Paul Pierre Broca

Paul Pierre Broca (June 28, 1824 – July 9, 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. Paul Pierre Broca File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Paul Pierre Broca File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Physician examining a child The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ... Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things; thus there is animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). ... See Anthropology. ...

Broca was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. He was a prodigy as a child, holding baccalaureate degrees simultaneously in literature, mathematics and physics. He entered medical school in Paris when he was only 17 years old, and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as medical students. Sainte-Foy-la-Grande is a commune of the Gironde d partement, in France. ... A child prodigy, or simply prodigy, is someone who is a master of one or more skills or arts at an early age. ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course that generally lasts three or four years. ... Open Directory Project: Literature World Literature Electronic Text Archives Magazines and E-zines Online Writing Writers Resources Libraries, Digital Cataloguing, Metadata Distance Learning Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Classicism in Literature The Universal Library, by Carnegie Mellon University Project Gutenberg Online Library Abacci - Project Gutenberg texts matched with Amazon... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mathematics Look up Mathematics on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ... Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. ... Medical school generally refers to a tertiary educational institution (or part of such an institution) which is involved in the education of future medical practitioners (medical doctors). ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...

Broca soon became a professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris and a noted medical researcher in many areas. At the age of 24 he had received many awards, medals and important positions. His early scientific works dealt with the histology of cartilage and bone, but he also studied cancer pathology, the treatment of aneurysms, and infant mortality. As a superb neuroanatomist, he made important contributions to the understanding of the limbic system, or rhinencephalon. The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. ... Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ... An aneurysm (or aneurism) (from Gr. ... For early system failures, see failure rate. ... Neuroanatomy is the anatomy of the nervous system. ... The limbic system is a group of brain structures that are involved in various emotions such as aggression, fear, pleasure and also in the formation of memory. ... In anatomy of animals, the rhinencephalon is a part of the brain involved with olfaction. ...

Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech center of the brain (now known as the Broca's area, the third circumvolution of the frontal lobe). He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients (persons unable to talk), particularly the brain of his first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital, named "Tan," who Broca discovered in 1861 to have a neurosyphilitic lesion in the left side of the brain, precisely in the area which controlled speech. Although history credits this discovery to Broca, it should be noted that another French neurologist, Marc Dax, made similar observations a generation earlier. Comparative brain sizes In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. ... Brocas area is the section of the human brain (in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cortex) which is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension. ... The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of vertebrates. ... Aphasia is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce or comprehend language, due to brain damage. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Marc Dax (1771-1837) was a French neurologist, sometimes credited for discovering the link between neurological damage to the left hemisphere, right-sided hemiplegia, and a loss of the ability to produce speech (aphasia). ...

Patients with damage to Broca's area and/or to neighboring regions of the left inferior frontal lobe are often categorized clinically as having Broca's aphasia. This type of aphasia, which often involves impairments in speech output, can be contrasted with Wernicke's aphasia, named for Karl Wernicke, which is characterized by damage to more posterior regions of the left hemisphere (in the superior temporal lobe), and by greater impairments in speech comprehension. Brocas area is the section of the human brain (in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cortex) which is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension. ... Expressive aphasia, known as Brocas aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is an aphasia caused by damage to Brocas area in the brain. ... Aphasia is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce or comprehend language, due to brain damage. ... Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernickes aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and neologistic jargonaphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is a type of aphasia caused by neurological damage to Wernickes area in the brain. ... Carl Wernicke -- 1848-1905. ...

Broca was also a pioneer in the study of physical anthropology. He founded the Anthopological Society in 1859, the Revue d'Anthropologie in 1872, and the School of Anthropology in Paris in 1876. He advanced the science of cranial anthropometry by developing many new types of measuring instruments (craniometers) and numerical indices. The uses that racist ideologues and even reputable scientists made of Broca's measurements and conclusions have been analyzed by Stephen Jay Gould in The Mismeasure of Man (1981). Broca's work is also featured in Carl Sagan's Broca's Brain. Physical anthropology, sometimes called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Craniometry is the technique of measuring the bones of the skull. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water fountain at a racially segregated streetcar terminal in the United States in 1939. ... Stephen Jay Gould For the science fiction writer, see Stephen Gould. ... The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould (ISBN 0393039722) is a controversial book critiquing what he saw as scientific racism, starting with ideas such as craniometry and the eugenics movement and concluding with more recent developments in the study of race and intelligence. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A respected astronomer and dogged critic of pseudoscience, Carl Sagan is best known for his enthusiastic efforts at popularizing science. ...

Another field in which Broca contributed significantly was the comparative anatomy of primates. He described for the first time trephined skulls from the Neolithic. He was very interested in the relation between anatomical features of the brain and mental capabilities, such as intelligence. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in organisms. ... Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. ... 18th century French illustration of trepanation Trepanation (also known as trepanning, trephination, or trephining) is a form of surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. ... The Neolithic, (Greek neos = new, lithos = stone, or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ... Intelligence is usually said to involve mental capabilities such as the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ...

As a personality, Broca seemed to be a remarkable individual. His contemporaries described him as a "generous, compassionate and kind, with unbreakable fortitude and honesty, venerated by all. He never made an enemy and never lost a friend. He was noble and a Christian follower." Despite this characterization, Broca was denounced by authorities as a subversive, materialist, and corrupter of the youth after he founded a society of freethinkers in 1848 sympathetic to Charles Darwin's theories. History Main article: History of Christianity See also: Timeline of Christianity The history of Christianity is difficult to extricate from that of the European West (and several other culture-regions) in general. ... This article is about the computer software framework. ... This article primarily focuses on the general concepts of matter and existence. ... Freethought is the practice of attempting to form ones opinions independently of or unlimited by tradition, authority, established belief, preconception, prejudice or any agenda that might compromise the free exercise of thought. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as a controversial and influential scientist. ...

Near the end of his life, Paul Broca was elected a lifetime member of the French Senate. He was also a member of the Académie Française and held honorary degrees from many other learned institutions, both in France and abroad. Broca died in Paris in 1880. The Senate (in French : le Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France. ... The Académie française, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ...