A traceur performs a cat balance, which in French is called an équilibre de chat.

Parkour (sometimes abbreviated to PK) or l'art du déplacement^[1] (English: the art of displacement) is an activity with the aim of moving from one point to another as efficiently and quickly as possible, using principally the abilities of the human body.^[2][3] It is meant to help one overcome obstacles, which can be anything in the surrounding environment — from branches and rocks to rails and concrete walls — and can be practiced in both rural and urban areas. Parkour practitioners are referred to as traceurs, or traceuses for females.^[4] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ...

Founded by David Belle in France, parkour focuses on practicing efficient movements to develop one's body and mind to be able to overcome obstacles in an emergency. David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual. ... For other uses, see Mind (disambiguation). ... Look up emergency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Overview

A traceur performing a passe muraille.

Parkour is a physical activity that is difficult to categorize. It is not an extreme sport,^[5] but an art or discipline that resembles self-defense in the martial arts.^[6] According to David Belle, "the physical aspect of parkour is getting over all the obstacles in your path as you would in an emergency. You want to move in such a way, with any movement, as to help you gain the most ground on someone or something, whether escaping from it or chasing toward it."^[7] Thus, when faced with a hostile confrontation with a person, one will be able to speak, fight, or flee. As martial arts are a form of training for the fight, parkour is a form of training for the flight. Because of its unique nature, it is often said that parkour is in its own category: "Parkour is parkour." Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Self defense refers to actions taken by a person to defend onself, ones property or ones home. ... Hawaiian State Grappling Championships. ...

An important characteristic of parkour is efficiency. Practitioners move not only as fast as they can, but also in the least energy-consuming and most direct way possible. This characteristic distinguishes it from the similar practice of free running, which places more emphasis on freedom of movements, such as acrobatics. Efficiency also involves avoiding injuries, short and long-term, part of why parkour's unofficial motto is être et durer (to be and to last). This article is about the physical art. ... High wire act Acrobatics (from Greek Akros, high and bat, walking) is one of the performing arts, and is also practiced as a sport. ...

Traceurs claim that parkour also influences one's thought process by enhancing critical thinking skills that allow one to overcome everyday physical and mental obstacles.^[8][9]

Terminology

The first terms used to describe this form of training were l'art du déplacement and le parcours.^[10]

The term parkour [paʁˈkuʁ] was defined by David Belle and his friend Hubert Koundé. It derives from parcours du combattant, the classic obstacle course method of military training proposed by Georges Hébert. Koundé, who is not himself a traceur, took the word parcours, replaced the "c" with a "k" to suggest aggressiveness, and removed the silent "s" as it opposed parkour's philosophy about efficiency.^[2][11][12] An obstacle courses is a series of challenging physical obstacles an individual or team must navigate usually while being timed. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Georges Hébert (1875-1957) was a pioneering French physical education practitioner, theorist and instructor. ...

Traceur [tʁasœʁ] and traceuse [tʁasøz] are substantives derived from the French verb tracer which normally means "to trace",^[13] or "to draw", but also translates as "to go fast".^[14] A noun, or noun substantive, is a word or phrase that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance or quality. ...

History

Passement

See also: Timeline of parkour

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (687x1024, 114 KB) licence cheched 12. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (687x1024, 114 KB) licence cheched 12. ... This is the timeline of parkour. ...

Hébert's legacy

Main article: Georges Hébert

Before World War I, former French naval officer Georges Hébert traveled through the world. During his visit to Africa, he was impressed by physical development and skills of indigenous tribes that he met:^[15] Georges Hébert (1875-1957) was a pioneering French physical education practitioner, theorist and instructor. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... An officer is a member of a military, naval, or if applicable, other uniformed services who holds a position of responsibility. ...

While he was stationed in the town of Saint-Pierre, Martinique, it suffered a volcanic eruption on May 8, 1902. Hébert co-ordinated the escape and rescue of some 700 people. This experience had a profound effect on him, and reinforced his belief that athletic skill must be combined with courage and altruism. He eventually developed this ethos into his motto: "être fort pour être utile" (be strong to be useful).^[15] Saint-Pierre was the former capital of Frances Caribbean département doutre-mer of Martinique. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For the ethical doctrine, see Altruism (ethics). ...

Inspired by indigenous tribes, Hébert became a physical education tutor at the college of Reims in France. He began to define the principles of his own system of physical education and to create apparatus and exercises to teach his méthode naturelle,^[15] which he defined as: Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; pronounced in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern France, standing 144 km (89 miles) east-northeast of Paris. ...

Hébert set up a méthode naturelle session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defense, swimming, which are part of three main forces:^[16]

• Energetic sense or virile: energy, willpower, courage, coolness and firmness
• Moral sense: benevolence, assistance, honor and honesty.
• Physical sense: muscles and breath.

During World War I and World War II, Hébert's teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training. Thus, Hébert was one of the proponents of parcours — an obstacle course, developed by a Swiss architect,^[17] which is standard in the military training and led to the development of civilian fitness trails and confidence courses.^[15] Also, French soldiers and firefighters developed their obstacle courses known as parcours du combattant and parcours SP.^[18] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles. ... A fitness trail, or par course (from the French parcours meaning course) consists of a path or course equipped with obstacles or stations distributed along its length for exercising the human body to promote good health. ...

Belle family

David Belle, parkour founder, on The New Yorker Festival.

Main articles: Raymond Belle and David Belle

Raymond Belle was born in Vietnam (known as French Indochina) but his father died during the First Indochina War and Raymond was separated from his mother during the division of Vietnam in 1954. He was taken by the French Army in Da Lat and received a military education and training that shaped his character.^[19] David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Addition of Laos 1893, 1887  - Vietnamese Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Recognized Independence of Vietnam 1954, 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km² Currency French... Combatants French Union France State of Vietnam Cambodia Laos Viet Minh Commanders French Expeditionary Corps Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1945-46) Jean-Étienne Valluy (1946-8) Roger Blaizot (1948-9) Marcel-Maurice Carpentier (1949-50) Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1950-51) Raoul Salan (1952-3) Henri Navarre (1953-4... Combatants French Union France State of Vietnam Cambodia Laos Viet Minh Commanders French Expeditionary Corps Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1945-46) Jean-Étienne Valluy (1946-8) Roger Blaizot (1948-9) Marcel-Maurice Carpentier (1949-50) Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1950-51) Raoul Salan (1952-3) Henri Navarre (1953-4... The flower bee- mascot of Dalat Flower Festival in 2005 A villa in pine woods in Dalat Da Lat (pop. ...

After the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Raymond was repatriated to France and completed his military education in 1958. Although trained to kill, he would go on to save lives. At age 19, his dedication to fitness and willingness helped him to serve in Paris's regiment of sapeurs-pompiers (military firefighters).^[19] Combatants French Union France State of Vietnam Hmong mercenaries Viet Minh Commanders Christian de Castries # Pierre Langlais # René Cogny Vo Nguyen Giap Strength As of March 13: 10,800[1] As of March 13: 48,000 combat personnel, 15,000 logistical support personnel[2] Casualties 2,293 dead, 5,195... Physical fitness is an attribute required for service in virtually all military forces. ...

With his athletic ability, Raymond became the regiment's champion rope-climber and joined the regiment's elite team, composed of the unit's fittest and most agile firefighters. Its members were the ones called for the most difficult and dangerous rescue missions.^[19]

Lauded for his coolness, courage, and spirit of self-sacrifice, Raymond was to have a key role in the Parisian firefighters' first ever helicopter-borne operation. His many rescues, medals and exploits gave him a reputation of being an exceptional pompier and inspired the next young generation,^[19] especially his son David Belle and Sébastien Foucan, David's childhood colleague.^[20]

Born in a firefighter's family, David was influenced by stories of heroism. At age 16, David left the school to seek his love of freedom, action, and to develop his strength and dexterity to be useful in life, as Raymond had advised him.^[18]

Raymond introduced his son David to obstacle course training and the méthode naturelle. David participated in activities such as martial arts and gymnastics, and sought to apply his athletic prowess for some practical purpose.^[18] Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of sequences of movements requiring physical strength, flexibility, balance, endurance, gracefulness, and kinesthetic awareness, and includes such skills as handsprings, handstands, split leaps, aerials and cartwheels. ...

Development in Lisses

After moving to Lisses commune, David Belle continued his journey with others.^[18] "From then on we developed," says Sébastien Foucan in Jump London, "And really the whole town was there for us; there for parkour. You just have to look, you just have to think, like children." This, as he describes, is "the vision of parkour." David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... For other uses, see New Yorker. ... Lisses is a french commune located in the Essonne département, in the ÃŽle-de-France region. ... Jump London DVD cover Jump London is a documentary first broadcast by Channel 4 about parkour and free running in September 2003, directed by Mike Christie and produced by Carbon Media. ...

In 1997, David Belle, Sébastien Foucan, Yann Hnautra, Charles Perrière, Malik Diouf, Guylain N'Guba-Boyeke, Châu Belle-Dinh, and Williams Belle created the group called Yamakasi,^[21] whose name comes from the Lingala language of Congo, and means strong spirit, strong body, strong man, endurance. After the musical show Notre Dame de Paris, David and Sébastien split up due to money and disagreements over the definition of l'art du déplacement,^[20] resulting in the production of Yamakasi (film) in 2001 and the French documentary Génération Yamakasi without David and Foucan. Yamakasi are a French group of practitioners of art of displacement (parkour), free running, street stunts and other types of acrobatics. ... Lingala is one of the Bantu languages spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and a large part of the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic. ... Notre Dame de Paris is a French-Canadian musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris. ... Yamakasi - Les samouraïs des temps modernes is a 2001 French movie written by Luc Besson. ...

Over the years, as dedicated practitioners improved their skills, their moves grew. Building-to-building jumps and drops of over a story became common in media portrayals, often leaving people with a slanted view of parkour. Actually, ground-based movements are more common than anything involving rooftops, due to accessibility to find legal places to climb in an urban area. From the Parisian suburbs, parkour became a widely practiced activity outside France.

Philosophy

This is a main part of l'art du déplacement that most of the non-practitioners have not seen or heard about, yet according to the founders of Yamakasi it is an integral part of art, in the words of Williams Belle:^[9] David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...

"Why do I train people? I think it is important to preserve that. I think they will share this practical experience. And represent it is... I believe it is just share something. It should not be lost. It has to stay alive! I do not want to have this experience, and just write it in a book, it would become a dead experience! I want it to be alive! I want people to use it, to live it and to experience it."

Another aspect of the philosophy is the freedom. It is often said that parkour can be practiced by anyone, at anytime, anywhere in the world. This freedom has made it a powerful cultural force in Europe, with its influence spreading around the world. Châu Belle Dinh states more behind philosophy than its definition:

It is as much as a part of truly learning this activity as well as being able to master the movements, it gives you the ability to "overcome your fears and pains and reapply this to life" as you must be able to control your mind in order to master the art of parkour.

Andreas Kalteis, a non-Yamakasi traceur, has stated in documentary Parkour Journeys: Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. ...

Non-rivalry

The international "Keeping Parkour Rivalry-Free" campaign logo.

A campaign was started on May 1, 2007 by Parkour.NET portal^[23] to preserve parkour's philosophy against sport competition and rivalry.^[24] In the words of Erwan (Hebertiste): is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

"Competition pushes people to fight against others for the satisfaction of a crowd and/or the benefits of a few business people by changing its mindset. Parkour is unique and cannot be a competitive sport if it ignores its altruistic core to self development. If parkour becomes a sport, it will be hard to seriously teach and spread parkour as a non-competitive activity. And a new sport will be spread that may be called parkour, but that won't hold its philosophy's essence anymore."^[23]

Movements

Saut de précision.

There are fewer predefined movements in parkour than gymnastics, as it does not have a list of appropriate "moves". Each obstacle a traceur faces presents a unique challenge on how they can overcome it effectively, which depends on their body type, speed and angle of approach, the physical make-up of the obstacle, etc. Parkour is about training the bodymind to react to those obstacles appropriately with a technique that works. Often that technique cannot and need not be classified and given a name. In many cases effective parkour techniques depend on fast redistribution of body weight and the use of momentum to perform seemingly impossible or difficult body maneuvers at speed. Absorption and redistribution of energy is also an important factor, such as body rolls when landing which reduce impact forces on the legs and spine, allowing a traceur to jump from greater heights than those often considered sensible in other forms of acrobatics and gymnastics. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 423 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parkour ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 423 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Parkour ... Bodymind is a compound conjunction of body and mind and may be used differently in different traditions, disciplines and knowledges. ... This article is about momentum in physics. ... The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ...

According to David Belle, you want to move in such a way that will help you gain the most ground as if escaping or chasing something. Also, wherever you go, you must be able to get back, if you go from A to B, you need to be able to get back from B to A,^[7] but not necessarily with the same movements or passements.

Despite this, there are many basic techniques that are emphasized to beginners for their versatility and effectiveness. Most important are good jumping and landing techniques. The roll, used to limit impact after a drop and to carry one's momentum onward, is often stressed as the most important technique to learn. Many traceurs develop joint problems from too many large drops and rolling incorrectly. Due to large drops parkour has sometimes received criticism for its questionable safety.^[25][26][27] Several communities in Great Britain have been warned by law enforcement or fire and rescue of the potential dangers of parkour.^{[28] [29][30]} Although David Belle has never been seriously injured while practicing parkour,^[31] there is no careful study about the health issues of large drops and traceurs stress gradual progression to avoid any problems. For the band, see The Police. ... Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ...

Basic movements

The basic movements defined in parkour are:^[3]

The issue of "proper technique" is one mainly thought up in the UK and US. Many UK and US traceurs attempt to develop a "proper technique" in contrast to their French counterparts who do not focus on the technique but rather the idea behind it. The theory of 'proper technique' can be flawed as every individual who practices parkour will perform the movement in a different manner.^[clarify] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... pull-up A pull-up is an upper body compound pulling exercise. ... The Kaiten (Japanese:回天, translated Change the World or Reverse the Destiny) was a torpedo modified as a suicide weapon, and used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of the Second World War. ... This article is about the martial art and sport. ... This article is about a Japanese martial art. ... Jujutsu (also jujitsu, ju jitsu, ju jutsu, or jiu jitsu; from the Japanese 柔術 jūjutsu gentle/yielding/compliant Art) is a Japanese martial art. ... Aikido ) is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. ...

Accessories

There is no equipment required, although practitioners normally train wearing light casual clothing:^[32][33]

• Light upper body garment - such as T-shirt, sleeveless shirt or crop top.
• Light lower body garment - such as light pants (trousers for British English) or light shorts.
• Comfortable underwear.

The actual gear in itself, only consisting of: T-Shirt A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt with short or long sleeves, a round neck, put on over the head, without pockets. ... A male wearing a wifebeater A sleeveless shirt, tank top, singlet, or vest is a shirt manufactured without sleeves, or one where the sleeves have been cut off. ... Crop tops (also cropped tops) are T-shirts or blouses that are cut off, resulting in the exposure of some of the wearers abdomen, worn by gay/effeminate men and women. ... Pants are a type of clothing for the lower body. ... Germanic trousers of the 4th century found in the Thorsberg moor, Germany Early use of trousers in France: a sans-culotte by Louis-Léopold Boilly. ... British English (BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere in the Anglophone world. ... For other uses, see Shorts (disambiguation). ...

• Comfortable athletic shoes that are generally light, with good grip.
• Sometimes, sweat-bands for forearm protection.
• Rarely, thin athletic gloves (with rubber grips exhibiting only a mild adhesion), for protection in much the same ways shoes protect feet, due to the fact practitioners grab hold of abrasive objects (brick walls, fences, etc). Though this is often frowned upon amongst traceurs.

However, since parkour is closely related to méthode naturelle, sometimes practitioners train barefooted to be able to move efficiently without depending on their gear. David Belle has said: "bare feet are the best shoes!"^[34] ‹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ...

Free running

Main article: Free running

Another saut de bras.

The term free running was coined during the filming of Jump London, as a way to present parkour to the English-speaking world. However, free running and parkour are separate, distinct concepts — a distinction which is often missed due to the aesthetic similarities. Parkour as a discipline comprises efficiency, whilst free running embodies complete freedom of movement — and often includes many acrobatic maneuvers. Although oftentimes the two are physically similar, the mindsets of each are vastly different.^[35] Foucan defines free running as a discipline to self development, following your own way.^[36] While traceurs and traceuses practice parkour in order to improve their ability to overcome obstacles faster and in the most efficient manner, free runners practice and employ a broader array of movements that are not always necessary in order to overcome obstacles. The meaning of the different philosophical approaches to movement can be summed up by the following two quotes: Experienced free runner Jerome Ben Aoues explains in the documentary Jump London that:^[37] This article is about the physical art. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Parkour-MontrealPK-Oct02-2005094. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Parkour-MontrealPK-Oct02-2005094. ... Jerome Ben Aoues is a man who has been practising parkour since he met Sebastien Foucan almost immediately after the creation of the popular movement art Parkour. ...

"The most important element is the harmony between you and the obstacle; the movement has to be elegant... If you manage to pass over the fence elegantly — that's beautiful, rather than saying I jumped the lot. What's the point in that?"

David Belle or PAWA team, or both emphasized the division between parkour and free running by stating:

In popular culture

A traceuse vaults an obstacle.

Main article: Parkour in popular culture

Parkour has appeared in various television advertisements, news reports and entertainment pieces, often combined with other forms of acrobatics also called free running, street stunts and tricking. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Parkour has appeared in various television advertisements, news reports and entertainment pieces, sometimes combined with other forms of acrobatics also called free running, street stunts and tricking. ...

The most notable appearances have been in narrative films:

• Yamakasi (2001)
• District B13 (2004)
• The Great Challenge (2004)
• Casino Royale (2006)
• Breaking and Entering (2006)
• Live Free or Die Hard (Die Hard 4.0) (2007)
• Parkour (2009) (pre-production)

Outside North America, notable parkour documentaries include: Yamakasi - Les samouraïs des temps modernes is a 2001 French movie written by Luc Besson. ... David Belle in a chase sequence from Banlieue 13. ... Casino Royale (2006) is the 21st film in the James Bond series and the first to star Daniel Craig as MI6 agent James Bond. ... Breaking and Entering, a 2006 romantic drama, is Academy Award-winning director Anthony Minghellas first original screenplay since his 1991 feature debut, Truly, Madly, Deeply. ... Live Free or Die Hard (released as Die Hard 4. ...

• Génération Yamakasi - Vol au dessus des cités
• Jump London (2003)
• Jump Britain (2005)
• Jump Westminster (2007)
• Parkour journeys (2007)

Jump London DVD cover Jump London is a documentary first broadcast by Channel 4 about parkour and free running in September 2003, directed by Mike Christie and produced by Carbon Media. ... Jump Britain is a 2005 documentary directed by Mike Christie about free running, sequel to Channel 4s Jump London. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Parkour

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Guide to Parkour

Sports and games Portal

• Buildering - the act of climbing the outside of buildings and other urban structures. The word is a portmanteau combining the word "building" with the climbing term "bouldering".
• Dérive - a French situationist philosophy of re-envisioning one's relation to urban spaces (psychogeography) and acting accordingly.
• Free climbing - a style of climbing using no artificial aids to make progress.
• Freestyle walking - considered to be a less extreme form of parkour
• Tricking - an art with roots in different forms of martial arts and gymnastics, often mistaken for parkour by the media and public.
• Street stunts - "urban gymnastics" an activity usually practiced both by free runners and tricksters.
• Yamakasi - a group founded by David Belle and Sébastien Foucan 3 years before parkour with emphasis on style, fluidity and freedom. It is also a 2001 movie.
• Contact improvisation - a dance technique in which points of physical contact provide the starting point for movement improvisation and exploration.

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A climber ascends a bridge using aid climbing techniques Buildering (also known as urban climbing, structuring, or stegophily) is the act of climbing the outside of buildings and other urban structures. ... A portmanteau (IPA: ) is a word or morpheme that fuses two or more words or word parts to give a combined or loaded meaning. ... Bouldering is a style of rock climbing undertaken without a rope and normally limited to very short climbs so that a fall will not result in injury. ... Critical praxis developed by the Lettrist International as part of the situationist critique of capitalism and unitary urbanism as a critique of urbanism. ... The Situationist International (SI) was a small group of international political and artistic agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the early 20th century European artistic and political avant-gardes. ... Psychogeography was defined in 1955 by Guy Debord as the the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals. ... In free soloing and bouldering, the climber carries nothing but a chalk bag. ... St. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Street stunts is an extreme type activity practiced by the free runners, tricksters and stuntman. ... Yamakasi are a French group of practitioners of art of displacement (parkour), free running, street stunts and other types of acrobatics. ... Contact Improvisation (CI) is a dance technique in which points of physical contact provide the starting point for movement improvisation and exploration. ...

References