Paolo Uccello
Portrait of a Lady (c.1450) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Birth name	Paolo di Dono
Born	1397 Florence
Died	10 December 1475 Florence
Nationality	Florentine
Field	painting
Training	Lorenzo Ghiberti
Movement	International Gothic

Paolo Uccello (born Paolo di Dono, 1397 – December 10, 1475) was an Italian painter who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. Giorgio Vasari in his book Lives of the Artist wrote that Uccello was obsessed by his interest in perspective and would stay up all night in his study trying to grasp the exact vanishing point. He used perspective in order to create a feeling of depth in his paintings and not, as his contemporaries, to narrate different or succeeding stories. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 407 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (659 × 970 pixel, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Paolo Uccello, Portrait of a Lady, c. ... Events February 10 - John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... 5^{Superscript text}7<!-- Comment --><blockquote> Block quote </blockquote>{| class=class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |-{| class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3{| class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |- | row 1, cell 1 | row 1, cell 2 | row 1, cell 3 |- | row 2... A cube in two-point perspective. ... Giorgio Vasaris selfportrait Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (Arezzo, Tuscany July 3, 1511 - Florence, June 27, 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, mainly known for his famous biographies of Italian artists. ...

His best known works are the three paintings representing the battle of San Romano (for a long time these were wrongly entitled the "Battle of Sant' Egidio of 1416"). The Battle of San Romano is a triptych by the painter Paolo Uccello depicting events that took place at the battle of San Romano in 1432. ... The battle of San Romano was fought in 1432 between the troops of Florence and Siena. ...

Paolo worked in the Late Gothic tradition, and emphasized colour and pageantry rather than the Classical realism that other artists were pioneering. His style is best described as idiosyncratic, and he left no school of followers. He had some influence on twentieth century art and literary criticism. International Gothic is a subset of Gothic art developed in Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy in the late 1300s and early 1400s. ...

Life

The sources for Paolo Uccello’s life are few: Giorgio Vasari’s biography, written 75 years after Paolo’s death, and a few contemporary official documents. Giorgio Vasaris selfportrait Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (Arezzo, Tuscany July 3, 1511 - Florence, June 27, 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, mainly known for his famous biographies of Italian artists. ...

Uccello was born in Florence in 1397. His nickname Uccello came from his fondness for painting birds. His father, Dono di Paolo, was a barber-surgeon from Pratovecchio near Arezzo, his mother’s name was Antonia. A boy visiting a barber A barber (from the Latin barba, beard) is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, give shaves, and trim beards. ... External links Original Photos and Info for Pratevvchio, Tuscany, Italy Categories: Towns in Tuscany ...

At the age of ten, Paolo was apprenticed to the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti; Ghiberti's workshop was the premier centre for Florentine art at the time. Ghiberti's late-Gothic, narrative style and sculptural composition greatly influenced Paolo. It was also around this time that Paolo began his lifelong friendship with Donatello. In 1414 Uccello was admitted to the painters' guild Compagnia di San Lucca and just one year later, in 1415, he joined the official painter's guild of Florence Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali. Lorenzo Ghiberti on Gates of Paradise, Baptisterio, Florence self portrait Lorenzo Ghiberti (Florence, 1378 - Florence, December 1, 1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking. ... {{Infobox Artist ILOVE PENIS | deathdate = 13 December 1466 | deathplace = | nationality = Florentine | field = sculpture | training = Lorenzo Ghiberti | movement = Early Renaissance | famous works = St. ...

Paolo's first painting was a Saint Anthony between the saints Cosmas and Damianus, a commission for the hospital of Lelmo. Next he painted two figures in the convent of Annalena. Shortly afterwards he painted three frescoes with scenes from the life of Saint Francis above the left door of the Santa Trinita church. For the Santa Maria Maggiore church he painted a fresco of the Annunciation. In this fresco, he painted a large building with columns in perspective. Vasari writes that people thought this was a great and beautiful achievement. Paolo painted the lives of the Church Fathers in the cloisters of San Miniato, a city reconquered by the Florentines in 1370. For this fresco he used unusual colours (blue pastures, red bricks and different colours for the buildings) as a protest against his monotonous meals served by the abbot: cheese pies and cheese soup. In the end Paolo felt so miserable that he ran away. He only finished the job after the abbot promised to serve him normal meals. Fresco by Dionisius representing Saint Nicholas. ... Saint Francis of Assisi (born in Assisi, Italy, ca. ... Façade of Santa Trinita. ... Facade of Santa Maria Maggiore di Firenze Santa Maria Maggiore di Firenze is a church in Florence, Italy. ... A key piece of the Paleologan Mannerism - the Annunciation icon from Ohrid. ... The Church Fathers or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church, particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history. ... San Miniato is a small city in Pisa Province in the Region of Tuscany, Italy. ...

(Top) : Creation of the Animals and Creation of Adam; (Below) Creation of Eve and the Expulsion

Paolo was asked to paint a number of distempered scenes of animals for the house of the Medici. His depiction of a fierce lion fighting with a venom-spouting snake was especially appreciated by Vasari. Ucello loved to paint animals and he kept a large number of pictures of all kinds of animals, especially birds, at home. Because he was so fond of birds, he was aptly nicknamed Paolo Uccelli (Paul of the birds). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x2034, 347 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paolo Uccello ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x2034, 347 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paolo Uccello ...

By 1424 Paolo was earning his own living as a painter. In that year he painted episodes of the Creation and expulsion for the Green Cloister (Chiostro Verde) of Santa Maria Novella in Florence (now badly damaged), proving his artistic maturity. Again, he was able to paint in a lively manner a large number of animals. As he succeeded in painting trees in their natural colours, in contrast with many of his predecessors, he began to acquire a reputation for painting landscapes. He continued with scenes from the Deluge, the story of Noah's Ark, Noah's sacrifice and Noah's drunkenness. These scenes brought him great fame in Florence. The Romanesque-Gothic facade, completed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470 Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence. ... A deluge is a large downpour of rain, or a flood. ... A painting by the American Edward Hicks (1780–1849), showing the animals boarding Noahs Ark two by two. ...

Around this time he was taught geometry by Manetti.

Sir John Hawkwood.

In 1425 Uccello travelled to Venice, where he worked on the mosaics for the façade of San Marco (all these works have been lost). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1576x2544, 403 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paolo Uccello ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1576x2544, 403 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Paolo Uccello ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venezsia) is the capital of region Veneto, and has a population of 271,663 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... For the Basilica di San Marco in Rome, see Basilica di San Marco (Rome). ...

Some suggest he visited Rome with his friend Donatello before returning to Florence in 1431. He also painted some frescoes in the Prato Cathedral and Bologna. Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... the Duomo with the statue of Giuseppe Mazzoni. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, BulÃ¥ggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ...

In 1432 the Office of Works asked the Florentine ambassador in Venice to enquire after Uccello’s reputation as an artist. Uccello remained in Florence for most of the rest of his life, executing works for various churches and patrons, most notably the Duomo. In 1436 he was given the commission for the monochromatic fresco of Sir John Hawkwood. In this equestrian monument he showed his keen interest in perspective. The condottiere and his horse are presented as if the fresco was a sculpture, seen from below. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church, or Duomo, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, noted for its distinctive dome. ... Sir John Hawkwood (1320-1394) was an English mercenary or condottiere in the 14th century Italy. ... Look up perspective in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Condottieri were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-fifteenth century. ...

If, as is widely thought, he is the author of the frescoes Stories of the Virgin and Story of Saint Stephen in the Cappella dell'Assunta, Florence, then he would have visited nearby Prato sometime between 1435 and 1440. Prato is a city in Tuscany, Italy, the capital of the Province of Prato. ...

In 1443 He painted the figures on the clock of the Duomo. In the same year and in 1444 he designed a few stained glass windows for the same church. In 1444 he is also at work in Padua. Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ...

A gothicizing tendency of Uccello's art is nowhere more apparent than in Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1456).

In 1445 he travelled to Padua at Donatello’s invitation. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1511, 289 KB) Description: Title: de: Hl. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1511, 289 KB) Description: Title: de: Hl. ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ...

Back in Florence in 1446, he painted the Green Stations of the Cross, again for the cloister of the church Santa Maria Novella. Around 1447–1454 he painted Scenes of Monastic Life for the church San Miniato al Monte, Florence. San Miniato al Monte and the Bishops Palace The Basilica di San Miniato al Monte (Basilica of St Minias on the Mountain) stands atop one of the highest points in Florence, and has been described as the finest Romanesque structure in Tuscany and one of the most beautiful churches...

Around 1450–1456 he painted his three most famous paintings The Battle of San Romano, the victory of the Florentine army over the Sienese in 1432, for the Palazzo Medici in Florence. The daring perspectival form gives an appearance of depth to the battle scene.

Paolo Uccello. Niccolò Mauruzi da Tolentino at the Battle of San Romano, c. 1438–1440. Egg tempera with walnut oil and linseed oil on poplar. 181.6 x 320 cm. London: National Gallery.

Uccello was married to Tomassa Malifici by 1453, because in that year Donato (named after Donatello) was born, and in 1456 his wife gave birth to Antonia. Download high resolution version (1264x720, 160 KB)Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine Troops by Paolo Uccello (1450s) Tempera on wood, 182 x 320 cm National Gallery, London Source: http://gallery. ... Download high resolution version (1264x720, 160 KB)Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine Troops by Paolo Uccello (1450s) Tempera on wood, 182 x 320 cm National Gallery, London Source: http://gallery. ... The National Gallery from Trafalgar Square The National Gallery is an art gallery in London, located on the north side of Trafalgar Square. ...

In 1465 Uccello was in Urbino with his son Donato, where he was engaged until 1469 working for the Confraternity of Corpus Domini, a brotherhood of laymen. He painted a predella with the Miracle of the Profaned Host part of a monumental altarpiece. The main panel was finished by Justus van Ghent with a scene from the "Communion of the Apostles" in 1474. Ucello's predella consisted of six scenes (with meticulous naturalistic interiors) related to the antismeitic legend of the "Miracle of the Profaned Host" that had taken place in Paris in 1290. In one of them he depicted Jews burning at the stake the blasphemous act of desecrating the Holy Host. This was an effort by Duke Frederick of Montefeltro of Urbino to vilify the Jews (while tolerating Jewish activity in Urbino). Not all these scenes are unanimously attributed to Paolo Uccello. Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... A predella is the platform or step on which an altar stands. ... The Institution of the Eucharist Joos van Wassenhove, Justus or Jodocus of Ghent, or Giusto da Guanto. ... Big and small host tongs for baking hosts detail of tongs for baking hosts jagger for making hosts A host is a thin, round wafer made from bread and used for Holy Communion in many Christian churches. ... Fedrico da Montefeltro painted by Piero della Francesca Federico da Montefeltro (1422–1482) was one of the most successful condottieri of the Italian Renaissance, a fighter for hire who created one of the great libraries, perhaps the largest of Italy after the Vatican, with his own team of scribes in...

Above: Painting of a mazzocchio in The Battle of San Romano, c. 1435-1440.
Below: Perspective study of a torus, c. 1430-1440.

In his Florentine tax return of August 1469 he declared: “I find myself old and ailing, my wife is ill, and I can no longer work.” In his last years, he was a lonesome, forgotten man, afraid of hardship in life. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The mazzocchio is a torus-shaped headgear worn in 15th century Florence traditionally by the wealthy. ... The Battle of San Romano is a triptych by the painter Paolo Uccello depicting events that took place at the battle of San Romano in 1432. ... In geometry, a torus (pl. ...

His last known work is The Hunt, c. 1470. The Hunt in the Forest (aka The Hunt by Night or just The Hunt) is a painting by the Italian artist Paolo Uccello, painted around 1470. ...

He made his testament on 11 November 1475 and died shortly afterwards at the age of 78 on 10 December 1475 at the hospital of Florence. He was buried in his father’s tomb in the Florentine church of Santo Spirito. The Church of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito (St. ...

With his precise, analytical mind he tried to apply a scientific method to depict objects in three-dimensional space. In particular, some of his studies of the perspective foreshortening of the torus are preserved, and he realised the thus acquired insights in his paintings in form of the mazzocchio.^[1] The perspective in his paintings has influenced famous painters such as Piero della Francesca, Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci, to name a few. In geometry, a torus (pl. ... The mazzocchio is a torus-shaped headgear worn in 15th century Florence traditionally by the wealthy. ... The Baptism of Christ, 1450 (National Gallery, London). ... Albrecht Dürer (pronounced /al. ... The Mona Lisa Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. ...

His daughter Antonia Uccello (1446–1491) was a Carmelite nun, whom Giorgio Vasari called "a daughter who knew how to draw". She was even noted as a "pittoressa", a paintress, on her death certificate. Her style and her skill remains a mystery as none of her work is extant. Origin and early history Carmelites (in Latin Ordo fratrum Beatæ Virginis Mariæ de monte Carmelo) is the name of a Roman Catholic order founded in the 12th century by a certain Berthold (d. ... Giorgio Vasaris selfportrait Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (Arezzo, Tuscany July 3, 1511 - Florence, June 27, 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, mainly known for his famous biographies of Italian artists. ...

Works

Pope-Hennessy is far more conservative than the Italian authors: he attributes some of the works below to a "Prato Master" and a "Karlsruhe Master". Most of the dates in the list (taken from Borsi and Borsi) are derived from stylistic comparison rather than from documentation. John Wyndham, Sir Pope-Hennessy (1913 - 1994) was a British art historian. ...

Clock in the Duomo, Florence.

• Annunciation (c. 1420–1425) - Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
• Creation and Fall (c.1424–1425) - Lunette and lower section, Chiostro Verde, Santa Maria Novella, Florence
• Adoration of the Magi (c. 1431–1432) - Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe
• St George and the Dragon (c. 1431) - National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
• Quarate Predella (c. 1433) - Museo Arcivescovile di Castello, Florence
• Frescoes in the Capella dell' Assunta (c. 1434–1435) - Duomo, Prato
• Nun-Saint with Two Children (c.1434–1435) - Contini-Bonacosi Collection, Florence
• Equestrian Monument to John Hawkwood (c. 1436) - Duomo, Florence
• The Battle of San Romano, consisting of:

• Battle of San Romano: Niccolò da Tolentino (c. 1450–1456) - National Gallery, London
• Battle of San Romano: Bernadino della Ciarda unhorsed (c. 1450–1456) - Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
• Battle of San Romano: Micheletto da Cotignola (c.1450) - Musée du Louvre, Paris

• St George and the Dragon (c. 1439–1440) - Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris
• Clock Face with Four Prophets/Evangelists (1443) - Duomo, Florence
• Resurrection (1443-1444) - stained glass window, Duomo, Florence
• Nativity (1443-1444) - stained glass window, Duomo, Florence
• Story of Noah (c. 1447) - lunette and lower section, Chiostro Verde, Santa Maria Novella, Florence
• Scenes of Monastic Life (c. 1447–1454) - S. Miniato al Monte, Florence
• Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1450-55) - National Gallery, London
• Crucifixion (c. 1457–1458) - Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid
• Life of the Holy Fathers (c. 1460–1465) - Accademia, Florence
• Miracle of the Profaned Host (1467–1468) - predella, Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino)
• The Hunt in the Forest (c. 1470) -- Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 339 KB) Summary Clock painted by Paolo Uccello; Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Paolo Uccello Metadata This file contains additional... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 339 KB) Summary Clock painted by Paolo Uccello; Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore; Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Paolo Uccello Metadata This file contains additional... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Romanesque-Gothic facade, completed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470 Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence. ... Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... National Gallery of Victoria The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne, Australia. ... Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ... the Duomo with the statue of Giuseppe Mazzoni. ... Sir John Hawkwood (1320-1394) was an English mercenary or condottiere in the 14th century Italy. ... The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church, or Duomo, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, noted for its distinctive dome. ... The Battle of San Romano is a triptych by the painter Paolo Uccello depicting events that took place at the battle of San Romano in 1432. ... The National Gallery from Trafalgar Square The National Gallery is an art gallery in London, located on the north side of Trafalgar Square. ... The Uffizi Gallery (Italian Galleria degli Uffizi) is a palace or palazzo in Florence, holding one of the most famous museums in the world. ... The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre) in Paris, France, is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ... The Musée Jacquemart-André is a privately owned house museum located at 158 Boulevard Haussmann in Paris. ... Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ... San Miniato al Monte and the Bishops Palace The Basilica di San Miniato al Monte (Basilica of St Minias on the Mountain) stands atop one of the highest points in Florence, and has been described as the finest Romanesque structure in Tuscany and one of the most beautiful churches... Saint George and the Dragon is a painting by Paolo Uccello dating from around 1470. ... Michelangelos David in the Tribuna that was built especially to house it. ... A predella is the platform or step on which an altar stands. ... View of Urbino with the Ducal Palace and the Cathedral. ... Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... The Hunt in the Forest (aka The Hunt by Night or just The Hunt) is a painting by the Italian artist Paolo Uccello, painted around 1470. ... The Ashmolean Museum (in full the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology) in Oxford, England is the worlds first university museum. ...

References

• Giorgio Vasari's life of Paolo Uccello translated by George Bull in Lives of the Artists, Part 1. Penguin Classics, 1965.
• D'Ancona, Paola. Paolo Uccello. New York: McGraw Hill, 1961.
• Barolsky, Paul. "The Painter Who Almost Became a Cheese" Virginia Quarterly Review, 70/1 (Winter 1994).
• Borsi, Franco & Stefano. Paolo Uccello. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994. (a massive monograph)
• Borsi, Stefano. Paolo Uccello. Art Dossier. Florence: Giunti, nd.
• Carli, Enzo. All the Paintings of Paolo Uccello. The Complete Library of World Art. London: Oldbourne, 1963. (originally published in Italian in the 1950s)
• Paolieri, Annarita. Paolo Uccello, Domenico Veneziano, Andrea del Castagno. Library of Great Masters. New York: SCALA/Riverside, 1991.
• Pope-Hennessy, John. Paolo Uccello: Complete Edition. 2nd ed. London: Phaidon, 1969. (the other important English-language monograph)
• Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (1967). "The Altar of Corpus Domini in Urbino: Paolo Uccello, Joos Van Ghent, Piero della Francesca". Art Bulletin 49: 1-24. 
• Katz, Dana E. (December 2003). "The contours of tolerance: Jews and the Corpus Domini Altarpiece in Urbino". The Art Bulletin 85. 

External links

• Excerpts from Vasari's Life of Paolo Uccello
• Web Gallery of Art: Paolo Uccello
• Florence Art Guide: Paolo Uccello
• Paolo Uccello Homepage (in Italian)
• Paolo Uccello's Polyhedra
• Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: Getting Some Perspective

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Paolo Uccello

• List of painters
• List of Italian painters
• List of famous Italians
• Renaissance painting
• Italian Renaissance
• History of painting
• Western painting

This article incorporates text from the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia. Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The following list is an incomplete list of painters. ... Famous Italian painters (in alphabetical order): Francesco Albani,(1578-1660) Mariotto Albertinelli, (1474-1515) Fra Angelico, (1387-1445) Fra Bartolommeo, (1472-1517) Gentile Bellini, (c. ... This is a list of Italians or Italian-speaking/writing people that are famous. ... Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and Wife by Jan van Eyck (1434). ... The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. ... // The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures. ... // Main article: History of painting The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from Antiquity and, despite the achievements of other painting traditions, especially in Asia, has become the most influential and prestigeous globally. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge&#8212;writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others&#8212;in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...