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In Christian eschatology, particular judgment is the doctrine that immediately after death the eternal destiny of each separated soul is decided by the just judgment of God. In Western Christianity, the soul is generally said to go to Heaven, Hell, or (in Roman Catholicism) Purgatory prior to Heaven. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, souls go to hades, where the saved rest and the damned suffer [1]. Particular judgment is the common belief of most Christians, as opposed to the belief that the soul sleeps unconsciously until the General Judgment, or that the soul is annihilated at death, to be recreated on Judgment Day. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
For the book by Pope Benedict XVI, see Eschatology (book). ...
The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is the self-aware essence unique to a particular living being. ...
This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell, according to many religious beliefs, is an afterlife of suffering where the wicked or unrighteous dead are punished. ...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
For other uses, see Purgatory (disambiguation). ...
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as: the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles, having maintained unbroken the link between its clergy and the Apostles by means of Apostolic Succession. ...
In some Christian traditions, hades is the abode of the dead where the righteous and unrighteous alike await resurrection and judgment. ...
Soul sleep is a belief held by some Christians claiming that between death and the resurrection of the dead, the body and soul rest together in unconsciousness. ...
General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the souls of the dead by nation and as a whole. ...
Particular judgment in the Bible
Ecclesiastes 11:9; 12:1 sq.; and Hebrews 9:27, are sometimes quoted in proof of the particular judgment, but though these passages speak of a judgment after death, neither the context nor the force of the words proves that the sacred writer had in mind a judgment distinct from that at the end of the world. The scriptural arguments in defence of the particular judgment must be indirect. There is no text of which we can certainly say that it expressly affirms this dogma but there are several which teach an immediate retribution after death and thereby clearly imply a particular judgment. Christ represents Lazarus and Dives as receiving their respective rewards immediately after death. They have always been regarded as types of the just man and the sinner. To the penitent thief it was promised that his soul instantly on leaving the body would be in the state of the blessed: "This day thou shalt be with me in Paradise" (Luke 23:43). Saint Paul (II Corinthians 5) longs to be absent from the body that he may be present to the Lord, evidently understanding death to be the entrance into his reward (cf. Philemon 1:21 sq.). Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ...
Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ...
Christ is the English of the Greek word (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. ...
Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives is a parable spoken by Jesus in the New Testament Book of Luke 16:19-31. ...
The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ...
Paul of Tarsus (b. ...
The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...
The Epistle to Philemon is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...
Early Christian writing The Testament of Abraham includes a clear account of particular judgment, in which souls go either through the wide gate of destruction or the narrow gate of salvation. By this account, only one in seven thousand earn salvation. The Testament of Abraham is a work now regarded as part of the Old Testament apocrypha. ...
Hippolytus of Rome described the particular judgment of souls in hades, with the righteous resting in one section and the unrighteous suffering in another [2]. In Greek mythology, Hippolytus was a son of Theseus and either Antiope or Hippolyte. ...
Tertullian (c. AD 200) argued against the pagan belief that the souls of the wise ascended into the heavens, or the belief among Christians that the souls of the faithful attain heaven before Judgment Day: "How, indeed, shall the soul mount up to heaven, where Christ is already sitting at the Father's right hand, when as yet the archangel's trumpet has not been heard by the command of God. . .?"[3] He argued instead that the reward believers receive immediately after death takes place in hades. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicized as Tertullian, (ca. ...
Saint Augustine wrote that the righteous dead would rest "in the secret receptacles and abodes of disembodied spirits,"[4] awaiting Judgment Day. Centuries later, Thomas Aquinas argued[citation needed] that Augustine's teaching was nevertheless consistent with particular judgment. “Augustinus†redirects here. ...
This article or section should be merged with End times and Last judgment The Last Judgement - Tympanum sculpture at the Abbey Church of Ste-Foy, Conques-en-Rouergue, France In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgement is the ethical-judicial trial, judgement, and punishment/reward of individual humans (assignment to heaven...
Saint Thomas Aquinas (also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ...
Medieval concepts
Diagram of particular judgment, as formulated [citation needed] by the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages In his Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas argued[citation needed] that the soul departs for heaven or hell immediately on death [5]. Saved souls that required purification first, however, went to purgatory before going to heaven. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Summa theologiae, Pars secunda, prima pars. ...
Saint Thomas Aquinas (also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ...
The earlier concept that souls of unbaptized infants went to "hell" was retained, though this "hell" (infernus, literally underworld) came to be defined as limbo, a place of natural happiness. Gehenna, limbo, and purgatory were all said to be "hells," places where one was removed from God. Gehenna was the term used for hell proper.
Reformation concepts Martin Luther argued that the dead sleep unconsciously until Judgment Day. In response, John Calvin argued that the dead are conscious while awaiting Judgment Day, either in bliss or torment depending on their fate.[6] Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ...
John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ...
Particular judgment in other religions In his Myth of Er, Plato (c. 400 BC) wrote that each soul is judged after death and either sent to heaven for a reward or to the underworld for punishment. After its reward or punishment, the soul is reincarnated. He also described the judgment of souls immediately after death in the Gorgias. The Myth of Er is an analogy used in Platos Republic. ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
Reincarnation, literally to be made flesh again, is a doctrine or mystical belief that some essential part of a living being (in some variations only human beings) survives death to be reborn in a new body. ...
Gorgias (in Greek ΓοÏγἰας, circa 483-376 BC) // Introduction Due to his ushering in of rhetorical innovations involving structure and ornamentation and his introduction of paradoxologia – the idea of paradoxical thought and paradoxical expression – Gorgias of Leontini has been labeled the ‘father of sophistry’ (Wardy 6). ...
According to the 9th century Zoroastrian text Dadestan-i Denig ("Religious Decisions"), a soul is judged three days after death. Depending on the soul's balance of good and bad deeds, it goes to heaven, hell, or hamistagan, a neutral place. In its appropriate place, the soul awaits Judgment Day. Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell, according to many religious beliefs, is an afterlife of suffering where the wicked or unrighteous dead are punished. ...
As described in the 9th century Zoroastrian text Dadestan-i Denig (Religious Decisions)[1], hamistagan is a neutral place or state for the departed souls of those whose good deeds and bad deeds were equal in life. ...
This article or section should be merged with End times and Last judgment The Last Judgement - Tympanum sculpture at the Abbey Church of Ste-Foy, Conques-en-Rouergue, France In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgement is the ethical-judicial trial, judgement, and punishment/reward of individual humans (assignment to heaven...
In Islam, the angels Nakir and Munkar interrogate a recently deceased soul, which then remains in its grave in a state of bliss or torment until Judgment Day. Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...
Munkar and Nakeer, in Islamic eschatology, are two black, blue-eyed malaikah (angels) who test the faith of the dead in their graves. ...
See also General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the souls of the dead by nation and as a whole. ...
Last Judgment. ...
References New Advent is an online Catholic Encyclopedia. ...
Summa theologiae, Pars secunda, prima pars. ...
External links This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...
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