated) Anthem  (national)  (local) Capital Ponta Delgada1 Angra do Heroísmo2 Horta3 Largest city Ponta Delgada Official languages Portuguese Government Autonomous region  -  President Carlos César Establishment  -  Settled 1439   -  Autonomy 1976  Area  -  Total 2,333 km² (n/a) 911 sq mi... Image File history File links Flag_of_Macedonia. ... For an explanation of terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Serbia. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands. ... Anthem: Arrorró Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Ultra high frequency (UHF) designates a range (band) of electromagnetic waves whose frequency is between 300 MHz and 3. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_North_Korea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ... 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Motto Our faith is our strength Anthem God Save the Queen Capital (and largest city) Edinburgh of the Seven Seas Official languages English Government Dependency of St. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Christmas_Island. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Rapa_Nui,_Chile. ... “Rapa Nui” redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Fiji. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_New_Zealand. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norfolk_Island. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Samoa. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... “ATSC” redirects here. ... 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PAL-M

•  Brazil (simulcast in ISDB-T will start in December 2007 until 2016)
•  Laos (also uses SECAM)

Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) is the digital television (DTV) and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) format. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Laos. ...

PAL-N and PAL-NC

•  Argentina
•  Uruguay

Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uruguay. ...

Countries and territories that once used PAL

•  Finland (switched to DVB-T)
•  Netherlands (switched to DVB-T)

^[5] Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ...

See also

• PALplus
• Broadcast television systems
  • ATSC Standards
  • BTSC
  • NTSC
  • NTSC-J
  • RCA
  • SECAM
• Moving image formats
• Oldest television station
• Digital television

PALplus is an extension of the PAL analogue broadcasting system for transmitting 16:9 programs without sacrificing vertical resolution. ... There are several broadcast television systems in use in the world today. ... “ATSC” redirects here. ... Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it), is the method of encoding three additional channels of audio into an NTSC-format audio carrier. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... NTSC-J is a videogame region which covers Japan. ... RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for Sequential Color with Memory), is an analog color television system first used in France. ... This article discusses moving image capture, transmission and presentation from todays technical and creative points of view; concentrating on the aspects of frame rates. ... // The title of Oldest Television Station is a controversial one, but can be assumed from several in Europe (particularly of England and Germany), and in the United States. ... Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analog signals used by analog (traditional) TV. DTV uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set, or a...

References

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. ...

External links

• More information about TV standards
• Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films
• Australian VHF/UHF PAL B/G Television System Datasheet