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For other uses, see Perl (disambiguation). | Perl | |
| | Paradigm | Multi-paradigm | | Appeared in | 1987 | | Designed by | Larry Wall | | Latest release | 5.10.0/ December 18, 2007 (2007-12-18); 142 days ago | | Typing discipline | Dynamic | | Influenced by | AWK, BASIC, BASIC-PLUS, C, C++, Lisp, Pascal, sed, Unix shell | | Influenced | Python, PHP, Ruby, ECMAScript, Dao, Windows PowerShell | | OS | Cross-platform | | License | GNU General Public License, Artistic License | | Website | http://www.perl.org/ | Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. Perl borrows features from a variety of other languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, sed and Lisp.[1] Perl was widely adopted for its strengths in text processing and lack of the arbitrary limitations of many scripting languages at the time.[2] Look up perl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Programming Republic of Perl logo This image is trademarked. ...
A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ...
A multiparadigm programming language is a programming language that supports more than one programming paradigm. ...
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ...
is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ...
AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ...
This article is about the programming language. ...
Basic Plus (or Basic-Plus) was an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E time_shared operating system for the PDP-11 series of 16-bit minicomputers in the early 1970s through the 1980s. ...
C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
C++ (pronounced ) is a general-purpose programming language. ...
“LISP†redirects here. ...
Pascal is a structured imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ...
The correct title of this article is . ...
Screenshot of a sample Bash session, taken on Gentoo Linux. ...
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ...
For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ...
Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ...
ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ...
Dao is an object-oriented scripting language with dynamically typed variables supporting complex data structures. ...
Windows PowerShell is an administration focused extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ...
An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...
A cross-platform (or platform independent) programming language, software application or hardware device works on more than one system platform (e. ...
A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ...
GPL redirects here. ...
The Artistic License is a software license used for certain free software packages, most notably the standard Perl implementation, most of CPAN modules and Parrot, which are dual-licensed under the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License (GPL). ...
A website (alternatively, web site or Web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible via the Internet. ...
Dynamic programming language is a term used broadly in computer science to describe a class of high level programming languages that execute at runtime many common behaviors that other languages might perform during compilation, if at all. ...
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
A shell script is a script written for the shell, or command line interpreter, of an operating system. ...
The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ...
AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ...
The correct title of this article is . ...
“LISP†redirects here. ...
A scripting language, script language or extension language, is a programming language that controls software application. ...
History
Larry Wall began work on Perl in 1987, while working as a programmer at Unisys,[3] and released version 1.0 to the comp.sources.misc newsgroup on December 18, 1987[4]. The language expanded rapidly over the next few years. Perl 2, released in 1988, featured a better regular expression engine. Perl 3, released in 1989, added support for binary data streams. Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS), based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware[3], is a global provider of information technology services and solutions. ...
A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. ...
is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the year 1987. ...
In computing, a regular expression is a string that is used to describe or match a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. ...
A Hexdump of a JPEG image. ...
Until 1991, the only documentation for Perl was a single (increasingly lengthy) man page. In 1991, Programming perl (known to many Perl programmers as the "Camel Book") was published, and became the de facto reference for the language. At the same time, the Perl version number was bumped to 4, not to mark a major change in the language, but to identify the version that was documented by the book. The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ...
Programming Perl book cover Programming Perl, best known as the camel book among hackers, is a book about writing programs or scripts using the Perl programming language. ...
Perl 4 went through a series of maintenance releases, culminating in Perl 4.036 in 1993. At that point, Larry Wall abandoned Perl 4 to begin work on Perl 5.
Initial design of Perl 5 continued into 1994. The perl5-porters mailing list was established in May 1994 to coordinate work on porting Perl 5 to different platforms. It remains the primary forum for development, maintenance, and porting of Perl 5.[5] A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. ...
Perl 5 was released on October 17, 1994. It was a nearly complete rewrite of the interpreter, and added many new features to the language, including objects, references, lexical (my) variables, and modules. Importantly, modules provided a mechanism for extending the language without modifying the interpreter. This allowed the core interpreter to stabilize, even as it enabled ordinary Perl programmers to add new language features. is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that executes, or performs, instructions written in a computer programming language. ...
In computer science, a local variable is a variable that is given local scope. ...
As of 2007, Perl 5 is still being actively maintained. Important features and some essential new language constructs have been added along the way, including Unicode support, threads, improved support for object oriented programming and many other enhancements. 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...
For the form of code consisting entirely of subroutine calls, see Threaded code. ...
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ...
On December 18, 2007, the 20th anniversary of Perl 1.0, Perl 5.10.0 was released. Perl 5.10.0 includes notable new features, which bring it closer to Perl 6, among them a new switch statement (called "given/when"), regular expressions updates, the "smart match operator" ~~, and more.[6] is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
Perl 6 is a planned major revision to the Perl programming language. ...
In computer programming, a switch statement is a type of control statement that exists in most modern imperative programming languages (e. ...
One of the most important events in Perl 5 history took place outside of the language proper, and was a consequence of its module support. On October 26, 1995, the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) was established as a repository for Perl modules and Perl itself. At the time of writing, it carries over 11,000 modules by over 5,000 authors. CPAN is widely regarded as one of the greatest strengths of Perl in practice. is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...
CPAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. ...
A repository is a central place where data is stored and maintained. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Modularity (programming). ...
Name Perl was originally named "Pearl", after the Parable of the Pearl from the Gospel of Matthew. Larry Wall wanted to give the language a short name with positive connotations; he claims that he considered (and rejected) every three- and four-letter word in the dictionary. He also considered naming it after his wife Gloria. Wall discovered the existing PEARL programming language before Perl's official release and changed the spelling of the name. Illustration of the Parable of the Pearl of Great Price, by John Everett Millais, from Parables of our Lord (1864) The Parable of the Pearl or the Pearl of Great Price is a parable told by Jesus in explaining the value of the Kingdom of Heaven, according to Matthew 13...
The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον, Kata Maththaion or Kata Matthaion) is a synoptic gospel in the New Testament, one of four canonical gospels. ...
PEARL, or Process and Experiment Automation Realtime Language, is a computer programming language designed for multitasking and real-time programming. ...
The name is normally capitalized (Perl) when referring to the language and uncapitalized (perl) when referring to the interpreter program itself since Unix-like file systems are case-sensitive. Before the release of the first edition of Programming Perl, it was common to refer to the language as perl; Randal L. Schwartz, however, capitalised the language's name in the book to make it stand out better when typeset. The case distinction was subsequently adopted by the community.[7] Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz (born November 22, 1961) is an American author, system administrator and programming consultant. ...
The name is occasionally given as "PERL" (for Practical Extraction and Report Language). Although the expansion has prevailed in many of today's manuals, including the official Perl man page, it is merely a backronym. The name does not officially stand for anything, so spelling it in all caps is incorrect. Proper capitalisation is considered a shibboleth (label of insiders) in the Perl community.[8] Several other expansions have been suggested, including Wall's own humorous Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister.[9] Indeed, Wall claims that the name was intended to inspire many different expansions.[10] The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ...
A backronym (or bacronym) is a phrase that is constructed after the fact from a previously existing abbreviation, the abbreviation being an initialism or an acronym. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The camel symbol Programming Perl, published by O'Reilly Media, features a picture of a camel on the cover, and is commonly referred to as The Camel Book.[3] This image of a camel has become a general symbol of Perl. Programming Perl book cover Programming Perl, best known as the camel book among hackers, is a book about writing programs or scripts using the Perl programming language. ...
Programming Perl is a classic OReilly book. ...
For other uses, see Camel (disambiguation). ...
O'Reilly owns the image as a trademark, but claims to use their legal rights only to protect the "integrity and impact of that symbol".[11] O'Reilly allows non-commercial use of the symbol, and provides Programming Republic of Perl logos and Powered by Perl buttons.[12]
Overview Perl is a general-purpose programming language originally developed for text manipulation and now used for a wide range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, GUI development, and more. A system administrator is a person responsible for running, or running some aspect of, a computer system. ...
Web development is a broad term for any activities related to developing a web site for the World Wide Web or an intranet. ...
Network programming may refer to one of several things: Network programming, (computer) Network programming, (television) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ...
The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal).[13] Its major features include support for multiple programming paradigms (procedural, object-oriented, and functional styles), reference counting memory management (without a cycle detecting garbage collector), built-in support for text processing, and a large collection of third-party modules. ...
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. ...
Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ...
In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an object or block of memory. ...
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Modularity (programming). ...
Features The overall structure of Perl derives broadly from C. Perl is procedural in nature, with variables, expressions, assignment statements, brace-delimited code blocks, control structures, and subroutines. In computer science and mathematics, a variable (pronounced ) (sometimes called an object or identifier in computer science) is a symbolic representation used to denote a quantity or expression. ...
An expression in a programming language is a combination of values and functions or procedures, interpreted according to the particular rules of precedence and of association for a particular programming language, which computes and then returns another value. ...
Assignment statement is a statement where a destination is assigned a specific value , mostly copied from a source , where the source can be either a variable , a constant or any other . ...
For technical reasons, :) and some similar combinations starting with : redirect here. ...
In computer programming, a statement block (or code block) is a section of code which is grouped together, much like a paragraph; such blocks consist of one, or more, statements. ...
In computer science and in computer programming, statements in pseudocode or in a program are normally obeyed one after the other in the order in which they are written (sequential flow of control). ...
In computer science, a subroutine (function, method, procedure, or subprogram) is a portion of code within a larger program, which performs a specific task and can be relatively independent of the remaining code. ...
Perl also takes features from shell programming. All variables are marked with leading sigils, which unambiguously identify the data type (scalar, array, hash, etc.) of the variable in context. Importantly, sigils allow variables to be interpolated directly into strings. Perl has many built-in functions which provide tools often used in shell programming (though many of these tools are implemented by programs external to the shell) like sorting, and calling on system facilities. In computer programming, a sigil is a symbol attached to a variable name, showing the variables datatype. ...
Perl takes lists from Lisp, associative arrays (hashes) from AWK, and regular expressions from sed. These simplify and facilitate many parsing, text handling, and data management tasks. Look up list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
An associative array (also map, hash, dictionary, finite map, lookup table, and in query-processing an index or index file) is an abstract data type composed of a collection of keys and a collection of values, where each key is associated with one value. ...
In computing, a regular expression is a string that is used to describe or match a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. ...
In Perl 5, features were added that support complex data structures, first-class functions (i.e., closures as values), and an object-oriented programming model. These include references, packages, class-based method dispatch, and lexically scoped variables, along with compiler directives (for example, the strict pragma). A major additional feature introduced with Perl 5 was the ability to package code as reusable modules. Larry Wall later stated that "The whole intent of Perl 5's module system was to encourage the growth of Perl culture rather than the Perl core."[14] A binary tree, a simple type of branching linked data structure. ...
In computer science, a programming language is said to support first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class objects. ...
In computer science, a closure is a function that is evaluated in an environment containing one or more bound variables. ...
This article is about a general notion of reference in computing. ...
In computer programming, scope is an enclosing context where values and expressions are associated. ...
In computer science, a compiler directive is data embedded in source code by programmers to tell compilers some intention about compilation. ...
All versions of Perl do automatic data typing and memory management. The interpreter knows the type and storage requirements of every data object in the program; it allocates and frees storage for them as necessary using reference counting (so it cannot deallocate circular data structures without manual intervention). Legal type conversions—for example, conversions from number to string—are done automatically at run time; illegal type conversions are fatal errors. In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an object or block of memory. ...
Design The design of Perl can be understood as a response to three broad trends in the computer industry: falling hardware costs, rising labor costs, and improvements in compiler technology. Many earlier computer languages, such as Fortran and C, were designed to make efficient use of expensive computer hardware. In contrast, Perl is designed to make efficient use of expensive computer programmers. Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
Perl has many features that ease the programmer's task at the expense of greater CPU and memory requirements. These include automatic memory management; dynamic typing; strings, lists, and hashes; regular expressions; introspection and an eval() function. In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ...
Wall was trained as a linguist, and the design of Perl is very much informed by linguistic principles. Examples include Huffman coding (common constructions should be short), good end-weighting (the important information should come first), and a large collection of language primitives. Perl favors language constructs that are concise and natural for humans to read and write, even where they complicate the Perl interpreter. In computer science and information theory, Huffman coding is an entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. ...
Perl syntax reflects the idea that "things that are different should look different". For example, scalars, arrays, and hashes have different leading sigils. Array indices and hash keys use different kinds of braces. Strings and regular expressions have different standard delimiters. This approach can be contrasted with languages like Lisp, where the same S-expression construct and basic syntax is used for many different purposes. In computer programming, a sigil is a symbol attached to a variable name, showing the variables datatype. ...
Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ...
An S-expression (S stands for symbolic) is a convention for representing data or an expression in a computer program in a text form. ...
Perl does not enforce any particular programming paradigm (procedural, object-oriented, functional, etc.) or even require the programmer to choose among them.
There is a broad practical bent to both the Perl language and the community and culture that surround it. The preface to Programming Perl begins, "Perl is a language for getting your job done." One consequence of this is that Perl is not a tidy language. It includes many features, tolerates exceptions to its rules, and employs heuristics to resolve syntactical ambiguities. Because of the forgiving nature of the compiler, bugs can sometimes be hard to find. Discussing the variant behaviour of built-in functions in list and scalar contexts, the perlfunc(1) manual page says "In general, they do what you want, unless you want consistency."
Perl has several mottos that convey aspects of its design and use. One is "There's more than one way to do it." (TIMTOWTDI, usually pronounced 'Tim Toady'). Others are "Perl: the Swiss Army Chainsaw of Programming Languages" and "No unnecessary limits". A stated design goal of Perl is to make easy tasks easy and difficult tasks possible. Perl has also been called "The Duct Tape of the Internet".[15] There is more than one way to do it (TIMTOWTDI, usually pronounced Tim Toady) is a Perl motto. ...
There is no written specification or standard for the Perl language, and no plans to create one for the current version of Perl. There has only been one implementation of the interpreter. That interpreter, together with its functional tests, stands as a de facto specification of the language.
Applications Perl has many and varied applications, compounded by the availability of many standard and third-party modules.
Perl has been used since the early days of the Web to write CGI scripts. It is known as one of "the three Ps" (along with Python and PHP), the most popular dynamic languages for writing Web applications. It is also an integral component of the popular LAMP solution stack for web development. Large projects written in Perl include Slash, Bugzilla, TWiki and Movable Type. Many high-traffic websites, such as bbc.co.uk, Amazon.com, LiveJournal.com, Ticketmaster.com and IMDb.com[16] use Perl extensively. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. ...
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ...
For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ...
The acronym LAMP refers to a solution stack of software, usually free software / open-source software, used to run dynamic Web sites or servers. ...
In computing, a solution stack is a set of software subsystems or components needed to deliver a fully functional application environment. ...
Slash (a backronym for Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage) is the open source collection of Perl modules and stand-alone programs which runs Slashdot, one of the oldest and most popular collaborative weblogs in existence. ...
Bugzilla is a general-purpose bug-tracking tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla Foundation. ...
For the robot character, see Twiki. ...
For the weblog software, see Movable Type. ...
The domain name bbc. ...
Amazon. ...
LiveJournal (often abbreviated LJ) is a virtual community where Internet users can keep a blog, journal, or diary. ...
Ticketmaster is based in West Hollywood, California, USA, but has operations in many countries around the world. ...
For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ...
Perl is often used as a glue language, tying together systems and interfaces that were not specifically designed to interoperate, and for "data munging", i.e., converting or processing large amounts of data for tasks like creating reports. In fact, these strengths are intimately linked. The combination makes perl a popular all-purpose tool for system administrators, particularly as short programs can be entered and run on a single command line. A glue language is a programming language used for connecting software components together. ...
A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person employed to maintain, and operate a computer system or network. ...
With a degree of care, Perl code can be made portable across Windows and Unix. Portable Perl code is often used by suppliers of software (both COTS and bespoke) to simplify packaging and maintenance of software build and deployment scripts.
Graphical user interfaces (GUI's) may be developed using Perl. In particular, Perl/Tk is commonly used to enable user interaction with Perl scripts. Such interaction may be synchronous or asynchronous using callbacks to update the GUI. For more information about the technologies involved see Tk,Tcl and WxPerl. In computing, Tk is an open source, cross-platform widget toolkit, that is, a library of basic elements for building a graphical user interface (GUI). ...
Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ...
wxPerl is a perl module allowing the creation of graphical user interface (GUI) from Perl programming language; it is built as a wrapper for the WxWidgets (C++ GUI widget toolkit). ...
Perl is also widely used in finance and bioinformatics, where it is valued for rapid application development and deployment, and the ability to handle large data sets. Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ...
Implementation Perl is implemented as a core interpreter, written in C, together with a large collection of modules, written in Perl and C. The source distribution is, as of 2005, 12 MB when packaged in a tar file and compressed. The interpreter is 150,000 lines of C code and compiles to a 1 MB executable on typical machine architectures. Alternatively, the interpreter can be compiled to a link library and embedded in other programs. There are nearly 500 modules in the distribution, comprising 200,000 lines of Perl and an additional 350,000 lines of C code. (Much of the C code in the modules consists of character encoding tables.) 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about a unit of data. ...
In computing, tar (derived from tape archive) is both file format (in the form of a type of archive bitstream) and the name of the program used to handle such files. ...
Source coding redirects here. ...
The interpreter has an object-oriented architecture. All of the elements of the Perl language—scalars, arrays, hashes, coderefs, file handles—are represented in the interpreter by C structs. Operations on these structs are defined by a large collection of macros, typedefs and functions; these constitute the Perl C API. The Perl API can be bewildering to the uninitiated, but its entry points follow a consistent naming scheme, which provides guidance to those who use it.
The execution of a Perl program divides broadly into two phases: compile-time and run-time.[17] At compile time, the interpreter parses the program text into a syntax tree. At run time, it executes the program by walking the tree. The text is parsed only once, and the syntax tree is subject to optimization before it is executed, so the execution phase is relatively efficient. Compile-time optimizations on the syntax tree include constant folding and context propagation, but peephole optimization is also performed. However, compile-time and run-time phases may nest: BEGIN code blocks execute at compile-time, while the eval function initiates compilation during runtime. Both operations are an implicit part of a number of others—most notably, the use clause that loads libraries, known in Perl as modules, implies a BEGIN block. In compiler theory, constant folding and constant propagation are related optimization techniques used by many modern compilers. ...
In compiler theory, peephole optimization is a kind of optimization performed over a very small set of instructions in a segment of generated code. ...
In some programming languages, eval is a function which evaluates a string as though it were an expression and returns a result; in others, it executes multiple lines of code as though they had been included instead of the line including the eval. ...
Perl has a context-sensitive grammar which can be affected by code executed during an intermittent run-time phase.[18] Therefore Perl cannot be parsed by a straight Lex/Yacc lexer/parser combination. Instead, the interpreter implements its own lexer, which coordinates with a modified GNU bison parser to resolve ambiguities in the language. It is said that "only perl can parse Perl", meaning that only the Perl interpreter (perl) can parse the Perl language (Perl). The truth of this is attested to by the persistent imperfections of other programs that undertake to parse Perl, such as source code analyzers and auto-indenters, which have to contend not only with the many ways to express unambiguous syntactic constructs, but also the fact that Perl cannot be parsed in the general case without executing it. Though successful in creating a Perl parser for document-related purposes, the PPI project determined that parsing Perl code as a document (retaining its integrity) and as executable code simultaneously was, in fact, not possible. Specifically the author claimed that, "parsing Perl suffers from the 'Halting Problem.'"[19] For the rules of the English language, see English grammar. ...
lex is a program that generates lexical analyzers (scanners or lexers). Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. ...
yacc is a computer program that serves as the standard parser generator on Unix systems. ...
GNU bison is a free parser generator computer program written for the GNU project, and available for virtually all common operating systems. ...
Perl interpreter, or perl is a open-source software running on multiple platforms, that parses and executes the scripts written in the Perl script-language. ...
In computability theory the halting problem is a decision problem which can be stated as follows: Given a description of a program and a finite input, decide whether the program finishes running or will run forever, given that input. ...
Perl is distributed with some 120,000 functional tests. These run as part of the normal build process, and extensively exercise the interpreter and its core modules. Perl developers rely on the functional tests to ensure that changes to the interpreter do not introduce bugs; conversely, Perl users who see the interpreter pass its functional tests on their system can have a high degree of confidence that it is working properly.
Maintenance of the Perl interpreter has become increasingly difficult over the years. The code base has been in continuous development since 1994. The code has been optimized for performance at the expense of simplicity, clarity, and strong internal interfaces. New features have been added, yet virtually complete backward compatibility with earlier versions is maintained. The size and complexity of the interpreter is a barrier to developers who wish to work on it.
Availability Perl is free software, and is licensed under both the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License. Distributions are available for most operating systems. It is particularly prevalent on Unix and Unix-like systems, but it has been ported to most modern (and many obsolete) platforms. With only six reported exceptions, Perl can be compiled from source code on all Unix-like, POSIX-compliant or otherwise Unix-compatible platforms.[20] However, this is rarely necessary, as Perl is included in the default installation of many popular operating systems. Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ...
The Artistic License is a software license used for certain free software packages, most notably the standard Perl implementation, most of CPAN modules and Parrot, which are dual-licensed under the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License (GPL). ...
GPL redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Perl (disambiguation). ...
An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...
Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...
Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...
Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...
POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface[1] is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ...
Because of unusual changes required for the Mac OS Classic environment, a special port called MacPerl was shipped independently.[21] Apple marketed its operating system software as Mac OS, beginning in 1997. ...
The CPAN carries a complete list of supported platforms with links to the distributions available on each.[22]
Windows Users of Microsoft Windows typically install one of the native binary distributions of Perl for Win32[23], most commonly ActivePerl. Compiling Perl from source code under Windows is possible, but most installations lack the requisite C compiler and build tools. This also makes it hard to install modules from the CPAN, particularly those that are partially written in C. Windows redirects here. ...
ActiveState is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia that develops, sells, and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl, as well as language distributions and enterprise services. ...
Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ...
Users of the ActivePerl binary distribution are therefore dependent on the repackaged modules provided in ActiveState’s module repository, which are precompiled and can be installed with PPM. Limited resources to maintain this repository have been cause for various long-standing problems[24][25]. ActiveState is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia that develops, sells, and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl, as well as language distributions and enterprise services. ...
Perl Package Manager (PPM) is a Perl utility intended to simplify the tasks of locating, installing, upgrading and removing software packages. ...
To address this and other problems of Perl on the Windows platform, win32.perl.org was launched by Adam Kennedy on behalf of The Perl Foundation in June 2006. This is a community website for "all things Windows and Perl." A major aim of this project is to provide production-quality alternative Perl distributions that include an embedded C compiler and build tools, so as to enable Windows users to install modules directly from the CPAN. The production distribution in the family is known as Strawberry Perl, with research and experimental work done in a related Vanilla Perl distribution. The Perl Foundation (TPF) is dedicated to the advancement of the Perl programming language through open discussion, collaboration, design, and code. ...
Another popular way of running Perl under Windows is provided by the Cygwin emulation layer. Cygwin provides a Unix-like environment on Windows and both perl and cpan are conveniently available as standard pre-compiled packages in the Cygwin setup program. Since Cygwin also includes the gcc, compiling Perl from source is also possible. Cygwin (pronounced ) is a collection of free software tools originally developed by Cygnus Solutions to allow various versions of Microsoft Windows to act similar to a Unix system. ...
The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...
Language structure In Perl, the minimal Hello world program may be written as follows: A hello world program is a computer program that prints out Hello, world! on a display device. ...
This prints the string Hello, world! and a newline, symbolically expressed by an n character whose interpretation is altered by the preceding escape character (a backslash). Energy Input: The energy placed into a reaction. ...
In computer programming and formal language theory, (and other branches of mathematics), a string is an ordered sequence of symbols. ...
In computing, a newline is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. ...
In computing and telecommunication, an escape character is one which has a special meaning in a sequence of characters. ...
The canonical form of the program is slightly more verbose:
#!/usr/bin/perl print "Hello, world!n"; The hash mark character introduces a comment in Perl, which runs up to the end of the line of code and is ignored by the compiler. The comment used here is of a special kind: it’s called the shebang line. This tells Unix-like operating systems where to find the Perl interpreter, making it possible to invoke the program without explicitly mentioning perl. (Note that on Microsoft Windows systems, Perl programs are typically invoked by associating the .pl extension with the Perl interpreter. In order to deal with such circumstances, perl detects the shebang line and parses it for switches,[20] so it is not strictly true that the shebang line is ignored by the compiler.) An illustration of Java source code with prologue comments indicated in red and inline comments in green. ...
For other uses, see Shebang. ...
Windows redirects here. ...
A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a computer file applied to indicate its type. ...
The second line in the canonical form includes a semicolon, which is used to separate statements in Perl. With only a single statement in a block or file, a separator is unnecessary, so it can be omitted from the minimal form of the program—or more generally from the final statement in any block or file. The canonical form includes it because it is common to terminate every statement even when it is unnecessary to do so, as this makes editing easier: code can be added to or moved away from the end of a block or file without having to adjust semicolons.
Version 5.10 of Perl introduces a say function that implicitly appends a newline character to its output, making the minimal "Hello world" program even shorter:
Data types Perl has a number of fundamental data types, the most commonly used and discussed being: scalars, arrays, hashes, filehandles and subroutines: In programming languages a data type defines a set of values and the allowable operations on those values[1]. For example, in the Java programming language, the int type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, and...
In computing, a scalar is a variable or field that can hold only one value at a time; as opposed to composite variables like array, list, record, etc. ...
For the microarray in genetics, see SNP array. ...
In computer science, a hash table is a data structure that speeds up searching for information by a particular aspect of that information, called a key. ...
In computing, a file descriptor is an identifier maintained by the operating system. ...
In computer science, a subroutine (function, procedure, or subprogram) is a sequence of code which performs a specific task, as part of a larger program, and is grouped as one, or more, statement blocks; such code is sometimes collected into software libraries. ...
- A scalar is a single value; it may be a number, a string or a reference
- An array is an ordered collection of scalars
- A hash, or associative array, is a map from strings to scalars; the strings are called keys and the scalars are called values.
- A file handle is a map to a file, device, or pipe which is open for reading, writing, or both.
- A subroutine is a piece of code that may be passed arguments, be executed, and return data
Most variables are marked by a leading sigil, which identifies the data type being accessed (not the type of the variable itself), except filehandles, which don't have a sigil. The same name may be used for variables of different data types, without conflict. In computing, a scalar is a variable or field that can hold only one value at a time; as opposed to composite variables like array, list, record, etc. ...
In computer programming and formal language theory, (and other branches of mathematics), a string is an ordered sequence of symbols. ...
This article is about a general notion of reference in computing. ...
For the microarray in genetics, see SNP array. ...
An associative array (also map, hash, dictionary, finite map, lookup table, and in query-processing an index or index file) is an abstract data type composed of a collection of keys and a collection of values, where each key is associated with one value. ...
This article discusses a general notion of reference in computing. ...
In computer programming, a sigil is a symbol attached to a variable name, showing the variables datatype. ...
$foo # a scalar @foo # an array %foo # a hash FOO # a file handle or constant &foo # a subroutine. (The & is optional) File handles and constants need not be uppercase, but it is a common convention owing to the fact that there is no sigil to denote them. Both are global in scope, but file handles are interchangeable with references to file handles, which can be stored in scalars, which in turn permit lexical scoping. Doing so is encouraged in Damian Conway's Perl Best Practices. As a convenience, the open function in Perl 5.6 and newer will autovivify undefined scalars to file handle references. This article discusses a general notion of reference in computing. ...
Damian Conway at the 2005 European Open Source Convention. ...
Numbers are written in the bare form; strings are enclosed by quotes of various kinds.
$name = "joe"; $color = 'red'; $number1 = 42; $number2 = '42'; # This evaluates to true if ($number1 == $number2) { print "Numbers and strings of numbers are the same!"; } $answer = "The answer is $number1"; # Variable interpolation: The answer is 42 $price = 'This device costs $42'; # No interpolation in single quotes $album = "It's David Bowie's "Heroes""; # literal quotes inside a string; $album = 'It's David Bowie's "Heroes"'; # same as above with single quotes; $album = q(It's David Bowie's "Heroes"); # the quote-like operators q() and qq() allow # almost any delimiter instead of quotes, to # avoid excessive backslashing $multilined_string =<<EOF; This is my multilined string note that I am terminating it with the "EOF" word. EOF Perl will convert strings into numbers and vice versa depending on the context in which they are used. In the following example the strings $n and $m are treated as numbers when they are the arguments to the addition operator. This code prints the number '5', discarding non numeric information for the operation, although the variable values remain the same. (The string concatenation operator is the period, not the + symbol.) $n = '3 apples'; $m = '2 oranges'; print $n + $m; Perl also has a boolean context that it uses in evaluating conditional statements. The following values all evaluate as false in Perl: $false = 0; # the number zero $false = 0.0; # the number zero as a float $false = 0b0; # the number zero in binary $false = 0x0; # the number zero in hexadecimal $false = '0'; # the string zero $false = ""; # the empty string $false = undef; # the return value from undef All other values are evaluated to true. This includes the odd self-describing literal string of "0 but true", which in fact is 0 as a number, but true when used as a boolean. (Any non-numeric string would also have this property, but this particular string is ignored by Perl with respect to numeric warnings.) A less explicit but more conceptually portable version of this string is '0E0' or '0e0', which does not rely on characters being evaluated as 0, as '0E0' is literally "zero times ten to the zeroth power."
Evaluated boolean expressions also return scalar values. Although the documentation does not promise which particular true or false is returned (and thus cannot be relied on), many boolean operators return 1 for true and the empty-string for false (which evaluates to zero in a numeric context). The defined() function tells if the variable has any value set. In the above examples defined($false) is true for every value except undef.
If a specifically 1 or 0 result (as in C) is needed, an explicit conversion is thought by some authors to be required:
my $real_result = $boolean_result ? 1 : 0; However, if it's known that the value is either 1 or undef, an implicit conversion can be used instead: my $real_result = $boolean_result + 0; A list is written by listing its elements, separated by commas, and enclosed by parentheses where required by operator precedence. @scores = (32, 45, 16, 5); It can be written many other ways as well, some straightforward and some less so: # An explicit and straightforward way @scores = ('32', '45', '16', '5'); # Equivalent to the above, but the qw() quote-like operator saves typing of # quotes and commas and reduces visual clutter; almost any delimiter can be # used instead of parentheses @scores = qw(32 45 16 5); # The split function returns a list of strings, which are extracted # from the expression using a regex template. # This may be useful for reading from a file of comma-separated values (CSV) @scores = split /,/, '32,45,16,5'; # It's also possible to use a postfix for operator and aliasing of # the $_ magic variable to the next value of the list during each # iteration; this is pointless here, but similar idioms are widely used # in some circumstances. push @scores, $_ foreach 32, 45, 16, 5; A hash may be initialized from a list of key/value pairs: %favorite = ( joe => 'red', sam => 'blue' ); The => operator is equivalent to a comma, except that it assumes quotes around the preceding token if it is a bare identifier: (joe => 'red') is the same as ('joe' => 'red'). It can therefore be used to elide quote marks, improving readability.
Individual elements of a list are accessed by providing a numerical index, in square brackets. Individual values in a hash are accessed by providing the corresponding key, in curly braces. The $ sigil identifies the accessed element as a scalar.
$scores[2] # an element of @scores $favorite{joe} # a value in %favorite Thus, a hash can also be specified by setting its keys individually: $favorite{joe} = 'red'; $favorite{sam} = 'blue'; Multiple elements may be accessed by using the @ sigil instead (identifying the result as a list). @scores[2, 3, 1] # three elements of @scores @favorite{'joe', 'sam'} # two values in %favorite @favorite{qw(joe sam)} # same as above The number of elements in an array can be obtained by evaluating the array in scalar context or with the help of the $# sigil. The latter gives the index of the last element in the array, not the number of elements. $count = @friends; # Assigning to a scalar forces scalar context # This notation is sometimes discouraged, because it tends # to be confused with comments. $#friends; # The index of the last element in @friends $#friends+1; # Usually the number of elements in @friends is one more # than $#friends because the first element is at index 0, # not 1, unless the programmer reset this to a different # value, which most Perl manuals discourage. There are a few functions that operate on entire hashes. @names = keys %addressbook; @addresses = values %addressbook; # Every call to each returns the next key/value pair. # All values will be eventually returned, but their order # cannot be predicted. while (($name, $address) = each %addressbook) { print "$name lives at $addressn"; } # Similar to the above, but sorted alphabetically foreach my $next_name (sort keys %addressbook) { print "$next_name lives at $addressbook{$next_name}n"; }
Control structures -
Perl has several kinds of control structures. The basic control structures in Perl are similar to those used in the C or Java programming languages, but they have been extended in several ways. ...
It has block-oriented control structures, similar to those in the C, Javascript, and Java programming languages. Conditions are surrounded by parentheses, and controlled blocks are surrounded by braces: JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. ...
Java language redirects here. ...
label while ( cond ) { ... } label while ( cond ) { ... } continue { ... } label for ( init-expr ; cond-expr ; incr-expr ) { ... } label foreach var ( list ) { ... } label foreach var ( list ) { ... } continue { ... } if ( cond ) { ... } if ( cond ) { ... } else { ... } if ( cond ) { ... } elsif ( cond ) { ... } else { ... } Where only a single statement is being controlled, statement modifiers provide a more concise syntax: statement if cond ; statement unless cond ; statement while cond ; statement until cond ; statement foreach list ; Short-circuit logical operators are commonly used to affect control flow at the expression level: Short-circuit evaluation or minimal evaluation denotes the semantics of some boolean operators in some programming languages in which the second argument is only executed or evaluated if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of and evaluates to false...
expr and expr expr && expr expr or expr expr || expr (The "and" and "or" operators are similar to && and || but have lower precedence, which makes it easier to use them to control entire statements.) Precedence is a simple ordering, based on either importance or sequence. ...
The flow control keywords next (corresponding to C's continue), last (corresponding to C's break), return, and redo are expressions, so they can be used with short-circuit operators.
Perl also has two implicit looping constructs, each of which has two forms:
results = grep { ... } list results = grep expr, list results = map { ... } list results = map expr, list grep returns all elements of list for which the controlled block or expression evaluates to true. map evaluates the controlled block or expression for each element of list and returns a list of the resulting values. These constructs enable a simple functional programming style. Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ...
Up until the 5.10.0 release, there was no switch statement in Perl 5. From 5.10.0 onwards, a multi-way branch statement called given/when is available, which takes the following form: In computer programming, a switch statement is a type of control statement that exists in most modern imperative programming languages (e. ...
given ( expr ) { when ( cond ) { ... } default { ... } } Syntactically, this structure behaves similarly to switch statement's found in other languages, but with a few important differences. The largest is that unlike switch/case structures, given/when statements break execution after the first successful branch, rather than waiting for explicitly defined break commands. Conversely, explicit continues are instead necessary to emulate switch behavior. In computer programming, a switch statement is a type of control statement that exists in most modern imperative programming languages (e. ...
For those not using the 5.10.0 release, the Perl documentation describes a half-dozen ways to achieve the same effect by using other control structures. There is also a Switch module, which provides functionality modeled on the forthcoming Perl 6 re-design. It is implemented using a source filter, so its use is unofficially discouraged.[26] Perl 6 is a planned major revision to the Perl programming language. ...
Perl includes a goto label statement, but it is rarely used. Situations where a goto is called for in other languages don't occur as often in Perl due to its breadth of flow control options.
There is also a goto &sub statement that performs a tail call. It terminates the current subroutine and immediately calls the specified sub. This is used in situations where a caller can perform more efficient stack management than Perl itself (typically because no change to the current stack is required), and in deep recursion tail calling can have substantial positive impact on performance because it avoids the overhead of scope/stack management on return. In computer science, tail recursion is a special case of recursion that can be transformed into an iteration. ...
In computer science, a call stack is a special stack which stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program. ...
Subroutines Subroutines are defined with the sub keyword, and invoked simply by naming them. If the subroutine in question has not yet been declared, invocation requires either parentheses after the function name or an ampersand (&) before it. But using & without parentheses will also implicitly pass the arguments of the current subroutine to the one called, and using & with parentheses will bypass prototypes. In computer science, a subroutine (function, method, procedure, or subprogram) is a portion of code within a larger program, which performs a specific task and can be relatively independent of the remaining code. ...
# Calling a subroutine # Parentheses are required here if the subroutine is defined later in the code foo(); &foo; # (this also works, but has other consequences regarding arguments passed to the subroutine) # Defining a subroutine sub foo { ... } foo; # Here parentheses are not required A list of arguments may be provided after the subroutine name. Arguments may be scalars, lists, or hashes. The parameters to a subroutine do not need to be declared as to either number or type; in fact, they may vary from call to call. Any validation of parameters must be performed explicitly inside the subroutine.
Arrays are expanded to their elements, hashes are expanded to a list of key/value pairs, and the whole lot is passed into the subroutine as one flat list of scalars.
Whatever arguments are passed are available to the subroutine in the special array @_. The elements of @_ are aliased to the actual arguments; changing an element of @_ changes the corresponding argument.
Elements of @_ may be accessed by subscripting it in the usual way.
However, the resulting code can be difficult to read, and the parameters have pass-by-reference semantics, which may be undesirable. In computer science, an evaluation strategy is a set of (usually deterministic) rules for determining the evaluation of expressions in a programming language. ...
One common idiom is to assign @_ to a list of named variables.
This provides mnemonic parameter names and implements pass-by-value semantics. The my keyword indicates that the following variables are lexically scoped to the containing block. In computer science, an evaluation strategy is a set of (usually deterministic) rules for determining the evaluation of expressions in a programming language. ...
Another idiom is to shift parameters off of @_. This is especially common when the subroutine takes only one argument, or for handling the $self argument in object-oriented modules.
Subroutines may assign @_ to a hash to simulate named arguments; this is recommended in Perl Best Practices for subroutines that are likely ever to have more than three parameters.[27] sub function1 { my %args = @_; print "'x' argument was '$args{x}'n"; } function1( x => 23 ); Subroutines may return values. If the subroutine does not exit via a return statement, then it returns the last expression evaluated within the subroutine body. Arrays and hashes in the return value are expanded to lists of scalars, just as they are for arguments.
The returned expression is evaluated in the calling context of the subroutine; this can surprise the unwary.
sub list { (4, 5, 6) } sub array { @x = (4, 5, 6); @x } $x = list; # returns 6 - last element of list $x = array; # returns 3 - number of elements in list @x = list; # returns (4, 5, 6) @x = array; # returns (4, 5, 6) A subroutine can discover its calling context with the wantarray function. sub either { return wantarray ? (1, 2) : 'Oranges'; } $x = either; # returns "Oranges" @x = either; # returns (1, 2)
Regular expressions The Perl language includes a specialized syntax for writing regular expressions (RE, or regexes), and the interpreter contains an engine for matching strings to regular expressions. The regular expression engine uses a backtracking algorithm, extending its capabilities from simple pattern matching to string capture and substitution. The regular expression engine is derived from regex written by Henry Spencer. In computing, a regular expression is a string that is used to describe or match a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. ...
Backtracking is a type of algorithm that is a refinement of brute force search. ...
Henry Spencer is a co-author of C News and The Ten Commandments for C Programmers. ...
The Perl regular expression syntax was originally taken from Unix Version 8 regular expressions. However, it diverged before the first release of Perl, and has since grown to include many more features. Other languages and applications are now adopting Perl compatible regular expressions over POSIX regular expressions including PHP, Ruby, Java, Microsoft's .NET Framework[28], and the Apache HTTP server. PCRE stands for Perl Compatible Regular Expressions. ...
POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface[1] is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ...
For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ...
Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ...
Java language redirects here. ...
Microsoft . ...
The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ...
Regular expression syntax is extremely compact, owing to history. The first regular expression dialects were only slightly more expressive than globs, and the syntax was designed so that an expression would resemble the text it matches[citation needed]. This meant using no more than a single punctuation character or a pair of delimiting characters to express the few supported assertions. Over time, the expressiveness of regular expressions grew tremendously, but the syntax design was never revised and continues to rely on punctuation. As a result, regular expressions can be cryptic and extremely dense. glob() is a Unix library function that expands file names using a pattern matching notation reminiscent of regular expression syntax but without the expressive power of true regular expressions. ...
Uses The m// (match) operator introduces a regular expression match. (If it is delimited by slashes, as in all the examples here, then the leading m may be omitted for brevity. If the m is present, as in all the following examples, other delimiters can be used in place of slashes.) In the simplest case, an expression like evaluates to true if and only if the string $x matches the regular expression abc. ↔ ⇔ ≡ logical symbols representing iff. ...
The s/// (substitute) operator, on the other hand, specifies a search and replace operation:
$x =~ s/abc/aBc/; # upcase the b Another use of regular expressions is to specify delimiters for the split function: @words = split m/,/, $line; The split function creates a list of the parts of the string separated by matches of the regular expression. In this example, a line is divided into a list of its comma-separated parts, and this list is then assigned to the @words array.
Syntax Portions of a regular expression may be enclosed in parentheses; corresponding portions of a matching string are captured. Captured strings are assigned to the sequential built-in variables $1, $2, $3, ..., and a list of captured strings is returned as the value of the match. $x =~ m/a(.)c/; # capture the character between 'a' and 'c' Perl regular expressions can take modifiers. These are single-letter suffixes that modify the meaning of the expression: $x =~ m/abc/i; # case-insensitive pattern match $x =~ s/abc/aBc/g; # global search and replace Since regular expressions can be dense and cryptic because of their compact syntax, the /x modifier was added in Perl to help programmers write more legible regular expressions. It allows programmers to place whitespace and comments inside regular expressions: $x =~ m/a # match 'a' . # followed by any character c # then followed by the 'c'character /x;
Database interfaces Perl is widely favored for database applications. Its text handling facilities are useful for generating SQL queries; arrays, hashes and automatic memory management make it easy to collect and process the returned data. SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...
In early versions of Perl, database interfaces were created by relinking the interpreter with a client-side database library. This was sufficiently difficult that it was only done for a few of the most important and widely used databases, and restricted the resulting perl executable to using just one database interface at a time.
In Perl 5, database interfaces are implemented by Perl DBI modules. The DBI (Database Interface) module presents a single, database-independent interface to Perl applications, while the DBD (Database Driver) modules handle the details of accessing some 50 different databases; there are DBD drivers for most ANSI SQL databases. Perl DBI (DataBase Interface) is the most common database interface for the Perl programming language. ...
The American National Standards Institute or ANSI (pronounced an-see) is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of standards for products, services, processes and systems in the United States. ...
SQL (IPA: or ) is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ...
DBI provides caching for database handles and queries, which can greatly improve performance in long-lived execution environments such as mod_perl[29], helping high-volume systems avert load spikes as in the Slashdot effect. mod_perl is an optional module for the Apache web server. ...
The Slashdot effect is the term given to the phenomenon of a popular website linking to a smaller site, causing the smaller site to slow down or even temporarily close due to the increased traffic. ...
Comparative performance The Computer Language Benchmarks Game[30] compare the performance of implementations of typical programming problems in several programming languages. The submitted Perl implementations were typically towards the high end of the memory usage spectrum, and had varied speed results. Perl's performance in the benchmarks game is similar to other interpreted languages such as Python, faster than PHP, and significantly faster than Ruby, but slower than most compiled languages.
Perl programs can start slower than similar programs in compiled languages because perl has to compile the source every time it runs. In a talk at the YAPC::Europe 2005 conference and subsequent article, "A Timely Start", Jean-Louis Leroy found that his Perl programs took much longer to run than he expected because the perl interpreter spent much of the time finding modules because of his over-large include path.[31] Because pre-compiling is still an experimental part of Perl[32]—unlike that of Java, Python, and Ruby—Perl programs pay this overhead penalty on every execution. When amortized over a long run phase, startup time is not typically substantial, but measurement of very short execution times can often be skewed as is often found in benchmarks. Yet Another Perl Conference, usually given as the abbreviation YAPC, are conferences discussing the Perl computer programming language, usually organised under the auspices of the Yet Another Society, a non-profit corporation for the advancement of collaborative efforts in computer and information sciences. External links YAPC YAPC Europe {stub} ...
In computational complexity theory, amortized analysis is the time per operation averaged over a worst_case sequence of operations. ...
A number of tools have been introduced to improve this situation, the first of which was Apache's mod_perl, which sought to address one of the most common reasons that small Perl programs were invoked rapidly: CGI Web development. ActivePerl, via Microsoft ISAPI provides similar performance improvements. mod_perl is an optional module for the Apache web server. ...
The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. ...
The World Wide Web and WWW redirect here. ...
ActiveState is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia that develops, sells, and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl, as well as language distributions and enterprise services. ...
The Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) is an N-tier API of Internet Information Services (IIS), Microsofts collection of Windows-based web server services. ...
Once Perl code is compiled, there is additional overhead during the execution phase that typically isn't present for programs written in compiled languages like C or C++, including, among many other things, overhead due to bytecode interpretation, reference-counting memory management, and dynamic type checking.
Optimizing Perl programs, like any code, can be tuned for performance using benchmarks and profiles after a readable and correct implementation is finished. In part because of Perl's interpreted nature, writing more-efficient Perl will not always be enough to meet one's performance goals for a program. In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. ...
In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, normally by running a number of standard tests and trials against it. ...
In software engineering, performance analysis (a field of dynamic program analysis) is the investigation of a programs behavior using information gathered as the program runs, as opposed to static code analysis. ...
In such situations, the most critical routines of a Perl program can be written in other languages such as C or Assembler, which can be connected to Perl via simple Inline modules or the more complex but flexible XS mechanism.[33] Nicholas Clark, a Perl core developer, discusses some Perl design trade-offs and some solutions in When perl is not quite fast enough.[34] C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. ...
XS is an interface through which a Perl program can call a C or C++ language subroutine. ...
In extreme cases, optimizing Perl can require intimate knowledge of the interpreter's workings rather than skill with algorithms, the Perl language, or general principles of optimization.[citation needed]
Future -
At the 2000 Perl Conference, Jon Orwant made a case for a major new language initiative.[35] This led to a decision to begin work on a redesign of the language, to be called Perl 6. Proposals for new language features were solicited from the Perl community at large, and over 300 RFCs were submitted. Perl 6 is a planned major revision to the Perl programming language. ...
In internetworking and computer network engineering, Request for Comments (RFC) documents are a series of memoranda encompassing new research, innovations, and methodologies applicable to Internet technologies. ...
Larry Wall spent the next few years digesting the RFCs and synthesizing them into a coherent framework for Perl 6. He has presented his design for Perl 6 in a series of documents called "apocalypses", which are numbered to correspond to chapters in Programming Perl ("The Camel Book"). The current, not yet finalized specification of Perl 6 is encapsulated in design documents called Synopses, which are numbered to correspond to Apocalypses. Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
Programming Perl book cover Programming Perl, best known as the camel book among hackers, is a book about writing programs or scripts using the Perl programming language. ...
Perl 6 is not intended to be backward compatible, though there will be a compatibility mode.
In 2001, it was decided that Perl 6 would run on a cross-language virtual machine called Parrot. This will mean that other languages targeting the Parrot will gain native access to CPAN, allowing some level of cross-language development. In computer science, a virtual machine is software that creates a virtualized environment between the computer platform and its operating system, so that the end user can operate software on an abstract machine. ...
Parrot is a register-based virtual machine being developed using the C programming language and intended to run dynamic languages efficiently. ...
CPAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. ...
In 2005 Audrey Tang created the pugs project, an implementation of Perl 6 in Haskell. This was and continues to act as a test platform for the Perl 6 language (separate from the development of the actual implementation) allowing the language designers to explore. The pugs project spawned an active Perl/Haskell cross-language community centered around the freenode #perl6 irc channel. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Pugs is a compiler and interpreter for the Perl 6 programming language, started on February 1, 2005 by Audrey Tang. ...
Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ...
The title of this article should be freenode. ...
A number of features in the Perl 6 language now show similarities with Haskell, and Perl 6 has been embraced by the Haskell community as a potential scripting language[citation needed].
As of 2006, Perl 6, Parrot, and pugs are under active development, and a new module for Perl 5 called v6 allows some Perl 6 code to run directly on top of Perl 5. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
v6 is a Perl module which runs under Perl version 5, and transforms Perl 6 code into Perl 5 code on the fly. ...
Development of Perl 5 is also continuing. Perl 5.10 was released in December of 2007, with some new features influenced by the design of Perl 6.
The Perl community Perl's culture and community has developed alongside the language itself. Usenet was the first public venue in which Perl was introduced, but over the course of its evolution, Perl's community was shaped by the growth of broadening Internet-based services including the introduction of the World Wide Web. The community that surrounds Perl was, in fact, the topic of Larry Wall's first "State of the Onion" talk.[36] Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...
State of the Onion State of the Onion is the name for Larry Wall’s yearly keynote-style summaries on the progress of Perl and its community. They are characterized by his hallmark humor, employing references to Perl’s and the wider hacker culture, as well as Wall’s linguistic and sometimes his Christian background. For other uses, see Keynote (disambiguation). ...
Each talk is first given at various Perl conferences and eventually also published online.
Pastimes Perl's pastimes have become a defining element of the community. Included among them are trivial and complex uses of the language.
JAPHs In email, Usenet and message board postings, "Just another Perl hacker" (JAPH) programs have become a common trend, originated by Randal L. Schwartz, one of the earliest professional Perl trainers.[37] Just another Perl hacker refers to a Perl program which prints Just another Perl hacker, (the comma being canonical but occasionally omitted) using extremely obfuscated methods, typically ones based on obscure behaviours of sometimes rarely-used functions, in the spirit of the Obfuscated C Contest. ...
Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz (born November 22, 1961) is an American author, system administrator and programming consultant. ...
In the parlance of Perl culture, Perl programmers are known as Perl hackers, and from this derives the practice of writing short programs to print out the phrase "Just another Perl hacker,". In the spirit of the original concept, these programs are moderately obfuscated and short enough to fit into the signature of an email or Usenet message. The "canonical" JAPH includes the comma at the end, although this is often omitted. Just another Perl hacker refers to a Perl program which prints Just another Perl hacker, (the comma being canonical but occasionally omitted) using extremely obfuscated methods, typically ones based on obscure behaviours of sometimes rarely-used functions, in the spirit of the Obfuscated C Contest. ...
Perl golf Perl "golf" is the pastime of reducing the number of characters used in a Perl program to the bare minimum, much as how golf players seek to take as few shots as possible in a round. This use of the word "golf" originally focused on the JAPHs used in signatures in Usenet postings and elsewhere, though the same stunts had been an unnamed pastime in the language APL in previous decades. The use of Perl to write a program which performed RSA encryption prompted a widespread and practical interest in this pastime.[38] In subsequent years, code golf has been taken up as a pastime in other languages besides Perl.[39] This article is about the game. ...
APL (for A Programming Language) is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. ...
In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. ...
Obfuscation As with C, obfuscated code competitions are a well-known pastime. The annual Obfuscated Perl contest made an arch virtue of Perl's syntactic flexibility. Obfuscated code is source code that is (usually intentionally) very hard to read and understand. ...
The Obfuscated Perl contest is a competition for programmers of Perl which has been held annually since 1996. ...
Poetry Similar to obfuscated code and golf, but with a different purpose, Perl poetry is the practice of writing poems that can actually be compiled as legal (although generally non-sensical) Perl code. This hobby is more or less unique to Perl due to the large number of regular English words used in the language. New poems are regularly published in the Perl Monks site's Perl Poetry section.[40] Perl Monks is a community website covering all aspects of Perl programming and other related topics such as web applications and system administration. ...
CPAN Acme There are also many examples of code written purely for entertainment on the CPAN. Lingua::Romana::Perligata, for example, allows writing programs in Latin.[41] Upon execution of such a program, the module translates its source code into regular Perl and runs it. CPAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. ...
For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
The Perl community has set aside the "Acme" namespace for modules that are fun in nature (but its scope has widened to include exploratory or experimental code or any other module that is not meant to ever be used in production). Some of the Acme modules are deliberately implemented in amusing ways. This includes Acme::Bleach, one of the first modules in the Acme:: namespace,[42] which allows the program's source code to be "whitened" (i.e., all characters replaced with whitespace) and yet still work. This article is about the fictional Looney Tunes company. ...
Further reading Learning Perl book cover Learning Perl, also known as the llama book, is a tutorial book for the Perl programming language, and is published by OReilly. ...
This book-related article is a stub. ...
Programming Perl book cover Programming Perl, best known as the camel book among hackers, is a book about writing programs or scripts using the Perl programming language. ...
See also Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ...
The Perl Foundation (TPF) is dedicated to the advancement of the Perl programming language through open discussion, collaboration, design, and code. ...
Programming Republic of Perl logo The Perl Object Environment or POE is a library of Perl modules written in the Perl programming language by Rocco Caputo et. ...
The event loop is a programming construct that waits for and dispatches events. ...
PDL (short for Perl Data Language) is a set of Array programming extensions to the Perl programming language. ...
Plain Old Documentation, commonly abbreviated as POD, is a simple platform-independent documentation tool for the computer language Perl. ...
Just another Perl hacker refers to a Perl program which prints Just another Perl hacker, (the comma being canonical but occasionally omitted) using extremely obfuscated methods, typically ones based on obscure behaviours of sometimes rarely-used functions, in the spirit of the Obfuscated C Contest. ...
Perl Monks is a community website covering all aspects of Perl programming and other related topics such as web applications and system administration. ...
Perl Mongers is part of The Perl Foundation and provides services to Perl user groups. ...
PerlScript is an ActiveX Scripting Engine produced by the company ActiveState. ...
Perl 6 is a planned major revision to the Perl programming language. ...
Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ...
Autovivification is an unusual feature of the Perl programming language having to do with the dynamic creation of data structures. ...
References - ^ Ashton, Elaine (1999). The Timeline of Perl and its Culture (v3.0_0505).
- ^ Wall, Larry, Tom Christiansen and Jon Orwant (July 2000). Programming Perl, Third Edition. O'Reilly.
- ^ a b Larry Wall. Retrieved on 2006-08-20.
- ^ Perl, a "replacement" for awk and sed. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.
- ^ `perl5-porters' Mailing List Archive
- ^ perldelta—what is new for perl 5.10.0
- ^ perlfaq1: What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?.
- ^ Schwartz, Randal. PERL as shibboleth and the Perl community. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
- ^ Wall, Larry. BUGS. perl(1) man page. Retrieved on 2006-10-13.
- ^ Wall, Larry. Re^7: PERL as shibboleth and the Perl community. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
- ^ O'Reilly—The Perl Camel Usage and Trademark Information
- ^ Index of /images/perl
- ^ perlintro(1) man page
- ^ Usenet post, May 10th 1997, with ID 199705101952.MAA00756@wall.org.
- ^ The Importance of Perl. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. (April 1998). “As Hassan Schroeder, Sun's first webmaster, remarked: “Perl is the duct tape of the Internet.””
- ^ IMDb Helpdesk: What software/hardware are you using to run the site?. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
- ^ A description of the Perl 5 interpreter can be found in Programming Perl, 3rd Ed., chapter 18
- ^ Schwartz, Randal. On Parsing Perl. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
- ^ Kennedy, Adam (2006). PPI—Parse, Analyze and Manipulate Perl (without perl). CPAN.
- ^ a b Hietaniemi, Jarkko (1998). Perl Ports (Binary Distributions). CPAN.org.
- ^ The MacPerl Pages. Prime Time Freeware (1997).
- ^ CPAN/ports
- ^ Win32 Distributions. Win32 Perl Wiki.
- ^ Golden, David (2006). Activestate and Scalar-List-Utils.
- ^ Kennedy, Adam (2007). ActivePerl PPM repository design flaw goes critical.
- ^ using switch
- ^ Damian Conway, Perl Best Practices, p.182
- ^ Microsoft Corp., ".NET Framework Regular Expressions", .NET Framework Developer's Guide, [1]
- ^ Bekman, Stas. Efficient Work with Databases under mod_perl. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
- ^ The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
- ^ Leroy, Jean-Louis (2005-12-01). A Timely Start. Perl.com.
- ^ Beattie, Malcolm and Enache Adrian (2003). B::Bytecode Perl compiler's bytecode backend. search.cpan.org.
- ^ http://search.cpan.org/perldoc/Inline/
- ^ When perl is not quite fast enough
- ^ Transcription of Larry's talk. Retrieved on 2006 September 28.
- ^ Wall, Larry (1997-08-20). Perl Culture (AKA the first State of the Onion).
- ^ Randal L. Schwartz (1999-05-02). "Who is Just another Perl hacker?". comp.lang.perl.misc. (Web link). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
- ^ The quest for the most diminutive munitions program
- ^ Code Golf: What is Code Golf?. 29degrees (2007).
- ^ Perl Poetry section on Perl Monks
- ^ Conway, Damian. Lingua::Romana::Perligata -- Perl for the XXI-imum Century.
- ^ Brocard, Leon (2001-05-23). use Perl; Journal of acme.
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
Tom Christiansen (also nicknamed tchrist) is a well-known Unix developer and user especially known for his many contributions to the Perl programming language. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz (born November 22, 1961) is an American author, system administrator and programming consultant. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation available as an electronic manual, split into multiple sections called man pages (short for manual pages and based on the command used to display them). ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation available as an electronic manual, split into multiple sections called man pages (short for manual pages and based on the command used to display them). ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz (born November 22, 1961) is an American author, system administrator and programming consultant. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
CPAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Larry Wall Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a programmer, linguist, and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987. ...
For the band, see 1997 (band). ...
is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz (born November 22, 1961) is an American author, system administrator and programming consultant. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Perl Monks is a community website covering all aspects of Perl programming and other related topics such as web applications and system administration. ...
This article is about the year. ...
is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming - Perl.org—Official Perl website
- Perl documentation
- The Perl Foundation
- Official Perl 5 Wiki
- Perl at the Open Directory Project
Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ...
Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ...
Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ...
Wikiversity logo Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation beta project[1], devoted to learning materials and activities, located at www. ...
The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ...
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ...
...
The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) is a modular computer printing system for Unix-like operating systems that allows a computer to act as a powerful print server. ...
The Free Software Definition is a definition published by Free Software Foundation (FSF) for what constitutes free software. ...
The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ...
This is a list of open-source software packages: computer software licensed under an open-source license. ...
Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ...
“X11†redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ...
Image File history File links Portal. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
This timeline shows the development of the Linux kernel. ...
Mozilla Application Suite began as an open source base of the Netscape suite. ...
The Mozilla Firefox project was created by Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project. ...
Originally launched as Minotaur shortly after Phoenix (the original name for Mozilla Firefox), the project failed to gain momentum. ...
These tables compare the various free software / open source operating systems. ...
BSD redirects here. ...
Darwin is a free and open source, Unix-like operating system first released by Apple Inc. ...
GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ...
This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ...
OpenSolaris is an open source project created by Sun Microsystems to build a developer community around Solaris Operating System technology. ...
ReactOS is a project to develop an operating system that is binary-compatible with application software and device drivers for Microsoft Windows NT version 5. ...
Open source software development is the process by which open source software (or similar software whose source is publicly available) is developed. ...
The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ...
Low Level Virtual Machine, generally known as LLVM, is a compiler infrastructure designed for compile-time, link-time, run-time, and idle-time optimization of programs written in arbitrary programming languages. ...
For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ...
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ...
Java language redirects here. ...
The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...
In Unix computing, Blackbox is a window manager for the X Window System. ...
EDE or Equinox Desktop Environment is a small desktop environment that is meant to be simple and fast. ...
Enlightenment, also known simply as E, is a free software/open source window manager for the X Window System which can be used alone or in conjunction with a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE. It has a rich feature set, including extensive support for themes and advanced graphics...
Étoilé is a GNUstep-based free software desktop environment built from the ground up on highly modular and light components with project and document orientation in mind, in order to allow users to create their own workflow by reshaping or recombining provided Services (aka Applications), Components, etc. ...
In Unix computing, Fluxbox is an X window manager based on Blackbox. ...
This article is about the mythical creature. ...
In Unix computing, IceWM is a window manager for the X Window System graphical infrastructure, written by Marko MaÄek. ...
For the NYSE stock ticker symbol KDE, see 4Kids Entertainment. ...
Openbox is a free window manager for the X Window System, licensed under the GNU General Public License. ...
A screenshot of the ROX desktop. ...
Window Maker is a window manager for the X Window System, which allows graphical applications to be run on Unix-like operating-systems. ...
Xfce ([1]) is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It aims to be fast and lightweight, while still being visually appealing and easy to use. ...
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...
The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE, or FSF Europe) was founded in 2001 as an official European sister organization of the U.S.-based Free Software Foundation (FSF) to take care of all aspects of free software in Europe. ...
The Free Software Foundation India (FSF-India), founded in 2001, is a sister organisation to Free Software Foundation. ...
Free Software Foundation Latin America (FSFLA) is the Latin American sister organisation of Free Software Foundation. ...
The Linux Foundation (LF) is a nonprofit consortium dedicated to fostering the growth of Linux. ...
The Mountain View office shared by the Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation The Mozilla Foundation (abbreviated MF or MoFo) is a non-profit organization that exists to support and provide leadership for the open source Mozilla project. ...
The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open source software. ...
A free software licence is a software licence which grants recipients rights to modify and redistribute the software which would otherwise be prohibited by copyright law. ...
The Apache License (Apache Software License previous to version 2. ...
The BSD daemon BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free software licenses. ...
GPL redirects here. ...
The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation. ...
The MIT License, also called the X License or the X11 License, originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a license for the use of certain types of computer software. ...
In computing, the Mozilla Public License (MPL) is an open source and free software license. ...
Permissive free software licences are software licences for a copyrighted work that offer many of the same freedoms as releasing a work to the public domain. ...
Digital rights management (DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to access control technologies used by publishers and copyright holders to limit usage of digital media or devices. ...
Tivoization is the creation of a system that incorporates software under the terms of a copyleft software license, but uses hardware to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware. ...
Opposition to software patents is widespread in the free software community. ...
Logo of Trusted Computing Group, an initiative to implement Trusted Computing Trusted Computing (commonly abbreviated TC) is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). ...
Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...
The SCO-Linux controversies are a series of legal and public disputes between the software company SCO Group (SCO) and various Linux vendors and users. ...
In computing, a binary blob is an object file loaded into the kernel of a free or open source operating system without publicly available source code. ...
From the early 90s onward, alternative terms for free software have come into common use, with much debate in the free software community. ...
// The free software community is also called the open source community or the Linux community. ...
The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ...
For the specific comparison of the open source Linux operating system with the closed source Windows Operating system please see Comparison of Windows and Linux Open source (or free software) and closed source (or proprietary software) are two approaches to the control, exploitation and commercializing of computer software. ...
Free and Open Source Software, also F/OSS or FOSS, is software which is liberally licensed to grant the right of users to study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. ...
Promotional poster for two disc edition of Revolution OS Revolution OS is a documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, Free Software and the Open Source movement. ...
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