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Patrice Émery Lumumba (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was an African anti-colonial leader and the first legally elected Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo after he helped to win its independence from Belgium in June 1960. Only ten weeks later, Lumumba's government was deposed in coup during the Congo Crisis. He was subsequently imprisoned and assassinated under controversial circumstances. The Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: , Swahili: , Lingala: ) , is Congos Head of Government. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Antoine Gizenga (born 5 October 1925) is a Congolese (DRC) politician, and the Prime Minister of the country since December 30, 2006. ... Motto: Travail et Progres (Work and Progress) The Belgian Congo Capital Léopoldville/Leopoldstad Political structure Colony Governor  - 1908-1910 Baron Wahis  - 1946-1951 Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers  - 1958-1960 Henri Arthur Adolf Marie Christopher Cornelis History  - Established 15 November, 1908  - Congolese independence 30 June, 1960 The Belgian... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Travail et Progres (Work and Progress) The Belgian Congo Capital Léopoldville/Leopoldstad Political structure Colony Governor  - 1908-1910 Baron Wahis  - 1946-1951 Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers  - 1958-1960 Henri Arthur Adolf Marie Christopher Cornelis History  - Established 15 November, 1908  - Congolese independence 30 June, 1960 The Belgian... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lubumbashi is the second largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, lying near the border with Zambia. ... Capital Lubumbashi Created June 1960 Dissolved January 1963 Demonym Katangan Currency Katanga franc Katanga is the southern province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, regional capital Lubumbashi (formerly Elizabethville). ... The Mouvement National Congolais (English: Congolese National Movement, MNC) is a pro-independence group that emerged in the colonized Belgian Congo. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Congo ONUC Cuba Belgium Katanga South Kasai CIA Commanders Patrice Lumumba Pierre Mulele Laurent-Désiré Kabila Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi Che Guevara Moise Tshombe Joseph Mobutu Mike Hoare Charles Laurent Albert Kalonji Early history Migration & states Colonization Stanley (1867–1885) Congo Free State Leopold II (1885–1908) Belgian Congo...

Path to Prime Minister

Lumumba was born in Onalua in the Katakokombe region of the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo, a member of the Tetela ethnic group. Raised in a Catholic family as one of four male children, he was educated at a Protestant primary school, a Catholic missionary school, and finally the government post office training school, passing the one-year course with distinction. He subsequently worked in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) and Stanleyville (now Kisangani) as a postal clerk and as a travelling beer salesman. In 1951, he married Pauline Opangu. In 1955, Lumumba became regional head of the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the Liberal Party of Belgium, where he worked on editing and distributing party literature. After traveling on a three-week study tour in Belgium, he was arrested in 1955 on charges of embezzlement of post office funds. His two-year sentence was commuted to twelve months after it was confirmed by Belgian lawyer Jules Chrome that Lumumba had returned the funds, and he was released in July 1956. After his release, he helped to found the non-tribal Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) in 1958, later becoming the organization's president. Lumumba and his team represented the MNC at the All-African People's Conference in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958. At this international conference, hosted by influential Pan-African President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Lumumba further solidified his Pan-African beliefs. The Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is divided administratively into Kasai-Occidental and Kasai-Oriental. ... Motto: Travail et Progres (Work and Progress) The Belgian Congo Capital Léopoldville/Leopoldstad Political structure Colony Governor  - 1908-1910 Baron Wahis  - 1946-1951 Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers  - 1958-1960 Henri Arthur Adolf Marie Christopher Cornelis History  - Established 15 November, 1908  - Congolese independence 30 June, 1960 The Belgian... Ethnologue. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville or, before 1960, also Leopoldstad) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Kisangani, formerly Stanleyville, (population 500,000) is a city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Mouvement National Congolais (English: Congolese National Movement, MNC) is a pro-independence group that emerged in the colonized Belgian Congo. ... Jan. ... Accra, population 1,970,400 (2005), is the capital of Ghana. ... Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In late October 1959, Lumumba as leader of the MNC was again arrested for allegedly inciting an anti-colonial riot in Stanleyville where thirty people were killed, for which he was sentenced to six months in prison. Not coincidentally, the trial's start date of January 18, 1960, was also the first day of a round-table conference in Brussels to finalize the future of the Congo. Despite Lumumba's imprisonment at the time, the MNC won a convincing majority in the December local elections in the Congo. As a result of pressure from delegates who were enraged at Lumumba's imprisonment, he was released and allowed to attend the Brussels conference. The conference culminated on January 27th with the declaration of Congolese independence and the establishment of June 30, 1960, as the independence date with national elections from May 11–25, 1960. On the 31st of May, it was confirmed that Lumumba and the MNC had won electoral victory and the right to form a government. Lumumba and the MNC formed the first government on June 23, 1960, with 35-year-old Lumumba as Congo's first prime minister and Joseph Kasa-Vubu as its president. In accordance with the constitution, on June 24 the new government passed a vote of confidence and was ratified by the Congolese Chamber and Senate. Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In order to create political institutions to govern the country after its independence from Belgium on June 30 1960, elections were held in Belgian Congo in May 1960. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph Kasa-Vubu (1910 (other sources have 1913, 1915 and 1917) – March 24, 1969) was the first President (1960–1965) of the Republic of Congo (Congo-Léopoldville), which was later renamed Zaire (1971-97) and still later the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-present). ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Congolese independence from Belgium was finally gained on June 30, 1960. On Independence Day, in a ceremony attended by dignitaries, the foreign press, and the Belgian elite including King Baudouin, Patrice Lumumba delivered his famous independence speech^[1] after being officially excluded from the event programme, despite being the elected Congolese Prime Minister. In direct contrast to the paternalistic glorification of colonialism in the speech of King Baudouin, as well as the relatively harmless speech of President Kasa-Vubu, Lumumba's outspoken anti-colonial speech resonated with the Congolese for its inspired honesty while simultaneously humiliating and alienating the King and his entourage.^[2][3] Baudouin I, King of the Belgians, (Baudouin/Boudewijn Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave) (7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993), reigned as King of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993. ...

Deposed and arrested

Lumumba's rule was marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declared independence under Moïse Tshombe in June 1960 with Belgian support. Despite the arrival of United Nations troops, unrest continued and Lumumba sought Soviet aid. In September, Prime Minister Lumumba was dismissed from government by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu, an act of dubious legality; in retaliation, Lumumba attempted to dismiss Kasa-Vubu from the presidency, an act of even more dubious legality. On September 14, a coup d’état endorsed by the CIA and organized by Colonel Joseph Mobutu removed Lumumba from office.^[4] Lumumba was later arrested on December 1, 1960, by troops loyal to Mobutu. He was captured in Port Francqui and flown to Leopoldville in handcuffs. Mobutu said Lumumba would be tried for inciting the army to rebellion and other crimes. United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld made an appeal to Kasa-Vubu asking that Lumumba be treated according to due process of law. The USSR denounced Hammarskjöld and the Western powers as responsible for Lumumba's arrest and demanded his release. Country Democratic Republic of the Congo Capital Lubumbashi Largest city Lubumbashi National language Swahili, Tshiluba Land area¹ 496 871 km² Governor Moïse Katumbi Chapwe Population Density 4 125 000 (est. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... CCCP redirects here. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (October 14, 1930 – September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu Sese Seko, born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965–1997), in which he rose to power... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ilebo, formerly known as Port-Francqui, is a town in the Democratic Republic of Congo, lying at the highest navigable point of the Kasaï River. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( ) (July 29, 1905 – September 18, 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...

The United Nations Security Council was called into session on December 7 to consider Soviet demands that the U.N. seek Lumumba's immediate release, the immediate restoration of Lumumba as head of the Congo government, the disarming of the forces of Mobutu, and the immediate evacuation of Belgians from the Congo. Soviet Representative Valerian Zorin refused U.S. demands that he disqualify himself as Security Council President during the debate. Hammarskjöld, answering Soviet attacks against his Congo operations, said that if the U.N. forces were withdrawn from the Congo "I fear everything will crumble." is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Valerian Alexandrovich Zorin (Валериан Александрович Зорин in Russian) (January 1, 1902 - 1986) was a Soviet diplomat and statesman. ...

Following a U.N. report that Lumumba had been mistreated by his captors, his followers threatened (on December 9) to seize all Belgians and "start cutting off the heads of some of them" unless Lumumba was released within 48 hours. is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The threat to the U.N. cause was intensified by the announcement of the withdrawal of their U.N. Congo contingents by Yugoslavia, the United Arab Republic, Ceylon, Indonesia, Morocco, and Guinea. The Soviet pro-Lumumba resolution was defeated on December 14 by a vote of 8-2. On the same day, a Western resolution that would have given Hammarskjöld increased powers to deal with the Congo situation was vetoed by the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Lumumba was then transported on January 17, 1961, from the military prison in Thysville near Leopoldville to a 'more secure' prison in Jadotville in the Katanga Province. There were reports that Lumumba and his fellow prisoners, Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito, were beaten by provincial police upon their arrival in secessionist Katanga. is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mbanza-Ngungu, formerly known as Thysville, is a city in the western Democratic Republic of Congo, lying on the Kinshasa – Matadi railway. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... View of Jadotville (now Likasi), c1930. ... Country Democratic Republic of the Congo Capital Lubumbashi Largest city Lubumbashi National language Swahili, Tshiluba Land area¹ 496 871 km² Governor Moïse Katumbi Chapwe Population Density 4 125 000 (est. ...

Death of Lumumba

Patrice Lumumba

Sixty-seven days after he came to power, Patrice Lumumba was dismissed by state president Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba, in turn, tried to dismiss Kasa-Vubu, but to no avail. Lumumba was placed under informal house arrest at the prime minister's residence. UN troops were positioned around the house to protect him. Image File history File links PatricelumumbaIISG.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Patrice Lumumba ... Image File history File links PatricelumumbaIISG.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Patrice Lumumba ...

Following his house arrest, Lumumba made the decision to escape; this would prove a fatal mistake. Smuggled out of his residence at night in a visiting diplomat's car, he began a long journey towards Stanleyville. Mobutu's troops were in hot pursuit. Finally trapped on the banks of the Sankuru River, he was captured by soldiers loyal to Colonel Mobutu. Kisangani, formerly Stanleyville, (population 500,000) is a city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. ...

He appealed to local UN troops to save him. The UN refused on orders from headquarters in New York, reasoning that he had escaped from UN protection. He was flown first to Leopoldville (now called Kinshasa), where he appeared beaten and humiliated before journalists and diplomats. UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ...

Further humiliation followed at Mobutu's villa, where soldiers beat the elected prime minister in full view of television cameras. Lumumba was dispatched first to Thysville military barracks, one hundred miles from Leopoldville. Mbanza-Ngungu, formerly known as Thysville, is a city in the western Democratic Republic of Congo, lying on the Kinshasa – Matadi railway. ...

After the military personnel of Thysville mutinied, a more secure place was sought. It is established that Belgium wanted Lumumba taken to Katanga, which was under the rule of an enemy of Lumumba, Moise Tshombe. The Belgian Commission investigating the assassination of Lumumba reached the conclusions that (1) Belgium wanted Lumumba arrested, (2) Belgium was not particularly concerned with Lumumba's physical well being, and (3) although informed of the danger to Lumumba's life Belgium did not take any action to avert his death. Country Democratic Republic of the Congo Capital Lubumbashi Largest city Lubumbashi National language Swahili, Tshiluba Land area¹ 496 871 km² Governor Moïse Katumbi Chapwe Population Density 4 125 000 (est. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Lumumba was beaten again on the flight to Elizabethville (today called Lubumbashi) on January 17, 1961. He was seized by Katangan soldiers commanded by Belgians, and driven to Villa Brouwe. He was guarded and brutalized still further by both Belgian and Katangan troops while President Tshombe and his cabinet decided what to do with him. Elizabethville is a borough located in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

That same night it is said that Lumumba was bundled into another convoy that headed into the bush. It drew up beside a large tree, where three firing squads had been assembled. sources say that the firing squads were commanded by a Belgian and that another Belgian had overall command of the execution site. The Belgian Commission's findings were that the execution was carried out by Katanga's authorities. Their report suggests that apart from Katangan ministers, four Belgian officers were present at the execution site, but were under the command of Katangan authorities. Lumumba and two other comrades (Mpolo and Okito) from the government were lined up against the tree. President Tshombe and two other ministers were present for the executions, which took place one at a time. Lumumba's corpse was then buried nearby. The execution most likely took place on January 17, 1961 between 9:40PM and 9:43PM according to the Belgian report. is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

As to why Mpolo and Okito were executed, the apparent reason is that they would be possible political players in events after Lumumba's death.

Nothing was said for three weeks - though rumor spread quickly. When Lumumba's death was formally announced on Katangese radio, it was accompanied by an implausible story involving an escape and subsequent murder by enraged villagers. Later, under cover of this yarn, the Belgians - i.e. Belgian Police Commissioner Gerard Soete and his brother - dug up Lumumba's corpse, cut it up with a hacksaw, and dissolved it in concentrated sulfuric acid. Only some teeth and a fragment of skull survived the process, kept as souvenirs. In an interview on Belgian television in 1999, Soete displayed a bullet and two teeth that he claimed he had saved from Lumumba's body.[1] R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

After the announcement of Lumumba's death, street protests were organized in several European countries - in Belgrade, capital of Yugoslavia, protesters sacked the Belgian embassy and confronted the police, and in London a crowd marched from Trafalgar Square to the Belgian embassy, where a letter of protest was delivered and where protesters clashed with police. [2]

For many years there was much speculation over the roles that western governments had played in the prime minister's murder. With the disclosure of certain documents by author Ludo De Witte, it was finally established that Belgian soldiers were in position around Lumumba at every stage of the assassination, right up to his death. Ludo De Witte 1956 is a Belgian historian famous for uncovering murder mystery of Patrice Lumumba. ...

Under its own 'Good Samaritan' laws, Belgium was clearly legally culpable for failing to prevent the assassination from taking place. More importantly, and on a more formal and straightforwardly proven level, Belgium was in breach of its obligation (under U.N. Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state."[3] Good Samaritan laws (Acts) in the United States and Canada are laws/acts protecting from blame those who choose to aid others who are injured or ill. ...

The Belgian Commission found that Belgium had not actively sought the death of Lumumba by his transfer to Katanga, but did not show foresight either; he died within five hours of his arrival there. Neither did they try to establish his welfare at any point.

US and Belgian plots

Interestingly the same report mentions that there had previously been U.S. and Belgian plots to kill Lumumba. Obviously either they failed or they were abandoned. Among them was a CIA-sponsored attempt to poison him, which may have come on orders from U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower.^[5] CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb was a key person in this by devising a poison resembling toothpaste.^[6][7][8][9] However, the plan is said to have failed because the local CIA Station Chief, Larry Devlin, had a conscience issue and did not go forward.^[7][8][10] “CIA” redirects here. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Sidney Gottlieb Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency mind control program (MKULTRA). ... Larry Devlin is a retired CIA field officer. ...

The Belgian Commission's 2001 report led to an official apology. In February of 2002, the Belgian government apologized to the Congolese people, and admitted to a "moral responsibility" and "an irrefutable portion of responsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba." In July of the same year documents released by the United States government revealed that while the CIA had been kept informed of Belgium's plans, it had no direct role in Lumumba's eventual death.^[7] The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

However, this same disclosure showed that US perception at the time was that Lumumba was a Communist.^[11] Eisenhower's reported call, at a meeting of his national security advisers, for Lumumba's elimination must have been brought on by this perception. Both Belgium and the United States were clearly influenced in their unfavourable stance towards Lumumba by the Cold War. He seemed to gravitate around the Soviet Union. Arguably that was because that was the only place he could find support in his country's effort to rid itself of colonial rule, and not because he was a communist^[12] (ironically, the United States was the first country Lumumba requested help from^[13] - in exactly the same way that Ho Chi Minh had first sought US support, was turned down, and thus forced to look to the Communist states for help ^[14]). Lumumba, for his part, not only denied being a Communist, but said he found colonialism and Communism to be equally deplorable, and professed his personal preference for neutrality between the East and West.^[15] This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... For the city named after him, see Ho Chi Minh City. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... Occident redirects here. ...

However, the United States were very wary of him becoming too close to the Soviets, and influenced by them. On the other hand Belgium obviously had other additional, more pragmatic, reasons for opposing him. Among others they apparently felt that the Belgian interests in the Congo were not served by his government. Additionally, the Belgian head of state - i.e. the King - seemed to have an even more hostile stance than his government; he had a different attitude than the ministers of Foreign Affairs and African Affairs, who were handling the Congo case. In the words of the Belgian there was a conflict between the King and his government, which led to him taking individual actions and withholding important information from his ministers.

1961 USSR commemorative stamp

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 438 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,122 × 1,535 pixels, file size: 314 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 438 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,122 × 1,535 pixels, file size: 314 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Lumumba's political legacy

Lumumba in the 2006 Congolese elections

Patrice Lumumba continues to serve as an inspirational figure in contemporary Congolese politics. In the 2006 elections, multiple political parties claim to be motivated by the teachings of Lumumba. This includes the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (PPRD), the political party initiated by the incumbent President Joseph Kabila.^[16] Antoine Gizenga, who served as Lumumba's Deputy Prime Minister in the post-independence period, was a 2006 Presidential candidate under the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié (PALU))^[17] and was named prime minister at the end of the year. Other political parties that directly utilize his name include the Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba (MNC-L) and the Mouvement Lumumbiste (MLP). General elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on July 30, 2006, the first multiparty elections in the country in 46 years. ... The Peoples Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et le Démocratie (PPRD)) is a political party of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Joseph Kabila Kabange (born June 4, 1971), known commonly as Joseph Kabila, became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ten days after the murder of his father, in January 2001. ... Antoine Gizenga (born 5 October 1925) is a Congolese (DRC) politician, and the Prime Minister of the country since December 30, 2006. ... The Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (French: Mouvement National Congolais/ Lumumba) is a political party in Democratic Republic of the Congo. ...

Patrice Lumumba on the modern Congolese 1 Franc banknote.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (825x416, 113 KB) Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 Franc banknote, 1997 (1998), reverse side. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (825x416, 113 KB) Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 Franc banknote, 1997 (1998), reverse side. ... The Congolese Franc is the currency of the Democratic Republic of Congo. ...

Lumumba's family and politics

Patrice Lumumba's family is actively involved in contemporary Congolese politics. Patrice Lumumba was married and had five children; François was the eldest followed by Patrice junior, Julienne, Roland and Guy-Patrice Lumumba. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

François Lumumba was 10 years old when Patrice died. Before his imprisonment, Patrice arranged for his wife and children to move into exile in Egypt. François spent the rest of his childhood there, then went to Hungary for education (he holds a doctorate in political economics). He returned to Congo in the 1990s as rebellion against Mobutu began. Since 1992, François Lumumba has been the leader of the Mouvement National Congolais Lumumba (MNC-L), his father's original political party founded in 1958.^[18] Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (October 14, 1930 – September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu Sese Seko, born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965–1997), in which he rose to power... The Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (French: Mouvement National Congolais/ Lumumba) is a political party in Democratic Republic of the Congo, founded in 1958 when the country was the Belgian Congo. ...

Lumumba's youngest son, Patrice-Guy, born six months after his father's death, was a presidential candidate in the 2006 elections, running independently^[19] but receiving less than 1% of the vote.

On the DVD of the film Lumumba, the special features section includes an interview with Julienne in which she speaks of how her father knew that he was going to die for the cause, that he spoke of it frequently but did not anticipate the rule of Mobutu. She says that Lumumba had faith that his message would live on after his death.

Writings by Patrice Lumumba

• Congo, My Country, 1962, New York: Praeger (Books That Matter)
• Lumumba Speaks: The Speeches and Writings of Patrice Lumumba, 1958-1961 [Collection of Speeches, Little, Brown and Company, 1972] Translated by Helen R. Lane. Ed. Jean Van Lierde

Writings about Patrice Lumumba

• Aimé Césaire, Une Saison au Congo (1966); Eng. trans. by Ralph Manheim, A Season in the Congo (1969). A poetic drama about the career and death of Lumumba.
• W. A. E Skurnik, African Political Thought: Lumumba, Nkrumah, Touré (Social Science Foundation and Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. Monograph series in world affairs, v. 5, no. 3-4), 1968, Denver: University of Denver, ASIN B0006CNYSW
• Ludo De Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Trans. by Ann Wright and Renée Fenby, 2002 (Orig. 2001), London; New York: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-410-3
• Thomas R. Kanza, Conflict in the Congo: The Rise and Fall of Lumumba (Penguin African library), 1972, New York: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-041030-9
• Robin McKown, Lumumba: A Biography, 1969, London: Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-07776-9
• G. Heinz, Lumumba: The Last Fifty Days, 1980, New York: Grove Press, ASIN B0006C07TQ
• Panaf, Patrice Lumumba (Panaf Great Lives), 1973, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-901787-31-0
• Kwame Nkrumah, Challenge of the Congo, 1967, New York: International Publishers

Aimé Fernand David Césaire (born June 25, 1913) is a French poet, author and politician. ... Ralph Manheim (1907 - 26 September 1992) was a translator of German and French literature. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Tributes

• In 1966 Patrice Lumumba's image was rehabilitated by the Mobutu regime and he was proclaimed a national hero and martyr in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By a presidential decree, the Brouwez House, site of Lumumba's brutal torture on the night of his murder, became a place of pilgrimage in the Congo.^[20] Furthermore, plans were made to erect a spire in Lumumba's memory (which was never completed), and the anniversary of Lumumba's death was commemorated every year, at least until 1974, upon the unveiling of Mobutism. Also, Brouwez House was later neglected and allowed to fall into disrepair.^[21]
• A major transportation artery in Kinshasa, the Lumumba Boulevard, is named in his honor. The boulevard goes past an interchange with a giant tower - known as Tour de l'Echangeur (the main landmark of Kinshasa) in honor of the martyr prime minister. On the tower's plaza, the Kabila regime erected a tall statue of Lumumba with a raised hand, greeting people coming from Kinshasa International Airport.
• In Bamako, Mali, one of the most popular places is Lumumba Square, a large plaza with a life-size statue of Lumumba, a park with fountains, and a flag display. Around square Lumumba are various businesses, embassies and Bamako's largest bank.
• Streets were also named after him in Ghana, Budapest, Hungary (between 1961 and 1990); Bata and Malabo, Equatorial Guinea; Tehran, Iran; Algiers, Algeria (Rue Patrice Lumumba);^[22] Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (since 1960, formerly Avenida de Bélgica); Łódź, Poland; Kiev, Ukraine; Rabat, Morocco; Maputo, Mozambique; Leipzig, Germany.
• The Peoples' Friendship University of the USSR was renamed "Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University" in 1961, but it was later renamed "The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia" in the post-Soviet landscape in 1992.
• In Belgrade, Serbia, "The Patris Lumumba Hall of Residence" at Belgrade University was built in 1961 and continues to carry Lumumba's name.^[23]
• In Kampala, Uganda, "Lumumba Hall" of Residence at Makerere University continues to carry his name.
• "Lumumba" is a popular choice for children's names throughout Africa.^[24]

Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (October 14, 1930 – September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu Sese Seko, born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965–1997), in which he rose to power... For other uses, see Martyr (disambiguation). ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Mobutism was an official state and party ideology in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) during the latter half of the 20th century. ... Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville or, before 1960, also Leopoldstad) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Joseph Kabila Kabange (born June 4, 1971), known commonly as Joseph Kabila, became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ten days after the murder of his father, in January 2001. ... NDjili International Airport (IATA: FIH, ICAO: FZAA), also known as Kinshasa International Airport, serves the city of Kinshasa and is the largest of the four international airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... View of Bamako Bamako district Bamako, population 1,690,471 (2006), is the capital of Mali, and is the biggest city in the country. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Location of Bata in Equatorial Guinea Bata is the second largest city of Equatorial Guinea with a population of around 70,000 people. ... Location of Malabo in Equatorial Guinea Malabo is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea, located on the northern coast of Bioko Island (formerly Fernando Póo). ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some 540 miles (869 km) east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana. ... Motto: Ex navicula navis (From a boat, a ship) Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Łódź City Rights 1423 Government  - Mayor Jerzy Kropiwnicki Area  - City 293. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Mausoleum of Mohammed V through mosque ruins NASA image of Rabat Rabat (Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ), population 1. ... Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... The Peoples Friendship University of Russia (Росси́йский Университе́т Дру́жбы Наро́дов, РУДН) is located in southwest Moscow. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Friendship University of Russia (Росси́йский Университе́т Дру́жбы Наро́дов, РУДН) is located in southwest Moscow. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Belgrade (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... University of Belgrade is the highest educational institution in Belgrade and Serbia. ... Kampala is the capital city of Uganda. ... Makerere University is Ugandas largest university. ...

Filmography

• Lumumba: Death of a Prophet (1992). Documentary distributed by California Newsreel.
• Lumumba : Un crime d'Etat (in English Lumumba: A state crime)
• Congo 1961, El at the Internet Movie Database. As himself in a documentary.

The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ...

Archive video and audio

• BBC On This Day - 14 September, 1960: Violence Follows Army Coup in Congo
• BBC On This Day - 13 February, 1961: EX-Congo PM Declared Dead
• BBC On This Day - 19 February, 1961: Lumumba Rally Clashes with UK Police

Patrice Lumumba in popular culture

Books

• Tim Butcher: Blood River - A Journey To Africa's Broken Heart, 2007. ISBN 0-701-17981-3
• Bogumil Jewsiewicki, ed., A Congo Chronicle: Patrice Lumumba in Urban Art, 1999, New York: Museum for African Art, ISBN 0-945802-25-0. The catalogue of a travelling exhibition of contemporary Congolese artists who were inspired by the legacy of Lumumba.
• Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible is a fictional account of an American missionary family in the Congo during the election and assassination of Lumumba. The book is critical of western governments and their interference in Africa.

Tim Butcher, (born 1967 in Warwickshire, UK) is an English journalist and author. ... Barbara Kingsolver (born April 8, 1955) is an American fiction writer. ... The Poisonwood Bible is a 1998 novel by Barbara Kingsolver, which details a missionary familys life in the Congo beginning in the 1960s as experienced by the five women in the family. ...

Films

• JFK at the Internet Movie Database (uncredited) Himself (archive footage)
• Lumumba (film) (2000). Dramatized biography of Lumumba directed by Raoul Peck.
• Tule tagasi, Lumumba at the Internet Movie Database aka Come Back, Lumumba. Estonian film from 1992.
• In the film The Day of the Jackal, it is portrayed that the Jackal is the same assassin who killed Patrice Lumumba and Rafael Leónidas Trujillo and before attempting to murder Charles de Gaulle.
• In the film Black Jesus (titled Seduto alla sua Destra in Italian), Valeria Zurlini compared the life of Lumumba to Jesus.

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... Lumumba is a 2000 film about the months before and after Congo (Kinshasa) achieved independence from Belgium in June 1960. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Day of the Jackal is a 1973 film set in late 1963, based on a novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth. ... The Jackal is the main character in the fiction novel The Day Of The Jackal by Frederick Forsyth, which features a storyline centered on a professional assassination attempt on Charles de Gaulles life in the summer of 1963. ... This article is about Rafael L. Trujillo, former dictator of the Dominican Republic. ... For other uses, see Charles de Gaulle (disambiguation). ...

References

1. ^ Independence Day Speech. Africa Within. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.
2. ^ Ludo De Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Trans. by Ann Wright and Renée Fenby, 2002 (Orig. 2001), London; New York: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-410-3, pp. 1-3.
3. ^ Marred: Lumumba's offensive speech in King's presence. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on August 14, 2006.
4. ^ Larry Devlin, Chief of Station Congo, 2007, Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-405-2
5. ^ President 'ordered murder' of Congo leader. The Guardian. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
6. ^ 6) Plan to poison Congo leader Patrice Lumumba (p. 464), Family jewels CIA documents, on the National Security Archive's website
7. ^ ^{a b c} A killing in Congo. US News. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Who killed Lumumba". "Africa Within".
9. ^ Sidney Gottlieb "obituary" Sidney Gottlieb. Counterpunch.org.
10. ^ Interview with Mark Garsin. Counterpunch.org.
11. ^ Blaine Harden, Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent, p. 50
12. ^ Sean Kelly, America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire, p. 29
13. ^ Kelly, p. 28
14. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh#Independence_movement
15. ^ Kelly, p. 49
16. ^ Kabila Party formed in DR Congo. BBC News. Retrieved on July 30, 2006.
17. ^ Profile: Congo opposition candidates. BBC News. Retrieved on July 30, 2006.
18. ^ Interview with François Lumumba by André Soussan. African Geopolitics. Retrieved on July 30, 2006.
19. ^ Key Figures in Congo's Electoral Process. United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks. Retrieved on July 30, 2006.
20. ^ Ludo De Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Trans. by Ann Wright and Renée Fenby, 2002 (Orig. 2001), London; New York: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-410-3, pp. 165.
21. ^ Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 169
22. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/54067.stm
23. ^ http://www.sc.org.yu/dom.php?dom=patris
24. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3321575.stm

For other uses, see Guardian. ... The Family Jewels is the informal name used to refer to a set of reports that detail illegal activities conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency in a roughly quarter-century period spanning the 1950s through the mid-1970s. ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... U.S. News & World Report is a weekly newsmagazine. ...

External links

• Virtual Memorial to Patrice Lumumba at Find-A-grave
• Africa Within A rich source of information on Lumumba, including a reprint of Stephen R. Weissman's July 21, 2002 article from the Washington Post, "Opening the Secret Files on Lumumba's Murder," detailing declassified documents on the CIA's role in Lumumba's murder and the overthrow by Mobutu.
• BBC Lumumba apology: Congo's mixed feelings
• Biography of Patrice Lumumba
• Mysteries of History Lumumba assassination
• Lumumba and the Congo Documentary of Lumumba's life and work in the Congo
• BBC An "On this day" text. It features an audio clip of a BBC correspondent on Lumumba's death.
• Belgian Parliament The findings of the Belgian Commission of 2001 investigating Belgian involvement in the death of Lumumba. Documents at the bottom of the page are in English.
• Belgian Commission's Conclusion A particular document from the previous link
• D'Lynn Waldron Dr. D'Lynn Waldron's extensive archive of articles, photographs, and documents from her days as a foreign press correspondent in Lumumba's 1960 Congo
• Mysteries of History Lumumba assassination

• CIA plans included the assassination of Patrice Lumumba

v • d • e Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its antecedents

Lumumba • Ileo • Ndele • Bomboko§^ • Ileo • Adoula • Tshombe • Kimba • Mulamba† • post abolished, 1966-77 • Kasenda • Mihambo • Nguza • Udjuu • Kengo • Mulumba • Nbagui • Kengo • Bululu • Lukoji • Tshisekedi • Diaka • Nguza • Tshisekedi • Birindwa • Kengo • Tshisekedi • Bolongo • post abolished, 1997-2006 • Gizenga § Served alongside Ileo, then Ndele, then alone. ^ Gizenga headed a government in rebellion in 1960-61, beginning during Bomboko's term. † military

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This is the list of the Heads of Government in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaïre) since independence : See also Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Prime Minister External links French Congolite Histoire du Congo (RDC) Congo (Kinshasa) : Chronology Categories: | | ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is the list of the Heads of Government in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaïre) since independence : See also Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Prime Minister External links French Congolite Histoire du Congo (RDC) Congo (Kinshasa) : Chronology Categories: | | ... Cyrille Adoula (born September 13, 1921 in Léopoldville – died May 24, 1978 in Lausanne, Switzerland) was a Congolese politician. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Evariste Kimba (July 16, 1926 - Kinshasa, June 2, 1966) served briefly as the Democratic Republic of the Congos Prime Minister from October 18 to November 14, 1965. ... Mpinga Kasenda (1937 - May 1994) was a political figure in Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko. ... Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond (1938-July 27, 2003) was a prominent Zairian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Zaire (August 27, 1980-April 23, 1981 and November 25, 1991-August 15, 1992), as foreign minister three times (1972-1974, 1976-1977, and 1979-1980), and as Zaire... Léon Kengo Wa Dondo (born May 22, 1935) served as the first state commissioner (a title equivalent to prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. ... Léon Kengo Wa Dondo (born May 22, 1935) served as the first state commissioner (a title equivalent to prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. ... Etienne Tshisekedi is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond (1938-July 27, 2003) was a prominent Zairian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Zaire (August 27, 1980-April 23, 1981 and November 25, 1991-August 15, 1992), as foreign minister three times (1972-1974, 1976-1977, and 1979-1980), and as Zaire... Etienne Tshisekedi is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Léon Kengo Wa Dondo (born May 22, 1935) served as the first state commissioner (a title equivalent to prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. ... Etienne Tshisekedi is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... Antoine Gizenga (born 5 October 1925) is a Congolese (DRC) politician, and the Prime Minister of the country since December 30, 2006. ... Antoine Gizenga (born 5 October 1925) is a Congolese (DRC) politician, and the Prime Minister of the country since December 30, 2006. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo. ... Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 407 pixel Image in higher resolution (2759 × 1404 pixel, file size: 55 KB, MIME type: image/png) this is a boring map of africa!!!!!!!!!!!! World map depicting Africa; map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book File... Molefi Kete Asante (born August 14, 1942) is a contemporary African American scholar in the field of African studies and African American Studies. ... Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (November 16, 1904 – May 11, 1996), usually referred to as Nnamdi Azikiwe, or, informally and popularly, as Zik, was the founder of modern Nigerian nationalism and the first President of Nigeria, holding the position throughout the Nigerian First Republic. ... Steve Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a noted anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early 1970s. ... Francis Ohanyido (born March 4, 1970) is an African philosopher, poet, essayist, public health Physician, and activist. ... Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832-1912) was an educator, writer, diplomat, and politician in Liberia and Sierra Leone. ... Amílcar Lopes Cabral (September 21, 1924 – January 20, 1973) was an African agronomic engineer, writer and nationalist politician. ... Is a Barbadian born political activist founder of the Clement Payne Movement and once served as head of the governments commision for Pan-African affairs. ... Book Cover The African origins of civilization Cheikh Anta Diop (29 December 1923–7 February 1986) was a Senegalese historian, anthropologist, and staunch defender of the world view known as Afrocentricity, which places emphasis on the human races African origins and on the study of pre-colonial African culture... William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (pronounced ) (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. ... Frantz Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a French author from Martinique, essayist, psychoanalyst, and revolutionary. ... Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 (Arabic:   ) (born c. ... Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. ... Yosef A.A. Ben-Jochannan (born December 24, 1918, Gondar, Ethiopia) is an American historian. ... Dr. Ron Karenga Dr. Ron Karenga (Maulana Ron Karenga, Maulana Karenga, Ron Ndabezitha Everett-Karenga, Ron N. Everett) is an author and activist best known as the founder of the African-American holiday of Kwanzaa, first celebrated in California, December 26, 1966 to January 1, 1967. ... Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991. ... Jomo Kenyatta (October 20, 1889 – August 22, 1978) served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of Kenya. ... This article is about the reggae musician. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942) is the current President of the Republic of South Africa. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Abdias do Nascimento (b. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding in 1964 until his retirement in 1985. ... George Padmore (1902-1959), born Malcolm Nurse was a Trinidadian communist and later a leading Pan-Africanist with anti-communist sympathies. ... Dr. Motsoko Pheko Dr. Motsoko Pheko is the president of the P.A.C. (Pan Africanist Congress) in Azania. ... John Nyathi Poks Pokela (1922[1] or 1923[2]–June 1985) was a South African political activist and Chairman of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). ... Runoko Rashidi is an historian, research specialist, writer, world traveler, and public lecturer based in Los Angeles. ... Walter Rodney (March 23, 1942 - June 13, 1980) was a prominent Guyanese historian and political figure. ... Haile Selassie I KG, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Geez: , Power of the Trinity; July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975) was de jure Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 and de facto from 1916 to 1936 and 1941 to 1974. ... Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe (1924 – 27 February 1978) was a South African political dissident, who founded the Pan African Congress in opposition to the Apartheid regime. ... Jah man! Winston Rodney (born March 1, 1948) a. ... Henry Sylvester Williams (Feb. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ... Carmichael amidst a demonstration near the United States Capitol protesting the House of Representatives action denying Rep. ... Isaac Theophilus Akunna Wallace-Johnson (1895–May 10, 1965) was a British West African workers leader, journalist, and politician. ... Omali Yeshitela Omali Yeshitela is a longtime civil rights activist from St. ...
Concepts	United States of Africa · Afrocentrism · Kwanzaa · Pan-African colours · Pan-African flag · Négritude · African nationalism · African socialism · African Century · Africanization · Kawaida  · Ujamaa  · Harambee  · Ubuntu  · Zikism The United States of Africa is a name sometimes given to one version of the possible future unification of Africa as a national and sovereign federation of states similar in formation to the United States of America, mirroring the idea of the United States of Europe. ... An 1812 map of Africa see African studies for the study of African culture and history in Africa. ... Kwanzaa (or Kwaanza) is a week-long Pan-African festival primarily honoring African-American heritage. ... African coutries using Pan-African colours in their flags, shown in red. ... The Red, Black and Green flag designed by the UNIA in 1920. ... Négritude is a literary and political movement developed in the 1930s by a group that included the future Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, and Léon Damas. ... African nationalism is the nationalist political movement for one united Africa, or the lesser goal of the recognition of African tribes by establishing their own state and preservation of their native cultures. ... African socialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as distinct from classical socialism. ... The African Century is a term that has a variety of meanings. ... Africanization, as used in this article, refers to the modification of place names or personal names to better reflect an African identity. ... African Philosophy is a disputed term, used in different ways by different philosophers. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Harambee is Kenyan tradition of community self-help events, eg. ... Look up ubuntu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Zikism is the system of political thought attributed to the Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, one of the founding fathers of modern Nigeria and the first President of Nigeria. ...
Organizations and movements	African Union (OAU) · AAPRP · Uhuru Movement · UNIA-ACL · African Unification Front · African diaspora Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Largest city Cairo, Egypt Working languages Arabic English French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders  -  Chairman John Kufuor  -  Alpha Oumar Konaré Establishment  -  as the OAU May 25, 1963   -  as the African Union July 9, 2002  Area  -  Total 29... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... // The All-African People’s Revolutionary Party (A-APRP) is a group of socialist that was founded by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. ... The Uhuru Movement is a group of organizations who are fighting for the Afro-American peoples rights. ... The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) is an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. ... The African Unification Front is an organisation aiming to promote a political, social and economic union in Africa. ... The African diaspora is the diaspora created by the movements and cultures of Africans and their descendants throughout the world, to places such as the Americas, (including the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America); Europe and Asia. ...