NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Peterborough

Peterborough (pronounced /ˈpiːtɚbʌrə/) is a cathedral city and unitary authority in the East of England, with a projected population of 161,800 as of 2007.^[3] For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is 75 miles (121 km) north from the centre of London at Charing Cross. The city is situated on the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east. The local topography is notoriously flat and low-lying, and in some places lies below sea level. The area known as the Fens falls to the east of Peterborough. The City of Peterborough includes the outlying settlement at RAF Wittering, and as a unitary authority borders Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and Cambridgeshire to the south and east. // Peterborough may refer to any of the following places: Peterborough, South Australia Peterborough, Victoria Steamtown Peterborough Museum Peterborough, Ontario Peterborough County, Ontario Coat of arms of Peterborough Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough Peterborough (electoral district) Peterborough East, former electoral district Peterborough West, former electoral district Ramsden v. ... Image File history File links EnglandPeterborough. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A unitary authority is a type of local authority, which has a single tier and is responsible for all local government functions within its area. ... Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster. ... The region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government subnational entity of England in the United Kingdom. ... The East of England is one of the nine official regions of England. ... The Ceremonial counties of England are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... Area is the measure of how much exposed area any two dimensional object has. ... This is a list of districts of England ordered by area. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude and geographical regions, we list here areas between 100 kmÂ² and 1000 kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol kmÂ², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating census and other statistical data. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The figures are mid-year estimates for 2005, unless otherwise stated, from the Office for National Statistics [1]. See also: List of towns and cities in England by population - List of English counties by population - List of ceremonial counties of England by population - List of English districts by area - List... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Arms of Peterborough City Council. ... The United Kingdom is divided into four parts, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. ... The United Kingdom has five distinct types of elections: general, local, regional, European and mayoral. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 to the House of Commons for the Fifty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom at the United Kingdom general election, 2005, arranged by constituency. ... Stewart James Jackson (born January 31, 1965) is a British politician. ... Shailesh Vara Shailesh Lakhman Vara (born September 4, 1960) is a British Conservative Party politician. ... The Fountain of Life in front of the city hall Cathedral City is a city located in Riverside County, California. ... A unitary authority is a type of local authority, which has a single tier and is responsible for all local government functions within its area. ... The East of England is one of the nine official regions of England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ceremonial counties of England are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England. ... The traditional counties as usually portrayed. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... City Hall is a 1996 film directed by Harold Becker. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Victorian Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross The name Charing Cross, now given to a district of central London in the City of Westminster, comes from the original hamlet of Charing, where King Edward I placed a memorial to his wife, Eleanor of Castile. ... The River Nene is a river in the east of England. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... The Fens may also refer to the Back Bay Fens, park in Boston, Massachusetts. ... RAF Wittering is a Royal Air Force station near Stamford, Lincolnshire. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... Oakham Castle Rutland is traditionally Englands smallest county and is bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire, and southeast by Northamptonshire. ... For other places with the same name, see Lincolnshire (disambiguation). ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ...

Human settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. This site also shows evidence of Roman occupation. The Saxon period saw the establishment of an abbey, which later became Peterborough Cathedral. The population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the nineteenth century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s. The population is once again undergoing rapid expansion and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the UK, industrial employment has fallen, with new jobs tending to be in financial services and distribution. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Flag Fen Iron Age roundhouse reconstruction Flag Fen near Peterborough, England is a Bronze Age site, probably religious. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... Bold textTHIS IS THE PAGE THAT A.S. REALLY NEEDS!! THIS IS NOW MARKED!!! ] ps i like A.O. This article is about an abbey as a Christian monastic community. ... Peterborough Cathedral Plan Peterborough Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, and is very unusual amongst mediÃ¦val cathedrals in Britain because of its triple front (dominated by the statues of the three saints) and overall asymmetrical appearance. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Below is a list of some of the new towns in the United Kingdom created under the various New Town Acts of the 20th century. ...

History

Early history

Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. The Romans established the fortified garrison town of Durobrivae on Ermine Street to the west of the city around AD 43. This was first mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary of the late second century.^[4] The Roman Fen Causeway is also visible at Flag Fen. Durobrivae was a Roman fortified garrison town located at Water Newton in the English county of Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Street crossed the River Nene. ... Roman Britain, with Ermine Street highlighted Ermine Street should not be confused with Ermin Street, the road from Silchester to Gloucester. ... The Antonine Itinerary is a Latin document that can be described as the Road Map of Roman Britain. ... Fen Causeway or the Fen Road is the modern name for a Roman road of England that runs between Denver in the east and Peterborough in the west. ...

Peterborough (Gildenburgh, Burgus sancti Petri) is shown by its original name Medeshampstede to have been a Saxon village before AD 655 when Saxulf, a monk, founded the monastery on land granted to him for that purpose by Peada, King of Mercia. The Peterborough Chronicle, or later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was composed here by monks.^[5] The town's name was altered to Burgh between AD 992 and 1005 after Abbot Kenulf had built a defensive wall around the minster; but it does not appear to have been a borough until the twelfth century. The burgesses received their first charter from "Abbot Robert" — probably Robert of Sutton (1262–1273).^[6] Medeshampstede, the name in the Dark Ages of the city of Peterborough. ... Peada (died 656), a son of Penda, was briefly King of southern Mercia after his fathers death in November 655[1] until his own death in the spring of the next year. ... The Kingdom of Mercia at its greatest extent (7th to 9th centuries) is shown in green, with the original core area (6th century) given a darker tint. ... The Peterborough Chronicle (also called The Laud Manuscript) is one of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles that contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman Conquest. ... The initial page of the Peterborough Chronicle. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Separation barrier. ... Look up Borough in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

When civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King Charles I (known as Cavaliers) and supporters of the Long Parliament (known as Roundheads). The city lay on the border of the Eastern Association of counties which sided with Parliament, and the war reached Peterborough in 1643 when soldiers arrived in the city to attack Royalist strongholds at Stamford and Crowland. The Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to Burghley House, where they were captured and sent to Cambridge.^[7] While the Parliamentary soldiers were in Peterborough however, they ransacked the cathedral, destroying the lady chapel, chapter house, cloister, high altar and choir stalls, as well as mediæval decoration and records.^[8] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1479 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Peterborough Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1479 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Peterborough Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Cologne Cathedral, Germany, bearing the tallest paired spires in the world. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°Â°â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’â†’Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§Â§ Prince Rupert, an archetypical cavalier For other uses, see Cavalier (disambiguation). ... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ... The Roundheads was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. ... The Eastern Association was a Parliamentarian or Roundhead army during the English Civil War. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Trinity Bridge, Crowland Location within the British Isles Crowland (modern usage) or Croyland (medieval era name) is a town in Lincolnshire, England, positioned between Peterborough and Spalding, with two major sites of historical interest. ... Burghley House Burghley House is a grand 16th-century English country house near the town of Stamford in Lincolnshire. ... This article is about the city in England. ...

Historically the dean and chapter, who succeeded the abbot as lords of the manor, appointed a high bailiff, and the constables and other borough officers were elected at their court leet; but the municipal borough was incorporated in 1874 under the government of a mayor, six aldermen and 18 councillors.^[9] Among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the thirteenth century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke. In 1576 Bishop Scambler sold the lordship of the hundred of Nassaburgh, which is coextensive with the Soke, to Queen Elizabeth I, who gave it to Lord Burghley, and from that time until the nineteenth century he and his descendants, the Earls and Marquesses of Exeter, had a separate gaol for prisoners arrested in the Soke.^[6] The abbot formerly held four fairs, of which two, St. Peter's Fair, granted in 1189 and later held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in July, and the Brigge Fair, granted in 1439 and later held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in October, were purchased by the corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1876. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by King Henry VI, survives. Prayers for the opening of the fair were once said at the morning service in the cathedral, followed by a civic proclamation and a sausage lunch at the Town Hall which still takes place. The Mayor traditionally leads a procession from the Town Hall to the fair where the proclamation is read, asking all persons to "behave soberly and civilly, and to pay their just dues and demands."^[10] A dean, in a church context, is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy. ... This article incorporates text from the Catholic Encyclopedia, which is in the public domain. ... For other uses, see Abbot (disambiguation). ... In England, Lord of the Manor is a minor, feudal title. ... Bailiff (from Late Latin bajulivus, adjectival form of bajulus) is a governor or custodian (cf. ... Constables Constables is a boarding house in the asteemed public school Uppingham. ... At a very early time the lords of manors exercised or claimed certain jurisdictional franchises. ... A borough is a political division originally used in England. ... The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed 178 existing boroughs. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger, greater) is the modern title of the highest ranking municipal officer. ... An alderman is a member of a municipal legislative body in a town or city with many jurisdictions. ... A councillor is a member of a council (such as a city council), particularly in the U.K. and its former colonies. ... The Soke of Peterborough is an historic area of England that is traditionally associated with the City of Peterborough and Diocese of Peterborough, but considered part of Northamptonshire. ... Paramount (derived from the Anglo-French word paramont, which means up above, or par a mont, meaning up or on top of the mountain), is the highest authority, or that being of the greatest importance. ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ... William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1521–4 August 1598), was an English politician, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign. ... The title of Marquess of Exeter was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1801 for the Earl of Exeter. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A Municipal Corporation is a legal defintion for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, and towns. ... ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS, in England, a body corporate, whose full title is Ecclesiastical and Church Estates Commissioners for England, invested with very important powers, under the operation of which extensive changes have been made in the distribution of the revenues of the Established Church. ... Henry VI (December 6, 1421 â€“ May 21, 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 (though with a Regent until 1437) and then from 1470 to 1471, and King of France from 1422 to 1453. ...

Modern history

Railway lines began operating locally during the 1840s, but it was the 1850 opening of the Great Northern Railway's main line from London to York, that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. Lord Exeter had opposed the railway passing through Stamford, so Peterborough, situated between two main terminals at London and Doncaster, increasingly developed as a regional railway hub.^[11] The Great Northern Railway (GNR) was a British railway company, founded by the London & York Railway Act of 1846. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... York shown within England Coordinates: , Sovereign state Constituent country Region Yorkshire and the Humber Ceremonial county North Yorkshire Admin HQ York City Centre Founded 71 City Status 71 Government - Type Unitary Authority, City - Governing body City of York Council - Leadership: Leader & Executive - Executive: Liberal Democrat - MPs: Hugh Bayley (L) John... The Most Honourable Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter KG PC (July 2, 1795â€“January 16, 1867) was the son of Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other places with the same name, see Doncaster (disambiguation). ...

Coupled with vast local clay deposits, the railway enabled large scale brick making and distribution to take place. The area was the UK's leading producer of bricks for much of the twentieth century. Brick making had been a small seasonal craft since the early nineteenth century, but during the 1890s successful experiments at Fletton using the harder clays from a lower level had resulted in a much more efficient process.^[12] Perkins Engines was established in Peterborough in 1932 by Frank Perkins, creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine. Thirty years later it employed more than a tenth of the population of Peterborough, mainly at Eastfield.^[13] Baker Perkins had relocated from London to Westwood, now the site of HMP Peterborough, in 1903, followed by Peter Brotherhood to Walton in 1906; both manufacturers of industrial machinery they too became major employers in the city.^[14] British Sugar remains headquartered in Woodston, although the sugar beet factory, which opened there in 1926, was closed in 1991. Image File history File links Burghley1. ... Image File history File links Burghley1. ... Fletton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... Engines P3: Three cylinder diesel engine, produced from 1953-11 to 1967-03. ... Frank Perkins (20 February 1889 Peterborough, United Kingdom - 1967) British engineer, businessman, creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine, and founder of the Perkins Engines Company. ... westwood is a small place and only has one schoolhighlees primary meny of secondary students have to go to jack hunt or breton woods. ... HMP Peterborough opened in Spring 2005. ... In 1936 the United Kingdom parliament nationalised the entire UK sugar beet crop processing industry to form the British Sugar Corporation. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ...

Designated a New Town in 1967, Peterborough Development Corporation was formed in partnership with the city and county councils to house London's overspill population in new townships sited around the existing urban area.^[15] There were to be four townships; at Bretton, Orton, Paston/Werrington and Castor. The last of these was never built, but a fourth township, called Hampton, is now taking shape south of the city. It was decided that the city should have a major indoor shopping centre at its heart. Planning permission was received in the late summer of 1976 and Queensgate, which contains over 90 stores and includes parking for 2,300 cars, was opened by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982. A new network of high-speed roads, known as parkways, was also constructed around the city at this time.^[16] Below is a list of some of the new towns in the United Kingdom created under the various New Town Acts of the 20th century. ... The Peterborough Development Corporation was established in February 1968, as a national government initiative, following the citys designation as a third-wave New Town in July 1967. ... London overspill is the term given to the communities created - largely consisting of council houses - as a result of the policy of moving residents out of London, England into other towns. ... Bretton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... Orton is a district of the City of Peterborough, England, United Kingdom. ... Paston is a small district of Peterborough, situated in the north of the city. ... Werrington is a ward, or district of the City of Peterborough, England, United Kingdom Area: 6 km² Population: 14,800 Originally a village, Werrington was engulfed by Peterborough in the mid 20th Century, as the city expanded. ... Castor is a village in the Soke of Peterborough in England. ... Insert non-formatted text hereHampton is a newly developing township in Peterborough, England. ... Beatrix (born January 31, 1938 as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld) has been the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ...

Peterborough's population grew by 45.4% between 1971 and 1991. New service-sector companies like Thomas Cook and Pearl Assurance were also attracted to the city, ending the dominance of the manufacturing industry as employers. In 2005 an Urban Regeneration Company under the chairmanship of Lord Mawhinney, named Opportunity Peterborough, was set up by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister to oversee Peterborough's future development.^[17] Between 2006 and 2012 a £1 billion re-development of the city centre and surrounding areas will take place. The master plan provides guidelines on shaping the physical form of the city centre over the next 15–20 years. Proposals are already progressing for the north of Westgate, the south bank and the station quarter, where Network Rail is preparing a major mixed use development.^[18] Whilst recognising the reconfiguration of the relationship between the city and station is critical, English Heritage found the current plans for Westgate unconvincing and felt more thought should be given to the vitality of the historic core.^[19] For other uses, see Thomas Cook (disambiguation). ... Urban Regeneration Companies are private companies in the United Kingdom that seek to achieve a radical physical transformation of their areas through masterplanning and co-ordinating financial assistance to developers from both the public and private sector. ... Opportunity Peterborough is an Urban Regeneration Company in the United Kingdom, established in April 2005, to manage the billion pound transformation of Peterborough in Cambridgeshire and to ensure that the city centre develops in parallel with Peterboroughs planned growth. ... The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister is a department of the British government. ... Network Rail is a British not for dividend company limited by guarantee whose principal asset is Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, a company limited by shares. ... The standard of English Heritage English Heritage is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport) with a broad remit of managing the historic environment of England. ...

Administration

Politics

The city formed a parliamentary borough returning two members from 1541, with the rest of the Soke being part of Northamptonshire parliamentary county. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the northern division of Northamptonshire.^[20] In 1885 the borough's representation was reduced to one member,^[21] and in 1918 the boundaries were adjusted to include the whole Soke.^[22] The serving member for Peterborough is the Conservative, Stewart Jackson MP, who defeated Labour's Helen Clark in the 2005 general election. In 1997 the North West Cambridgeshire constituency was formed, incorporating parts of the city and neighbouring Huntingdonshire. The serving member is the Conservative, Shailesh Vara MP, who succeeded the (then) Rt Hon Dr. Sir Brian Mawhinney, former Secretary of State for Transport and Chairman of the Conservative Party, in 2005. Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire later that year. Peterborough and North West Cambridgeshire are included in the East of England constituency for elections to the European Parliament. It currently elects seven members using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. Parliamentary boroughs are boroughs that are entitled to representation in a Parliament. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... The British Reform Act of 1832 (2 & 3 Will. ... Peterborough is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... Stewart James Jackson (born January 31, 1965) is a British politician. ... The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... For other people with similar names, see Helen Clark (disambiguation) Helen Clark, previously known as Helen Brinton, (born December 23, 1954) is a politician in the United Kingdom. ... It has been suggested that Marginal constituencies in the United Kingdom be merged into this article or section. ... Cambridgeshire North West is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... Shailesh Vara Shailesh Lakhman Vara (born September 4, 1960) is a British Conservative Party politician. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... The dignity of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. ... Brian Stanley Mawhinney, Baron Mawhinney PC (born 26 July 1940) was a member of the Cabinet until 1997 and a Member of Parliament until 2005. ... The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. ... In the United Kingdom, the Chairman of the Conservative Party is responsible for running the party machine, overseeing Conservative Central Office. ... In the United Kingdom, Life Peers are appointed members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). ... East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert PÃ¶ttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) GÃ©rard Onesta (Greens â€“ EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel MartÃnez MartÃnez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... A Member of the European Parliament (English abbreviation MEP)[1] is a member of the European Unions directly-elected legislative body, the European Parliament. ... The DHondt method (equivalent to Jeffersons method, and Budder-Ofer method) is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. ... Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ...

Local government

From 1889 the ancient Soke of Peterborough formed an administrative county in its own right with boundaries similar, although not identical, to the current unitary authority.^[23] The area however remained geographically part of Northamptonshire until 1965, when the Soke of Peterborough was merged with Huntingdonshire to form the county of Huntingdon and Peterborough.^[24] Following a review of local government in 1974, Huntingdon and Peterborough was abolished and the current district created by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Peterborough with Peterborough Rural District, Barnack Rural District, Thorney Rural District, Old Fletton Urban District and part of the Norman Cross Rural District, which had each existed since 1894.^[25] This became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire.^[26] Letters patent were granted which continued the style of the city over the greater area.^[27] In 1998 the city became autonomous of Cambridgeshire county council as a unitary authority, but it continues to form part of that county for ceremonial purposes.^[28] The leader and cabinet model of decision-making, first adopted by the city council in 2001, is similar to national government.^[29] Image File history File links PB_TownHall. ... Image File history File links PB_TownHall. ... The Soke of Peterborough is an historic area of England that is traditionally associated with the City of Peterborough and Diocese of Peterborough, but considered part of Northamptonshire. ... The division into counties is one of the larger divisions of England. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... Huntingdonshire (abbreviated Hunts) is a part of England around Huntingdon, which is currently administered as a local government district of Cambridgeshire. ... Huntingdon and Peterborough was a short-lived administrative county in East Anglia. ... There is no single system of local government in the United Kingdom. ... The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. ... Peterborough was a rural district near Peterborough in England from 1894 to 1974. ... In local government on the British Isles, a rural district was a predominantly rural area used for local government. ... Barnack was a rural district in the Soke of Peterborough and later Huntingdon and Peterborough from 1894 to 1974. ... Thorney was a rural district in England from 1894 to 1974, situated to the east of Peterborough. ... Old Fletton was an urban district in the county of Huntingdonshire and then (from 1965) Huntingdon and Peterborough. ... In the British Isles an urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area. ... Norman Cross was a rural district in Huntingdonshire from 1894 to 1974. ... Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of English administrative division used for the purposes of local government. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Letters Patent by Queen Victoria creating the office of Governor-General of Australia Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of an open letter issued by a monarch or government granting an office, a right, monopoly, title, or status to someone or some entity such as... Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster. ... In the British Isles, a county council is a council that governs a county. ... A unitary authority is a type of local authority, which has a single tier and is responsible for all local government functions within its area. ... The traditional counties as usually portrayed. ... The Ceremonial counties of England are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England. ... A city council is the most common style of legislative government in a city or town. ... A logo of Her Majestys Government. ...

Policing in the city remains the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Constabulary; and firefighting, the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. Nowadays the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, one of few of its kind, effectively functions as a retained fire station.^[30] Cambridgeshire Constabulary is the Home Office police force in England responsible for policing the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire. ... A Fire Appliance belonging to the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service The fire service in the United Kingdom has undergone dramatic changes since the beginning of the 21st century, a process that has been propelled by a devolution of central government powers, new legislation and a change to operational... Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service for the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire and the unitary authority of Peterborough. ...

Health service

Peterborough Primary Care Trust guides primary care services (GPs, dentists, opticians and pharmacists) in the city, directly provides adult social care and services in the community such as health visiting and physiotherapy and also funds hospital care and other specialist treatments. Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is one of the country's top performing NHS acute trusts.^[31] In 2004 it became one of the first ten NHS foundation trusts in England. A £300 million health investment plan will see the transfer of the city's two hospitals to a single site by building a modern, flexible facility more suited to modern healthcare. The full planning application for the redevelopment of the Edith Cavell Hospital site was approved by the council in 2006. Planning permission for the development of an integrated care centre on the existing site of the Fenland Wing at Peterborough District Hospital was granted in 2003.^[32] Following merger of the Cambridgeshire, then East Anglian Ambulance Services, the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust is responsible for the provision of statutory emergency medical services in Peterborough. Many services in the National Health Service in the United Kingdom are provided by NHS Trusts. ... A general practitioner (GP), family physician or family practitioner (FP) is a medical doctor who provides primary care. ... This article is about the dental profession. ... Optometry (Greek: optos meaning seen or visible and metria meaning measurement) is a health care profession concerned with eyes and related structures, vision, visual system and vision information processing in humans. ... Pharmacists are health professionals who practice pharmacy. ... Health Visitors are UK registered nurses or midwives who have undertaken further training to work as part of the primary health care team. ... Physical therapy can help restore lost functionality in many people. ... For the town in the Republic of Ireland, see Hospital, County Limerick. ... An NHS Foundation Trust, or commonly called a foundation hospital, is a public benefit corporation which is authorised to provide goods and services for the purposes of the National Health Service in England under the Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003. ... NHS redirects here. ... Edith Cavell Edith Louisa Cavell (December 4, 1865â€“October 12, 1915) was a British World War I nurse and humanitarian. ... Badge of the East of England Ambulance Service The East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust is the authority responsible for providing NHS ambulance services in Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Luton, Norfolk, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Suffolk and Thurrock, in the East of England region. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Public utilities

The council's budget for 2007/8 is £226.8 million.^[33] The main source of non-school funding is the formula grant, which is paid by government to local authorities based on the services they provide. The remainder, to which the police and fire authorities set a precept, is raised from council tax and business rates. Mains water and sewerage services are provided by Anglian Water, a former nationalised industry and natural monopoly, privatised in 1989 and regulated by OFWAT. In the United Kingdom a Fire Authority or Fire and Rescue Authority is a body or committee which oversees the operation, policy and service delivery of a county or metropolitan fire and rescue service. ... The Council Tax is the main form of local taxation in England, Scotland and Wales. ... This article is about Business rates in England and Wales. ... Anglian Water is a privatised water company that operates in the East of England. ... This article is about state ownership. ... In economics, the term natural monopoly is used to refer to two different things. ... Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or — especially in India — disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership. ... The Office of Water Services (Ofwat) is the body which is responsible for economic regulation of the privatised water industry in England and Wales. ...

Following deregulation, the consumer has a choice of energy supplier. Electricity was formerly provided by Eastern Electricity, which was privatised in 1990. In 2002 the supply business was sold to Powergen and the distribution rights sold to EDF Energy. Natural Gas was (and still is) supplied by British Gas, which was privatised in 1986. Distribution and, as with electricity, transmission, is the responsibility of the National Grid, having been demerged as Transco in 1997. These industries are regulated by OFGEM. Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... Eastern Electricity was an electricity supply and distribution utility serving eastern England, including East Anglia and part of Greater London. ... Electricity retailing is the final process in the delivery of electricity from generation to the consumer. ... Powergen was an electric generating company in the United Kingdom. ... 11kV/400V-230V transformer in an older suburb of Wellington, New Zealand Electricity distribution is the penultimate stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity to end users. ... EDF Energy is an energy company that provides gas and electricity to homes throughout the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ... Centrica plc (LSE: CNA) is a large multinational company, based in the UK but also with interests in North America and Europe. ... Transmission towers Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power transmission, or more accurately Electrical energy transmission, is the second process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ... National Grid plc is a United Kingdom based utilities company which also operates in other countries, principally in the United States. ... The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), working for the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (GEMA), is the government regulator for the electricity and downstream natural gas markets in the United Kingdom. ...

British Telecommunications, privatised in 1984, provides fixed ADSL enabled (8 Mbps) telephone lines. The subscriber trunk dialling code for Peterborough is 01733, deriving from 73 for PE. Local loop unbundling, giving other internet service providers direct access, is completed at four out of 12 exchanges. The city is cabled by Virgin Media.^[34] These businesses are regulated by OFCOM. BT Group plc (which trades as just BT, and is commonly known as, British Telecom or British Telecommunications) is the privatised former British state telecommunications operator. ... Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. ... Subscriber trunk dialling (STD) (also known as subscriber toll dialling) is a term for the UK telephone system allowing subscribers to dial trunk calls without operator assistance. ... All figure dialling refers to the change in the UK telephone numbering plan in 1966 when the three_digit numbers for local telephone exchanges began to be assigned without reference to any correspondence to the letters on the dial. ... Local loop unbundling (LLU) is the regulatory process of allowing multiple telecommunications operators use of connections from the telephone exchanges central office to the customers premises. ... â€œISPâ€ redirects here. ... central office = Exchange building in the U.S. telephone exchange = Exchange building in the UK, and is also the UK name for a telephone switch, and also has a technical meaning in U.S. telecoms telephone switch is the U.S. term, but is in increasing use in technical UK... Virgin Media Inc. ... Ofcom is a regulator for communication industries in the United Kingdom. ...

Economy

Regeneration

Peterborough is currently experiencing an economic boom compared to the rest of the country, believed to be due to the regeneration plan running to 2012. In 2005 economic growth was on average 5.5%, whilst in Peterborough it was 6.9%, the highest in the UK.^[35]

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added, an important measure in the estimation of gross domestic product, of Peterborough at current basic prices, with figures in millions of pounds sterling:^[36] The Gross value added is GDP - taxes on products + subsidies on products = GVA GVA + taxes on products - subsidies on products = GDP See also Measures of national income and output External links GVA - Gross Value Added ... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... For details of notes and coins, see British coinage and British banknotes. ...

Recent figures, plotting growth from 1995 to 2004, reveal that Peterborough has become the most successful economy among unitary authorities in the East of England. The chart also reveals that Peterborough's economy is growing faster than the East of England average and any other economy in the region.^[41] In January 2007, Peterborough was named as the leading city in driving forward the UK's business growth, with an impressive 3.78% increase between April and September 2006.^[42]

Employment

According to the 2001 census, the workplace population of 90,656 is divided into 60,118 people who live in Peterborough and 30,358 people who commute in. A further 13,161 residents commute out of the city to work.^[43] Earnings in Peterborough are lower than average. Median earnings are £9.77 per hour, less than the regional median of £11.69 and the national median hourly rate of £11.26.^[44] As part of the government's M11 corridor, Peterborough is committed to creating 17,500 jobs with the population growing to 200,000 by 2020.^[45] UK Census 2001 logo A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001. ... In probability theory and statistics, a median is a type of average that is described as the number dividing the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. ... The M11 Corridor is a term used by the British Government to describe the area of potential growth along the M11 motorway, which begins in East London and runs from Essex to Cambridgeshire. ...

Future employment will also be created through the plan for the city centre launched by the council in 2003. Predictions of the levels and types of employment created were published in 2005.^[18] These include 1,421 jobs created in retail; 1,067 created in a variety of leisure and cultural developments; 338 in three hotels; and a further 4,847 jobs created in offices and other workspaces. Recent relocations of large employers include both Tesco (1,070 employees) and Debenhams (850 employees) distribution centres.^[46] A further 2,500 jobs are to be created in the £140 million Gateway warehouse and distribution park, this is expected to compensate for the 6,000 job losses as a result of the decline in manufacturing, anticipated in a report cited by the cabinet member for economic growth and regeneration in 2006.^[47] , For other uses, see Tesco (disambiguation). ... Debenhams plc (LSE: DEB) is a retailer with a chain of department stores based in the United Kingdom, and franchised stores in a number of other countries. ...

Peterborough, with traditionally low levels of unemployment, is a popular destination for workers and has seen significant growth through the migration of workers over decades; from the city's Italian and Polish communities in the post-war era to present day. The leader of the council said he believed Peterborough had taken up to 80% of the 65,000 people who had arrived in East Anglia from countries such as Poland and Slovakia.^[48] Demand for short term employees from organisations remains high and the market supports up to 20 high street recruitment agencies at any one time. Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ...

Transport

Peterborough is a major stop on the East Coast Main Line, around 45–50 minutes journey time from central London, with high-speed intercity services from King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley operated by the Great North Eastern Railway and slower commuter services terminating at Peterborough operated by First Capital Connect. It is a major railway junction where a number of cross-country routes converge. Central Trains operate the Peterborough to Lincoln Line, the Birmingham to Peterborough Line and with London Eastern Railway (branded 'one'), the Ely to Peterborough Line with through services to Norwich or Cambridge and Stansted Airport. As part of its citylink service, Central Trains operate routes from Birmingham New Street to London Stansted and from Liverpool Lime Street to Norwich via the main line north of Peterborough then the Nottingham to Grantham Line.^[49] Peterborough has a business airport with a paved runway at Holme and a recreational airfield hosting a well-known parachute school at Sibson. Peterborough railway station serves the city of Peterborough, England. ... The East Coast Main Line viaduct at Durham. ... This GNER train serving Kings Cross is named White Rose after the traditional symbol of Yorkshire. ... Waverley railway station- the principal mainline station in Edinburgh viewed from Edinburgh Castle. ... Carrbridge Aviemore Kingussie Newtonmore Blair Atholl Pitlochry Dunkeld Gleneagles Dunblane Falkirk Stonehaven Montrose Arbroath Leuchars Kirkcaldy Inverkeithing Motherwell Edinburgh Haymarket Dunbar Berwick-upon-Tweed Alnmouth Morpeth Durham Darlington Northallerton Harrogate Horsforth Skipton Keighley Shipley Bradford Forster Sq Wakefield Westgate Brough Selby Retford Newark North Gate Grantham Stevenage London Kings Cross... First Capital Connect is a train operating company in England that began its passenger operations on the National Rail network at 02:00 BST 1 April 2006. ... Central Trains rolling stock at Liverpool Lime Street railway station Central Trains is a train operating company in the United Kingdom, running local and long-distance services in central England. ... The Peterborough to Lincoln Line is a railway line linking Peterborough and Lincoln, via Sleaford and Spalding. ... The Birmingham to Peterborough Line is an important railway line in the United Kingdom, linking the Midlands to East Anglia. ... One Railway (or simply One) is the brand name of London Eastern Railway Ltd, a British company which operates local, suburban and express services from London Liverpool Street in the City of London to East and North London, Essex, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire and East Anglia, otherwise known as the Greater Anglia... The Ely to Peterborough Line is an important railway line in the United Kingdom, linking the East Anglia to the Midlands. ... Norwich (pronounced IPA: ) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Terminal building, designed by Sir Norman Foster Stansted Airport is a medium-sized passenger airport with a single runway, located in the English county of Essex about thirty miles north of London. ... Birmingham New Street could refer to: Birmingham New Street Station New Street, Birmingham This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The main entrance to Liverpool Lime Street Station Liverpool Lime Street railway station on Lime Street is the mainline railway station serving Liverpool, England. ... The Nottingham to Grantham Line is a branch line between the towns of Nottingham and Grantham in the East Midlands of England. ... Peterborough Business Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: EGSF) is a privately-owned airfield in the English county of Cambridgeshire near the villages of Holme and Conington. ... Holme â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Connington south of Yaxley. ... Peterborough/Sibson Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: EGSP) is located 6 nautical miles (11. ... Stibbington â€“ in the far north-west corner of Huntingdonshire District, Cambridgeshire, England â€“ is a village which lies in a loop of the River Nene and in the civil parish of Sibson cum Stibbington. ...

The River Nene, made navigable from the port at Wisbech to Northampton by 1761,^[50] passes through the city centre and a rather pretty green bridge carries the railway over the river. It was built in 1847 by Lewis Cubitt, who was more famous for his bridges in Australia, India and South America. Apart from some minor repairs in 1910 (the steel bands and cross braces around the fluted legs) the bridge remains just the way he built it. Now a listed structure, it is the oldest surviving cast-iron railway bridge in the UK. By the Town Bridge, the Customs House, built in the early eighteenth century, is a visible reminder of the city's past function as an inland port.^[51] The Environment Agency navigation starts at the junction with the Northampton arm of the Grand Union Canal and extends for 91 miles (147 km) ending at Bevis Hall just upstream of Wisbech. The tidal limit used to be Woodston Wharf until the Dog-in-a-Doublet lock was built five miles (8 km) downstream in 1937.^[52] The River Nene is a river in the east of England. ... OS Grid Reference: TF460098 Lat/Lon: Population: 20,200 (2001 Census) Dwellings: 9,145 (2001 Census) Formal status: Town Administration County: Cambridgeshire Region: East of England Nation: England Post Office and Telephone Post town: Wisbech Postcode: PE13, PE14 Dialling Code: 01945 Wisbech (IPA: ) is a market town and inland port... Northampton is a large market town and a local government district in the English East Midlands region. ... Lewis Cubitt was born on 29 September 1799 and died on 9 June 1883. ... (see also the List of environmental organizations) The Environment Agency (Welsh: Asiantaeth yr Amgylchedd) of England and Wales was created by the Environment Act 1995, along with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. ... The canal at Braunston The Grand Union Canal is a canal in England and part of the British canal system. ... Canal locks in England. ...

The A1/A1(M) broadly follows the path of the historic Great North Road from St. Paul's Cathedral at the heart of London, through Peterborough (Junction 17), continuing north a further 335 miles (539 km) to central Edinburgh. Ermine Street used to pass through Durobrivae, the slight remains of which can be seen to the east, alongside the A1 at Peterborough. In 1899 the British Electric Traction Company sought permission for a tramway joining the northern suburbs with the city centre. The system, which operated under the name Peterborough Electric Traction Company, opened in 1903 and was abandoned in favour of motor buses in 1930, when the company was merged into the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company.^[53] Today, bus services in the city are operated by several companies including the Stagecoach Group (Cambus and Viscount) and Delaine Buses. Despite its large-scale growth, Peterborough has the fastest peak and off-peak travel times for a city of its size in the UK, due to the construction of the parkways. The Local Transport Plan anticipates expenditure totalling around £180 million for the period up to 2010 on major road schemes to accommodate development.^[54] Sign at Junction 1 of the A1(M) at South Mimms in Hertfordshire The A1, at 409 miles (658 km) long, is the longest numbered British road. ... St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London in London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ... Roman Britain, with Ermine Street highlighted Ermine Street should not be confused with Ermin Street, the road from Silchester to Gloucester. ... Water Newton is a village on the northern border of the English county of Cambridgeshire. ... British Electric Traction Company, PLC, was a leading manufacturer and operator of electric railway tram systems in England during the late 19th century and early 20th century. ... This article refers to public transport vehicles running on rails. ... First Eastern Counties is a major bus operator in Norfolk and Suffolk in eastern England. ... Stagecoach Group plc (LSE: SGC) is a leading international transport group operating bus, train, tram, express coach and ferry operations. ... Delaine Buses is a bus operator based in Bourne, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. ... This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. ... Local Transport Plans (LTPs) are an important part of Transportation Planning within the United Kingdom. ...

The Peterborough Millennium Green Wheel is a 50 mile (80 km) network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways which provide safe, continuous routes around the city with radiating spokes connecting to the city centre. The project has also created a sculpture trail, which provides functional, landscape artworks along the Green Wheel route and a Living Landmarks project involving the local community in the creation of local landscape features such as mini woodlands, ponds and hedgerows.^[55] Another long distance footpath, the Hereward Way, runs from Oakham in Rutland, through Peterborough, to East Harling in Norfolk. The Peterborough Millennium Green Wheel is an 80km network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways. ... The Hereward Way is a long distance footpath in England. ... Arms of Rutland County Council Oakham is the county town of Rutland, England. ... Oakham Castle Rutland is traditionally Englands smallest county and is bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire, and southeast by Northamptonshire. ... East Harling is a small village located near Thetford in Norfolk. ... Norfolk (IPA: //) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ...

Demographics

Ethnicity

Peterborough is home to one of the largest concentrations of Italian immigrants in the UK. This is mainly as a result of labour recruitment in the 1950s by the London Brick Company in the southern Italian regions of Puglia and Campania. By 1960 approximately 3,000 Italian men were employed by London Brick, mostly at the Fletton works.^[56] In 1962 the Scalabrini Fathers, who first arrived in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a church named after the patron saint of workers San Giuseppe. By 1991 over 3,000 christenings of second-generation Italians had been carried out there.^[57] The population of Peterborough has grown much faster than the national average over the last few years, mainly as a result of immigration. In the late twentieth century the main source of immigration has been from Commonwealth countries such as India and Pakistan. A more recent issue is that an unknown figure of eastern Europeans from accession states have moved to Peterborough since 2004. This may mean that the population figures, based on the 2001 census, are an underestimate.^[58] The East of England Regional Assembly estimate that 16,000 eastern Europeans are now living in the city.^[59] Modern Peterborough is a rapidly developing city and one that continues to change. The change has not been without problems however. In May 2004 groups of Pakistani residents clashed with Afghan and Iraqi asylum seekers. In the "running street battles," houses and cars were set alight and windows were smashed. Some people were hospitalised. The fighting occurred in the multicultural Millfield area of the city.^[60] In July of that year, a festival set up by the Indian community to celebrate the city's diversity turned violent. Pakistanis and Iraqis clashed over the weekend, leaving a man in hospital and large gangs fighting.^[61] Since then, race relations have improved significantly. Image File history File links Pbguildhall. ... Image File history File links Pbguildhall. ... A market cross is a structure used to mark a market square in market towns. ... The workforce is the labour pool in employment. ... The London Brick Company was founded in 1900 by Sir Malcolm Stewart in the Marston Vale, Bedfordshire and was reputed to be the largest brick makers in the country. ... This article is about the Italian region. ... For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation). ... Fletton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... Founded by John Baptist Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza, Italy (d. ... Saint Quentin is the patron saint of locksmiths and is also invoked against coughs and sneezes. ... For other uses, see Saint Joseph (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Christian religious act of Baptism. ... Italian Britons also known as Britalians, are British citizens whose ancestry originates in Italy. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2006 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders - Queen Elizabeth II - Secretary-General Don McKinnon (since 1 April 2000) Establishment - Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926 - Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 - London Declaration 28 April 1949 Area - Total... On May 1, 2004, ten new states acceded to the European Union bringing the number of member states to twenty-five (25). ... UK Census 2001 logo A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001. ... East of England region The East of England Regional Assembly is the regional assembly for the East of England region of the United Kingdom. ... Millfield is a district of Peterborough, located due north of the city centre. ...

East Anglia is now the leading destination for new migrants and half of the 83,000 who have registered to work in the region have settled in Cambridgeshire. According to a report published by the police in 2007 "the hidden scale of migration into the county is demonstrated by the different number of languages officers and staff deal with, which now exceeds 100. Translation costs linked to dealing with incidents and crime are close to £1 million a year." The report says the migrant communities have led to a change in the nature of crime in the county, with an increase in drink-driving offences, knife crime and an international dimension added to activities such as running cannabis factories and human trafficking. The number of non-UK nationals arrested in the north of the county rose from 894 in 2003 to 2,435 in 2006, but the report also says "inappropriately negative" community perceptions about migrant workers often complicate routine incidents, raising tensions and turning them "critical;" the fact that many new migrants are crowded into privately rented accommodation, often in multiple occupation, is a potentially destabilising factor in many communities, raising problems of noise, parking, waste disposal, petty robbery, household disputes and assaults against women in mixed houses.^[62] Julie Spence OBE, the Chief Constable, was careful to add there was "little evidence that the increased numbers of migrant workers have caused significant or systematic problems in respect of community safety or cohesion." She also emphasised that the dramatic change in the county's profile — from a rural county in which four years ago 95% of teenagers were white to one of the country's major ethnically mixed growth points — has had a positive impact in development and jobs. Cambridgeshire's population is one of the fastest growing in Britain and is projected to rise by a further 12.5% or 94,000 by 2016, mostly fulled by 69,000 eastern European migrants.^[63] Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Under the influence. ... This article is about the plant genus Cannabis. ... The trafficking of human beings is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people for the purpose of exploitation. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with rental agreement. ... Noise pollution (or environmental noise in technical venues) is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the environment. ... For other uses, see Parking (disambiguation). ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waste For the company, see Waste Management, Inc. ... The household is the basic unit of analysis in many microeconomic and government models. ... Obe can mean: Obe, in Afghanistan Ebenezer Obe, a Nigerian musician. ... Chief Constable is the title given to the commanding officer of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except the two responsible for Greater London. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ... For the ethnic group, see White people. ...

The number of languages in use is growing and diversity is spreading where previously few languages other than English were spoken. Peterborough now offers classes in Italian, Urdu and Punjabi in its primary schools.^[64] As the city expands and attracts more British and foreign citizens, it has introduced a new statutory development plan.^[65] Its aim is to accommodate an extra 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people living in Peterborough by 2020. The Hampton township will be completed, south Stanground will have a 1,500 home development and Paston a 1,200 home development. To help cope with the influx of people moving to the city the council has put forward plans to construct an average of 1,300 homes every year until 2021.^[66] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Insert non-formatted text hereHampton is a newly developing township in Peterborough, England. ... Stanground is a suburb of Peterborough, England. ... Paston is a small district of Peterborough, situated in the north of the city. ...

Religion

Christianity has the largest following in Peterborough, in particular the Church of England, with a significant number of churches and a cathedral. Recent immigration to the city has also seen the established Roman Catholic population increase substantially.^[67] Other denominations are also represented; the latest church to be constructed is a £7 million "superchurch" that can hold up to 1,800 people.^[68] In comparison with the rest of the country, Peterborough has a lower proportion of Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs. However, the city has a higher percentage of Muslims (and atheists) than the national average.^[69] The majority of Muslims reside in the Millfield and New England areas of the city, where two large mosques (including the Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque) are based. Peterborough also has both Hindu (Bharat Hindu Samaj) and Sikh (Singh Sabha Gurdwara) temples in these areas. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 798 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 Ã— 866 pixel, file size: 241 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 798 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 Ã— 866 pixel, file size: 241 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... This article is about the Christian buildings of worship. ... For other uses, see Cathedral (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: A denomination... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... Millfield is a district of Peterborough, located due north of the city centre. ... New England is the name of the region Peterborough, in Cambridgeshire, north of the city Centre. ... A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque is situated on Gladstone Street in New England, Peterborough, UK. It can hold up to 1000 worshippers, and its 30m green dome is thought to be one of the biggest in the UK. It cost Â£2. ...

The Anglican Diocese of Peterborough covers about 1,200 square miles (3,100 km²), including the whole of Northamptonshire, Rutland, and the Soke of Peterborough (the part of the city north of the River Nene). The parts of the city south of the river, historically in Huntingdonshire, fall within the Diocese of Ely, which covers the rest of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk. However, the current Bishop of Peterborough has also been appointed Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of Ely, with pastoral care for these parishes delegated to him by the Bishop of Ely.^[70]^[71] The city falls wholly within the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, which has its seat at the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist, Norwich. The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Diocese of Peterborough forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. ... The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. ... The Dioecese of Ely is a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury. ... The Bishop of Peterborough is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Peterborough in the Province of Canterbury. ... A bishop of the Anglican Church appointed to assist a diocesan bishop. ... A parish is a subdivision of a diocese or bishopric within the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Church of Sweden, and of some other churches. ... Arms of the Bishop of Ely The Bishop of Ely is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Ely in the Province of Canterbury. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... // The Diocese covers the counties of Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk and also Peterborough. ... The Cathedral Church of St John the Baptist is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in the city of Norwich, Norfolk. ... St. ...

Culture

Education

Peterborough has one independent boarding school; Peterborough High School, formerly Westwood House. The school caters for girls up to 18 and boys up to 11. Peterborough's state schools are currently undergoing immense change. Five of the city's 15 secondary schools are to be closed and demolished over the coming years, replaced with flagship academies set to open in September 2007. These include The Voyager Media Arts College and Thomas Deacon Academy, designed by Lord Foster of Thames Bank. The schools that remain will be extended and enlarged. Over £200 million is to be spent and the changes on-going to 2010.^[72] The King's School is one of seven schools established, or in some cases re-endowed and renamed, by King Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries to pray for his soul.^[73] The city has its own Further Education colleges, Peterborough Regional College (established in 1946 as Peterborough Technical College) and Peterborough College of Adult Education. Peterborough Regional College attracts over 15,000 students each year from the UK and abroad and is currently ranked in the top five per cent of colleges in the UK.^[74] The city is currently without its own university, since Loughborough University closed its Peterborough campus in 2003.^[75] In 2006 however, Peterborough Regional College was in talks with Anglia Ruskin University to develop a new university campus for the city.^[76]^[77] The college and the university have now officially completed the legal contracts for the creation of a new joint venture company. The formation marks the culmination of legal negotiations and securing of funds required in order to build the new higher education centre.^[78] Peterborough High School is an independent school, located on Thorpe Road, Peterborough, England, with nursery, primary and secondary year groups. ... High School also refers to the highest form of classical riding, High School Dressage. ... The Voyager School is a landmark building in Peterborough, England with state-of-the-art facilities providing a brand new coeducational and multi-ethnic comprehensive school for 1,675 students aged 11 to 19. ... The Thomas Deacon Academy is an academy located in Peterborough, England. ... The restored Reichstag in Berlin, housing the German parliament. ... The Kings School, Peterborough is a Voluntary Aided Church of England comprehensive secondary school in Peterborough, England. ... â€œHenry VIIIâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses of the term dissolution see Dissolution. ... Further education (often abbreviated FE) is post-secondary, post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school). ... A college (Latin collegium) can be the name of any group of colleagues; originally it meant a group of people living together under a common set of rules (con-, together + leg-, law). As a consequence members of colleges were originally styled fellow and still are in some places. ... Peterborough Regional College, established in 1946 as Peterborough Technical College, is a major college of further and higher education in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... Loughborough University is located in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England. ... The UniversitÃ¤tscampus Wien, Austria ( details) Campus (plural: campuses) is derived from the (identical) Latin word for field or open space. English gets the words camp and campus from this origin. ... Anglia Ruskin University, formerly Anglia Polytechnic, is a university in England, with campuses in Cambridge and Chelmsford. ...

The arts

Each year Peterborough enjoys a wide range of events including the annual East of England Show, Peterborough Festival and CAMRA beer festival which takes place on the river embankment at the end of August.^[79] The Peterborough Festival is held annually in the UK city of Peterborough. ... CAMRA (the CAMpaign For Real Ale) is an independent, voluntary, consumer organisation in the United Kingdom, with the main aim of promoting real ale and the traditional British pub. ...

The Key Theatre, built in 1973, is situated on the embankment, next to the River Nene. The theatre provides entertainment, enlightenment and education by reflecting the rich culture Peterborough has to offer. The programme is made up of home-grown productions, national touring shows, local community productions and one-off concerts. There is disabled access, an infrared hearing system for the deaf and hard of hearing and there are also regular signed performances.^[80] In 1937 the Odeon Cinema opened on Broadway, where it operated successfully for more than half a century. In 1991 the Odeon showed its last film to the public and was left to fall into a state of disrepair, until 1997, when a local entrepreneur purchased the building as part of a larger project, including a restaurant and art gallery. Today The Broadway is one of the largest theatres in the region and offers the very best of live entertainment, including music, comedy and films.^[81] The John Clare Theatre within the new central library, also on Broadway, is home to the Peterborough Film Society. One of the region's leading venues, The Cresset in Bretton, provides a wide range of events for the residents of the city and beyond, including theatre, comedy, music and dance. Peterborough has a Showcase Cinema, an ice rink and two indoor swimming pools open to the general public. Throughout the city there are a diverse range of restaurants. These include Chinese & Cantonese, Indian & Nepalese, Thai and many Italian restaurants. In the closing months of 2006, Polish, Japanese and Mexican restaurants were all opened. Odeon Cinemas are a chain of cinemas in the United Kingdom. ... Bretton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... Showcase Cinemas is a cinema company in the UK. It owned by National Amusements of Dedham, Massachusetts, USA. The company was one of the first to open multiplex cinemas in the UK in the 1980s, it now operates 19 cinemas across the UK. Current Locations Birmingham Bristol Cardiff (Nantgarw Parc... For the 2003 film, see Swimming Pool (film). ... Yue cuisine Chinese: Cantonese (Yue) cuisine originates from Guangdong Province in Southern China, or more precisely, the area around Guangzhou (Canton). ...

Sport

Peterborough United Football Club, known as The Posh, has been the local football team since 1934. The ground is situated at London Road on the south bank of the River Nene. Peterborough United have a proud history of cup giant-killings. They set the record for the highest number of league goals scored in a season with 134 goals during their first season in the Football League in 1960/1, when they won the Fourth Division title, with Terry Bly scoring 52 of them. Irish property developer Darragh MacAnthony was appointed chairman in 2006 and is currently undertaking a lengthy purchase of the club from Barry Fry. Once this is completed, MacAnthony has promised to move The Posh to a new all-seater stadium.^[82] Peterborough United Football Club are an English football team currently playing in League Two for the 2006-07 season. ... London Road is a multi-use stadium in Peterborough, England. ... The River Nene is a river in the east of England. ... The Football League is an organisation representing 72 professional football clubs in England and Wales, and runs the oldest professional football league competition in the world. ... The Fourth Division or Division Four of The Football League was the fourth highest league division in the English football league system from 1958 until the creation of the FA Premier league prior to the 1992/93 season. ... Terry Bly (born 22 October 1935 in Fincham, Norfolk) is a former English football striker who was renown for his goalscoring prowess, most notably for Norwich City and Peterborough United, scoring a record 52 goals in the latters inaugural Football League season of 1960/61. ... Darragh MacAnthony was born in Dublin on 24th March 1976. ... Barry Fry (born April 7, 1945) is an English football manager. ...

As well as football, Peterborough has teams competing in rugby, cricket, hockey, ice hockey, rowing and athletics. Although Cambridgeshire is not a first-class cricket county, Northamptonshire staged some home matches in the city between 1906 and 1974. Peterborough Town Cricket Club and the City of Peterborough Hockey Club compete at their shared ground in Westwood;^[83] whereas the city's oldest and most successful rugby team, Peterborough Rugby Union Football Club, now play at Fortress Fengate.^[84] â€œSoccerâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ... This article is about the sport. ... A game of field hockey in progress Field hockey is a sport for men, women and children in many countries around the world. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ... A coxless pair which is a sweep-oar boat. ... A womens 400 m hurdles race on a typical outdoor red rubber track in the Helsinki Olympic Stadium in Finland. ... Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club is one of the minor counties in English cricket. ... Northamptonshire County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English domestic cricket structure, representing the historic county of Northamptonshire. ... Fengate is predominantly an industrial area. ...

Peterborough City Rowing Club moved from its riverside setting to the current Thorpe Meadows location in 1983. The spring and summer regattas held there attract rowers and scullers from competing clubs all over the country. Every February the adjacent River Nene is host to the head of the river race, which again attracts hundreds of entries.^[85] Peterborough Athletic Club train and compete at the embankment athletics arena. In 2006, after 10 years, the Great Eastern Run returned to the racing calendar, around 3,000 runners raced through the flat streets of Peterborough for the half-marathon, supported by thousands of spectators along the course.^[86] Peterborough Phantoms are the city's ice hockey team, playing in the English Premier Ice Hockey League. Speedway (a form of motorcycle racing) is also a popular sport in Peterborough, with races being held at the East of England Showground. League: EPIHL Founded: 2002 Home Ice: Planet Ice Peterborough Capacity: 1250 Ice Size: 180ft x 85ft City: Peterborough, United Kingdom Colours: Blue, Silver, White, and Black Captain: Lewis Buckman Head Coach: Phil David Ownership: Phil Wing and Rob Housden Website: peterborough-phantoms. ... The EPIHL logo. ... Motorcycle speedway, normally referred to as Speedway, is a motorcycle sport that involves usually 4 and sometimes up to 6 riders competing over 4 laps of an oval circuit. ...

Media

There is a major radio transmitter at Morborne, approximately eight miles (13 km) west of Peterborough, for national FM radio (BBC Radios 1–4 and Classic FM) and BBC Radio Cambridgeshire. This facility includes a 505 feet (154 m) high guyed radio mast which collapsed in 2004 after a fire and has since been re-built.^[87]^[88] Another transmission site at Gunthorpe, in the north east of the city, transmits AM/MW and local FM radio. The site is only 10 feet (3 m) above sea level and has a 270 feet (83 m) high active insulated guyed mast situated on it. The Peterborough Transmitter is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility at Morborne Hill, near Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, (grid reference TL127913). ... Morborne â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village west of Yaxley. ... FM radio is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. ... BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927. ... Classic FM is the United Kingdoms first national commercial radio station, broadcasting classical music in a popular and accessible style. ... BBC Radio Cambridgeshire is the BBC Local Radio service for the English county of Cambridgeshire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mediumwave radio transmissions (sometimes called Medium frequency or MF) are those between the frequencies of 300 kHz and 3000 kHz. ... Mediumwave radio transmissions serves as the most common band for broadcasting. ...

Peterborough has four local radio stations and one regional station. Hereward FM, the original independent local radio station, still holds a large section of the market on 102.7 MHz. Hereward's sister station, Classic Gold 1332, is now part of the national Classic Gold network; Lite FM 106.8 is the second commercial radio station and Radio Cambridgeshire, which also has a studio in the city, broadcasts local output in place of countywide programming on 95.7 MHz at peak listening times. Kiss 105-108 is the regional station for the East of England, broadcasting on 107.7 MHz in Peterborough. NOW Peterborough is the local DAB multiplex; BBC DAB National and the national commercial multiplex, Digital One, are also available in the city.^[89] Peterborough is in the Anglia Television transmission area for ITV. This is broadcast with BBC One and Two (East), Channel 4 and Channel 5 from Sandy Heath. The digital switchover will take place in 2011 in the East of England. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Logo used by the Independent Broadcasting Authority for promoting Independent Local Radio services. ... Classic Gold 1332 is a British radio station broadcasting to the Peterborough area on 1332 kHz AM and DAB digital radio. ... Classic Gold is one of the biggest gold formatted radio networks in the United Kingdom, with a potential audience of 47 million. ... Lite FM 106. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with KISS 105-108. ... NOW Peterborough is a local commercial digital radio multiplex in the United Kingdom, which serves Peterborough and the surrounding area. ... A typical DAB digital radio receiver with the Digital Radio Development Bureau DAB digital radio marketing logo In the United Kingdom, the roll-out of digital radio is proceeding since test transmissions were started by the BBC in 1990. ... BBC DAB National is a Digital audio broadcasting multiplex in the UK, for a number of radio stations which have UK wide coverage; the multiplex broadcasts on Block 12B (225. ... Digital One is a national commercial digital radio multiplex in the United Kingdom, owned by GCap Media and transmitted on frequency block 11D. It broadcasts the following channels receivable on any digital-equipped radio: Classic FM - national commercial classical music station, also on FM Core - semi-automated pop music station... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Independent Television (generally known as ITV, but also as ITV Network) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters, set up under the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC. ITV is the oldest commercial television network in the UK. Since 1990 and the Broadcasting... BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which began in 1932. ... For the BBC radio station, see BBC Radio 1. ... For the BBC radio station, see BBC Radio 2. ... BBC East is the BBC English Region that produces local television and radio programming for Norfolk, Suffolk, northern Essex, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, southern Northamptonshire andBuckinghamshire. ... This article is about the British television station. ... Five, launched in 1997, is the fifth and final national terrestrial analogue television channel to launch in the United Kingdom. ... Sandy Heath transmitter is a television broadcast station located between Sandy, Bedfordshire and Potton near the B1042. ... The Digital Tick Digital switchover is the name given to the process by which analogue broadcast television in an area is converted to digital television. ...

The Peterborough Evening Telegraph or ET (established 1948) is the city's newspaper, published Monday to Saturday with local news, jobs, property, motors and entertainment supplements and a Saturday lifestyle magazine. The Evening Telegraph is now owned by East Midlands Newspapers Ltd., part of Johnston Press Plc.^[90] Its website, Peterborough Today, is updated six days a week. The ETs sister paper, the Peterborough Citizen (1898), and the Peterborough Herald and Post (1989, a replacement for the Peterborough Standard, established 1872) are weekly papers delivered free to every home in the city. The Herald and Post is owned by Midland Weekly Media Ltd., part of Trinity Mirror Plc.^[91] The publisher Emap, which specialises in the production of magazines and the organisation of business events and conferences, traces its origins in Peterborough, as the East Midland Allied Press, back to 1854.^[92] Johnston Press an Edinburgh newspaper group including The Scotsman publications and many local newspapers around the UK. External links Official homepage Categories: | | | | | ... Trinity Mirror is a large United Kingdom newspaper and magazine publisher. ... EMAP plc (LSE: EMA) is a British media company, specialising in the production of magazines, and the organization of business events and conferences. ... This article is about the magazine as a published medium. ...

Places of interest

The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, whose statues look down from the three high gables of the West Front, was originally founded as a monastery in AD 655 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238. It has been the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough since the Diocese was created in 1541. Peterborough Cathedral is known for its imposing early English Gothic West Front which, with its three enormous arches, is without architectural precedent and with no direct successor. The Cathedral has the distinction of having had two queens buried beneath its paving, Katherine of Aragon and Mary, Queen of Scots. The remains of Queen Mary were later removed to Westminster Abbey by her son James I when he became King of England.^[93] Image File history File links LongthorpeTower. ... Image File history File links LongthorpeTower. ... â€œSt Peterâ€ redirects here. ... Paul of Tarsus (b. ... Saint Andrew (Greek: Î‘Î½Î´ÏÎÎ±Ï‚, Andreas), called in the Orthodox tradition Protocletos, or the First-called, is a Christian Apostle and the elder brother of Saint Peter. ... Monastery of St. ... The Bishop of Peterborough is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Peterborough in the Province of Canterbury. ... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... Peterborough Cathedral Plan Peterborough Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, and is very unusual amongst mediÃ¦val cathedrals in Britain because of its triple front (dominated by the statues of the three saints) and overall asymmetrical appearance. ... Westminster Hall and its magnificent hammerbeam roof, pictured in the early 18th century. ... Cologne Cathedral, Germany, bearing the tallest paired spires in the world. ... The recently-widowed young Catherine of Aragon, by Henry VIIs court painter, Michael Sittow, c. ... Mary, Queen of Scots is the name of: Mary I of Scotland, the former queen of France and Scotland executed by her cousin Elizabeth I of England Mary, Queen of Scots (movie), a 1971 film about that queen starring Vanessa Redgrave Mary, Queen of Scots (1969 book), a 1969 book... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 â€“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary...

The general layout of Peterborough is attributed to Martin de Vecti who, as abbot from 1133 to 1155, rebuilt the settlement on dry limestone to the west of the monastery, rather than the often-flooded marshlands to the east. Abbot Martin was responsible for laying out the market place and the wharf beside the river. Peterborough's magnificent seventeenth century Guildhall, built shortly after the restoration of King Charles II, is supported by columns, to provide an open ground floor for the butter and poultry markets which used to be held there. The Market Place was renamed Cathedral Square and the adjacent Gates Memorial Fountain moved to Bishop's Road Gardens in 1963, when the weekly market was transferred to the site of the old cattle market.^[94] The city has a large Victorian park containing formal gardens, children's play areas, an aviary, bowling green, tennis courts, pitch and putt course and tea rooms. The Park has been awarded the Green Flag, the national standard for parks and green spaces, by the Civic Trust.^[95] The Lido, a striking building with elements of art deco design, was opened in 1936 and is one of the few survivors of its type still in use.^[96] King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 â€“ 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her ascension to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... The Civic Trust of England and Wales is a charitable organisation founded in 1957. ... Asheville City Hall. ...

Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, built in 1816, housed the city's first infirmary from 1857 to 1928. The museum has a collection of some 227,000 objects, including local archaeology and social history, from the products of the Roman pottery industry to Britain's oldest known murder victim; a collection of marine fossil remains from the Jurassic period of international importance; the manuscripts of John Clare, the Northamptonshire Peasant Poet as he was commonly known in his own time;^[97] and the Norman Cross collection of items made by French prisoners of war. These prisoners were kept at Norman Cross on the outskirts of Peterborough from 1797 to 1814, in what is believed to be the world's first purpose built prisoner of war camp. The art collection contains an impressive variety of paintings, prints and drawings dating from the 1600s to the present day. Peterborough Museum also holds regular temporary exhibitions, weekend events and guided tours. icon for use on UK lists of places of intrest, created by Joe D File links The following pages link to this file: Cornwall Isle of Wight Bristol Somerset Buckinghamshire Northamptonshire Bedfordshire County Durham Template:EngPlacesKey Wikipedia:Counties of England List of places in Dorset Wikipedia talk:UK Wikipedians notice... The Jurassic Period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 199. ... John Clare (13 July 1793 â€“ 20 May 1864) was an English poet, in his time commonly known as the Northamptonshire Peasant Poet, the son of a farm labourer, born at Helpston near Peterborough. ... At the Norman Cross roundabout near Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, stands a memorial: a towering brass eagle upon a concrete column and plinth, with brass nameplate. ...

Burghley House to the north of Peterborough, near Stamford, was built and mostly designed by Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign.^[98] The country house, with a park laid out by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in the eighteenth century, is one of the principal examples of sixteenth century English architecture.^[99] The estate, still home to his descendants, hosts the Burghley Horse Trials, an annual three day event. Historic House icon For use with Template:EngPlacesKey or any other use. ... Burghley House Burghley House is a grand 16th-century English country house near the town of Stamford in Lincolnshire. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 â€“ 4 August 1598), was an English politician, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign (17 November 1558â€“24 March 1603), and Lord High Treasurer from 1572. ... The Lord High Treasurer bears a white staff as his symbol of office. ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ... A Reign is a period of time a person serves as a monarch or pope. ... A country house is a large dwelling, such as a mansion, located on a country estate. ... Lancelot Brown (1716 - 6 February 1783), more commonly known as Capability Brown, was an English landscape gardener, now remembered as the last of the great English eighteenth-century artists to be accorded his due, and Englands greatest gardener. He designed over 200 parks, many of which still endure. ... A competitor in the 2004 Horse Trials shows good form over one the early cross-country fences The Burghley Horse Trials is an annual three day event held at Burghley House near Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. ... Eventing is an equestrian event which comprises dressage, cross-country and show-jumping. ...

Longthorpe Tower, a fourteenth century, three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of English Heritage, is situated about two miles (3 km) to the west of the city centre. The site, a listed building and scheduled ancient monument protected by law, contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of the period in northern Europe.^[100] Exhibitions are held there from time to time by local artists. English Heritage icon for use on UK lists of places of intrest. ... Longthorpe Tower Longthorpe Tower is a three storey tower situated in the village of Longthorpe, now a district of Peterborough, about 2 miles west of the citys centre. ... The standard of English Heritage English Heritage is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport) with a broad remit of managing the historic environment of England. ... The Forth Bridge, designed by Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Fowler, opened in 1890, and now owned by Network Rail, is designated as a Category A listed building by Historic Scotland. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Flag Fen, the Bronze Age archaeological site, was discovered 1982 when a team led by Francis Pryor carried out a survey of dykes in the area. Probably religious, it comprises a large number of poles arranged in five long rows, connecting Whittlesey with Peterborough across the wet fenland. The museum exhibits many of the artefacts found, including what is believed to be the oldest wheel in Britain. An exposed section of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway also crosses the site.^[101] icon for use on UK lists of places of intrest, created by Joe D File links The following pages link to this file: Cornwall Isle of Wight Bristol Somerset Buckinghamshire Northamptonshire Bedfordshire County Durham Template:EngPlacesKey Wikipedia:Counties of England List of places in Dorset Wikipedia talk:UK Wikipedians notice... Flag Fen Iron Age roundhouse reconstruction Flag Fen near Peterborough, England is a Bronze Age site, probably religious. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Francis Pryor (right) discusses the excavation during the filming of a 2007 dig for Time Team with series editor Michael Douglas (left). ... Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the location, distribution and organisation of past human cultures across a large area (e. ... Afsluitdijk, a 32 km dike in the Netherlands. ... Whittlesey (historically known as Whittlesea - the name of the railway station is still spelt this way - or Witesie) is an ancient Fenland market town around six miles (10 km) east of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire in England. ...

The Nene Valley Railway, a seven and a half mile (12 km) heritage railway, was one of the last passenger lines to fall under the Beeching Axe. In 1974 the former development corporation bought the line, running from the city centre to Yarwell Junction just west of Wansford, via Orton Mere and the 500 acre (202 ha) Ferry Meadows country park, and leased it to the Peterborough Railway Society.^[102] icon for use on UK lists of places of intrest, created by Joe D File links The following pages link to this file: Cornwall Isle of Wight Bristol Somerset Buckinghamshire Northamptonshire Bedfordshire County Durham Template:EngPlacesKey Wikipedia:Counties of England List of places in Dorset Wikipedia talk:UK Wikipedians notice... Wansford station viewed from the road A view of the station at Peterborough Swedish B Class No. ... A scene on a heritage railway. ... Many railway lines were closed as a result of the Beeching Axe The Beeching Axe is an informal name for the British Governments attempt in the 1960s to reduce the cost of running the British railway system. ... In the United Kingdom, Development Corporations are bodies set up by national government and charged with the urban development of an area, outside the usual system of Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom. ... Yarwell junction is a junction on the current Nene Valley Railway. ... Wansford â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Stibbington north west of Yaxley. ... Orton Mere station with the Parkway bridge crossing the River Nene & Nene valley Railway Orton Mere is a station on the Nene Valley Railway and is situated between Ferry Meadows and Peterborough Nene Valley. ... Feryr Meadows station, showing the idyllic location close to the Nene Park main entrance Ferry meadows is a station on the Nene Valley Railway between Wansford and Orton Mere. ...

The Nene Park, which opened in 1978, covers a site three and a half miles (5.6 km) long, from slightly west of Castor to the centre of Peterborough. The park has three lakes, one of which houses a watersports centre. Ferry Meadows, one of the major destinations and attractions signposted on the Green Wheel, occupies a large portion of the Nene Park. Orton Mere provides access to the east of the park.^[103] Country park icon For use with Template:EngPlacesKey or any other use. ... Nene Park is a country park in Greater Peterborough. ... Castor is a village in the Soke of Peterborough in England. ... The Peterborough Millennium Green Wheel is an 80km network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways. ...

Southey Wood is a mixed woodland, between the villages of Upton and Ufford seven miles (11 km) west of Peterborough, once included in the Royal Forest of Rockingham. Nearby Castor Hanglands national nature reserve is a 220 acre (90 ha) site of special scientific interest.^[104] Forrestry Commision logo for use on UK lists of places of intrest. ... Upton â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Coppingford north west of Huntingdon. ... Rockingham Forest is a former medieval hunting forest located between the towns of Corby and Kettering in the county of Northamptonshire in England. ... Castor is a village in the Soke of Peterborough in England. ... National Nature Reserve is a United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance. ... A Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. ...

Famous Peterborians

Peterborough is the birthplace of many notable people, including the astronomer George Alcock MBE, one of the most successful visual discoverers of novas and comets;^[105] John Clare, now considered to be one of the most important poets of the nineteenth century;^[106] artist, Christopher Perkins;^[107] and Sir Henry Royce, 1st Baronet of Seaton, engineer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce.^[108] Physician, actor and author, Sir John Hill, credited with 76 separate works in the Dictionary of National Biography, the most valuable of which dealing with botany, is also said to have been born in Peterborough.^[109] Musicians include Sir Thomas Armstrong, organist, conductor and former principal of the Royal Academy of Music;^[110] Andy Bell, lead singer of the electronic pop duo Erasure;^[111] Barrie Forgie, leader of the BBC Big Band;^[112] Don Lusher OBE, trombonist and former professor of the Royal College of Music and the Royal Marines School of Music;^[113] Paul Nicholas, actor and singer;^[114] Keith Palmer, better known as Maxim Reality, MC with dance act The Prodigy^[115] — Graham 'Gizz' Butt, who played live guitar with The Prodigy, lives in the area — and Nigel Sixsmith, keytar player and founder member of The Art Of Sound.^[116] Other living personalities include television presenter, Sarah Cawood, who grew up in Maxey;^[117] Adrian Durham, football journalist and radio broadcaster;^[118] and biologist, author and broadcaster, Prof. Brian J. Ford, who attended the King's School and still lives in Eastrea near Whittlesey.^[119] Local businessman Cav. Peter Boizot MBE OMRI, founder of the Pizza Express restaurant chain, has supported the cultural and sporting life of the city, including a spell as owner and chairman of The Posh.^[120] West Ham United footballer, Matthew Etherington, started his career in the youth academy at Peterborough United;^[121] where former England goalkeeper, David Seaman MBE, first began to make a name for himself.^[122] The utilitarian philosopher, Richard Cumberland, was 14th Lord Bishop of Peterborough from 1691 until his death in 1718;^[123] and Norfolk-born nurse and humanitarian, Edith Cavell, who received part of her education at Laurel Court in the Minster Precinct, is commemorated by a plaque in the Cathedral and by the name of the hospital.^[124] Finally, two historical figures were born locally, Hereward the Wake, an outlaw who led resistance to the Norman Conquest and now lends his name to several places and businesses in Peterborough;^[125] and John Payne, one of the group of prominent Catholics martyred between 1535 and 1679 and later designated the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, who was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and canonised with the other 39 by Pope Paul VI in 1970.^[126] william cecil 1st baron burghley painted by marcus gheeraerts the youger or john de critz the elder This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... william cecil 1st baron burghley painted by marcus gheeraerts the youger or john de critz the elder This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a person whose area of interest is astronomy or astrophysics. ... George Eric Deacon Alcock (August 28, 1912 – December 15, 2000) was a British astronomer. ... MBE can stand for: Member of the Order of the British Empire Mail Boxes Etc. ... Artists conception of a white dwarf star accreting hydrogen from a larger companion A nova (pl. ... Comet Hale-Bopp Comet West For other uses, see Comet (disambiguation). ... John Clare (13 July 1793 â€“ 20 May 1864) was an English poet, in his time commonly known as the Northamptonshire Peasant Poet, the son of a farm labourer, born at Helpston near Peterborough. ... Poets are authors of poems. ... Christopher Edward Perkins (born 21 September 1891 at Peterborough, England, died Ipswich, Suffolk, 8 April 1968) was an artist in England and New Zealand. ... Statue of Sir (Frederick) Henry Royce, standing outside the companys HQ at Moor Lane, Derby The statue inscription, brief life story of Frederick Henry Royce Sir Henry Royce (March 27, 1863 - April 22, 1933) was a pioneering car manufacturer, who with Charles Stewart Rolls founded the Rolls-Royce company. ... For the brush-footed butterfly species, see Euthalia nais. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the aircraft engine company. ... For other uses, see Doctor. ... For other uses, see Actor (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Author (disambiguation). ... John Hill (c. ... The Dictionary of National Biography (or DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history. ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Sir Thomas Armstrong (b. ... An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. ... A conductor conducting at a ceremony A conductors score and batons Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. ... The Royal Academy of Music (RAM) is a constituent college of the University of London, and is one of the worlds leading music institutions. ... {{Infobox musical artist [[Image:| Name = Andy Bell | Img = AndyBell ElectricBlue. ... For other uses, see Singer (disambiguation). ... Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... This article is about the a musical group Erasure. ... The BBC Big Band, sometimes called the BBC Radio Big Band, is a British band run under the auspices of the BBC. It consists of professional musicians usually under conductor Barry Forgie, who has been conducting them on a regular basis since 1977, or Jiggs Whigham, who has been associated... Don Lusher OBE ( November 6, 1923 â€“ July 5, 2006) was a jazz and big band trombonist best known for his association with the Ted Heath Jazz Band. ... Obe can mean: Obe, in Afghanistan Ebenezer Obe, a Nigerian musician. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: [1]) varies. ... // This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Royal Marines (RM) are the marines and amphibious infantry of the United Kingdom and, along with the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary, form the Naval Service [2]. They are also the United Kingdoms amphibious force and specialists in mountain and Arctic warfare. ... Official Biography Paul Nicholas became a household favourite with his role as Vince in the BAFTA Award-winning BBC television series Just Good Friends and for LWTâ€™s major drama series Bust for which he was nominated Best Actor. ... Maxim in the music video for the Prodigy single Poison. Keith Keeti Palmer (born 21 March 1967, in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England), best known as Maxim or Maxim Reality, is an MC of the British electronica/rave band The Prodigy. ... Electronica refers to a wide range of contemporary electronic music designed for a wide range of uses, including foreground listening, some forms of dancing, and background music for other activities; but unlike electronic dance music, is not specifically focused on the dance floor. ... The Prodigy (or just Prodigy)[1] are an English band. ... Gizz Butt (born Graham Butt, in Manchester, England in 1966) is a British musician, best known for playing the guitar during live performances by band The Prodigy in the late 1990s. ... Nigel Sixsmith was born in 1957 in Peterborough England. ... A Yamaha SHS-10 keytar A rock band member using a Keytar A keytar is a keyboard or synthesizer worn around the neck and shoulders, similar to a guitar. ... The Art Of Sound was formed in Peterborough, England in 1973 to promote the use of Synthesizers in both modern and classical music. ... A television presenter is a British term for a person who introduces or hosts television programmes. ... Sarah Cawood (born 7 August 1972 in Bolton, England) is a British television presenter. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Journalist (disambiguation). ... Note: broadcasting is also the old term for hand sowing. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Brian J. Ford (born 1939 in Corsham, Wiltshire) is an English independent scientist, prolific author and popular interpreter of scientific issues for the general populace, whose scientific papers and numerous books have been published internationally. ... MBE can stand for: Member of the Order of the British Empire Mail Boxes Etc. ... There are currently five Italian orders of merit (Italian: ) that recognise contributions to the Republic of Italy. ... Pizza Express restaurant in London PizzaExpress is a chain of pizza restaurants originating in the United Kingdom. ... The West Ham United Crest West Ham United F.C are a professional English football club based in East London. ... Matthew Etherington (born August 14, 1981 in Truro, Cornwall) is an English football player. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in... A football goalkeeper leaves the ground to parry a shot on goal In many team sports, a goalkeeper (termed goaltender, netminder, goalie, or keeper in some sports) is a designated player that is charged with directly preventing the opposite team from scoring by defending the goal. ... David Andrew Seaman MBE (born 19 September 1963 in Rotherham, South Yorkshire) is a former English football goalkeeper who played for several clubs, most notably Arsenal and most recently with Manchester City. ... MBE can stand for: Member of the Order of the British Empire Mail Boxes Etc. ... Utilitarianism is a suggested theoretical framework for morality, law and politics, based on quantitative maximisation of some definition of utility for society or humanity. ... Richard Cumberland Richard Cumberland (1631â€“1718) was an English philosopher, and bishop of Peterborough from 1691. ... This article is about the occupation. ... Humanitarianism is the view that all people should be treated with the respect and dignity they deserve as human beings, and that advancing the well-being of humanity is a noble goal. ... Edith Cavell Edith Louisa Cavell (December 4, 1865â€“October 12, 1915) was a British World War I nurse and humanitarian. ... // Hereward the Wake, known in his own times as Hereward the Outlaw or Hereward the Exile, was an 11th century leader in England who led resistance to the Norman Conquest, and was consequently labelled an outlaw. ... The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it. ... Saint John Paine or Payne (1532 â€“ 1582) was an English Catholic priest martyr, one of the Catholic Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales are a group of Christian martyrs who were canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI to represent the Catholics martyred in England and Wales between 1535 and 1679. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810â€”July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903, succeeding Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate... This article is about the process of declaring saints. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...

Geography

Climate

According to the Köppen classification the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, East Anglia is slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to its inland position, furthest from the landfall of most Atlantic depressions, Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in the UK, receiving, on average, less than two feet (600 mm) of rain per year. The mean annual daily duration of bright sunshine is four hours and 12 minutes; the absence of any high ground is probably responsible for the area being one of the sunniest parts of the British Isles.^[127] The KÃ¶ppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. ... This article describes the archipelago in north-western Europe. ... World map showing the oceanic climate zones. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ...

Topography

East Anglia is most notable for being almost flat. During the Ice Age much of the region was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils.^[129] Much of Cambridgeshire is low-lying, in some places below present-day mean sea level.^[130] The lowest point on land is supposedly just to the south of the city at Holme Fen, which is nine feet (2.75 m) below sea level. The largest of the many settlements along the Fen edge, Peterborough has been called the Gateway to the Fens. Before they were drained the Fens were liable to periodic flooding so arable farming was limited to the higher areas of the Fen edge, with the rest of the Fenland dedicated to pastoral farming. In this way, the mediæval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily arable. Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Fens have been radically transformed such that arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral. The city includes the outlying settlement at RAF Wittering, the Home of the Harrier,^[131] and as a unitary authority borders Northamptonshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and administrative Cambridgeshire to the south and east. The city centre is located at 52°35'N latitude 0°15'W longitude or Ordnance Survey national grid reference TL 185 998. Peterborough is divided into 24 electoral wards.^[132] 15 wards comprise the Peterborough constituency for elections to the House of Commons, with the remaining nine falling in the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.^[133] Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Holme â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Connington south of Yaxley. ... A fen is a sere, a phase in the natural ecological succession from the open water of a lake to (for example) woodland. ... The Fens may also refer to the Back Bay Fens, a park in Boston, Massachusetts. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fenland is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. ... Pastoral farming (also known as grazing in some parts of the world) is farming related to livestock rather than growing crops and other foliage. ... RAF redirects here. ... This article is about the Harrier family of V/STOL aircraft. ... This article is about the geographical term. ... Longitude is the east-west geographic coordinate measurement most commonly utilized in cartography and global navigation. ... Part of an Ordnance Survey map at 1 inch to the mile scale from 1945 Ordnance Survey (OS) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government. ... The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... A ward in the United Kingdom is an electoral district represented by one or more councillors. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in...

Urban areas of the city
Townships are in bold type
Bretton - Dogsthorpe - Eastfield - Eastgate - Fengate - Fletton - Gunthorpe - Hampton - Longthorpe - Millfield - Netherton - Newark - New England - The Ortons - Parnwell - Paston - Ravensthorpe - Stanground - Walton - Werrington - West Town - Westwood - Woodston This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. ... Bretton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... Dogsthorpe is an area of Peterborough in England, located in the east of the city. ... Fengate is predominantly an industrial area. ... Fletton is an area of Peterborough in England. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Insert non-formatted text hereHampton is a newly developing township in Peterborough, England. ... Longthorpe is a village in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England. ... Millfield is a district of Peterborough, located due north of the city centre. ... Netherton is a district in the city of Peterborough in England. ... New England is the name of the region Peterborough, in Cambridgeshire, north of the city Centre. ... Orton is a district of the City of Peterborough, England, United Kingdom. ... Paston is a small district of Peterborough, situated in the north of the city. ... Stanground is a suburb of Peterborough, England. ... Werrington is a ward, or district of the City of Peterborough, England, United Kingdom. ... West Town is a district of Peterborough in England, located to the west of the city centre. ... westwood is a small place and only has one schoolhighlees primary meny of secondary students have to go to jack hunt or breton woods. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ...

Surrounding villages in the district
These are civil parishes. Parishes do not cover the whole of England and mostly exist in rural areas. They are usually administered by parish councils which have various local responsibilities
Ailsworth - Bainton - Barnack - Borough Fen - Castor - Deeping Gate - Etton - Eye - Glinton - Helpston - Marholm - Maxey - Newborough - Northborough - Peakirk - Southorpe - St. Martin's Without - Sutton - Thorney - Thornhaugh - Ufford - Upton - Wansford - Wittering - Wothorpe In England a civil parish (usually just parish) is the smallest area used for local government. ... Ailsworth (formerly Ã†geleswurth) is a village in the English county of Cambridgeshire. ... Bainton is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. ... Barnack is a village and civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire, England. ... Borough Fen is a civil parish in the City of Peterborough unitary authority in Cambridgeshire, England. ... Castor is a village in the Soke of Peterborough in England. ... Deeping Gate is a small Hamlet,lying on the River Welland and located in the traditional county of Northamptonshire, now the Greater Peterborough council authority. ... Eye parish church of St. ... Glinton is a village to the North of the City of Peterborough, England, United Kingdom. ... Helpston is a village in Cambridgeshire, England administered as part of the City of Peterborough. ... St Peters Church Maxey is a village in the Soke of Peterborough in England located between Peterborough & Stamford it is home to nearly 700 residents. ... Northborough is a small village near the city of Peterborough in the East of England. ... St. ... Sutton-in-the-Isle, commonly referred to simply as Sutton, is a village in the county of Cambridgeshire in England, near the city of Ely. ... Thorney is a village about 8 miles east of Peterborough in the City of Peterborough unitary authority on the A47. ... Thornhaugh is a village in Cambridgeshire, near the villages of Wittering and Stamford. ... Upton â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Coppingford north west of Huntingdon. ... Wansford â€“ in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England â€“ is a village near Stibbington north west of Yaxley. ... Wittering is a village in the Soke of Peterborough, now in Cambridgeshire formerly in Northamptonshire, in the east of England. ... Wothorpe is a village and civil parish in the Peterborough unitary authority of Cambridgeshire, England. ...

Linguistics

Peterborough lies in the middle of several distinct regional accent groups and as such has a hybrid of Fenland East Anglian, East Midland and London Estuary English features. The city falls just north of the A vowel isogloss and as such most native speakers will use the flat A, as found in cat, in words such as last. Yod-dropping is often heard from Peterborians, as in the rest of East Anglia, for example new as /nuː/. However, the large number of newcomers has impacted greatly on the English spoken by the younger generation. Common so-called Estuary English features such as L-vocalisation, T-glottalisation and Th-fronting give today's Peterborough accent a definite south-eastern sound.^[134] East Anglia - the easternmost area of England - was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called English. ... Traditionally, East Midlands English was spoken in those parts of Mercia lying East of Watling Street (the A5 London - Shrewsbury Road). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Estuary English is a name given to the form of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary. ... Isoglosses on the Faroe Islands An isogloss is the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic feature, e. ... // Trap-bath split The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English (including Received Pronunciation), in the Boston accent, and in the Southern Hemisphere accents (Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English), by which the Early Modern English phoneme was lengthened... Yod-dropping is the elision of the sound , the term comes from the Hebrew letter ×™, Yod, pronounced as . ... English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ... L-vocalization (also called l-dropping) is a process that occurs in many dialects of English English that causes a /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant to be replaced with /o/ and /U/, resulting in the following pronounciations: gulf - /gVUf/ milk - /mIUk/ Categories... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... TH fronting is a merger that occurs (historically independently) in Cockney, Newfoundland English, and African American Vernacular English (though the details differ among those accents), by which Early Modern English merge with . ... South East England is one of the official regions of England. ...

Affiliations

Town twinning started in Europe after the Second World War. Its purpose was to promote friendship and greater understanding between the people of different European cities. A twinning link is a formal, long-term friendship agreement involving co-operation between two communities in different countries and endorsed by both local authorities. The two communities organise projects and activities around a range of issues and develop an understanding of historical, cultural, lifestyle similarities and differences. Peterborough is twinned with the following towns:
Sign denoting twin towns of Neckarsulm, Germany Town twinning is a concept whereby towns or cities in geographically and politically distinct areas are paired with the goal of fostering human contact and cultural links. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Alcalá de Henares, Spain Queen Katherine's birthplace (since 1986)

Bourges, France (since 1957)

Forlì, Italy (since 1981)

Viersen, Germany (since 1982)

Vinnytsya, Ukraine (since 1991) Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Location Location of AlcalÃ¡ Coordinates : 40Âº28â€™N , 3Âº22â€™W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares (Spanish) Spanish name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares Founded Preromanian Postal code 28. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Bourges is a town and commune in central France that is located on the YÃ¨vre river. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... ForlÃ¬ is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da ForlÃ¬ and of Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, at the nearby comune of Predappio. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Viersen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Vinnytsia, or Vinnytsya (Ukrainian Вінниця) is a city in central Ukraine, located on the banks of Pivdennyi Buh River in 270 km far from the capital Kyiv. ...

The city also has more informal friendship links with Ballarat, Australia; Foggia, Italy; Kwe Kwe, Zimbabwe; Pécs, Hungary; and all Peterboroughs around the world.^[135] Ballarat is a city in regional Victoria, Australia, approximately 120 kilometres north-west of Melbourne, with a population of 84,000 people. ... The Villa Comunale (Municipal Park) of Foggia. ... Kwekwe or Kwe Kwe is a city in Zimbabwe. ... PÃ©cs (Latin: Quinque Ecclesiae, Croatian: PeÄuh, German: FÃ¼nfkirchen, Serbian: PeÄuj or ÐŸÐµÑ‡ÑƒÑ˜, Slovak: PÃ¤Å¥kostolie, Turkish: PeÃ§uy, Italian: Cinquechiese) is the fourth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country. ... // Peterborough may refer to any of the following places: Peterborough, South Australia Peterborough, Victoria Steamtown Peterborough Museum Peterborough, Ontario Peterborough County, Ontario Coat of arms of Peterborough Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough Peterborough (electoral district) Peterborough East, former electoral district Peterborough West, former electoral district Ramsden v. ...

Footnotes

^ 2001 Census Area Statistics Office for National Statistics, April 2001
^ Grant of arms by letters patent sealed by Garter, Clarenceux and Norroy & Ulster Kings of Arms dated 06 September 1960
^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers HC Deb. 19 July 2006 (vol.449) cc.517-518W
^ Parthey, Gustav and Pinder, Moritz (eds.) Itinerarivm Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanum: ex libris manu scriptis Iter Britanniarvm (Iter V: Item a Londinio Luguvalio ad vallum mpm clvi sic) Friederich Nicolaus, Berlin, 1848
^ Bodleian, MS. Laud 636 (E), see Ingram, James Henry (trans.) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1823 (facsimilie of the 1847 Everyman's Library ed. with additional readings from the translation of John Allen Giles from Project Gutenberg, retrieved 19 September 2007)
^ ^a ^b Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) vol.21 Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain)
^ Davies, Elizabeth et al. Peterborough: A Story of City and Country, People and Places (pp.18-19) Peterborough City Council and Pitkin Unichrome, 2001
^ King, Richard John Handbook to the Cathedrals of England (p.77) John Murray, London, 1862
^ Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm. IV c.76), Charter of Incorporation dated 17 March 1874
^ Tebbs, Herbert F. Peterborough: A History (p.125) The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979
^ Brooks, John A Flavour of the Welland (p.12) The Welland Partnership and Jarrold Publishing, Norwich, 2004
^ Davies (pp.23-24)
^ Baker, Anne Pimlott Perkins, Francis Arthur (1889–1967) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48099, retrieved 24 September 2007)
^ Davies (pp.26-27)
^ Under the New Towns Act 1965 (1965 cap.59) cf. The Peterborough Development Corporation (Transfer of Property and Dissolution) Order 1988 (SI 1988/1410), see the London Gazette: no. 44377, page 8515, 01 August 1967., which states that the designation was made on 21 July 1967
^ Hancock, Tom Greater Peterborough Master Plan Peterborough Development Corporation, 1971
^ EXPANSION: A billion reasons to be cheerful Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 02 March 2005
^ ^a ^b The Plan for Peterborough City Centre Peterborough City Council, East of England Development Agency and English Partnerships, February 2005
^ Urban Panel Review Paper for Peterborough Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England and Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, 16 March 2006
^ Formally the Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. IV c.45)
^ Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c.23)
^ Youngs, Frederic A. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England Volume II: Northern England (Part III: Parliamentary Constituencies) Royal Historical Society, London, 1991
^ Under the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.41)
^ The Huntingdon and Peterborough Order 1964 (SI 1964/367), see Local Government Commission for England (1958–1967), Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area (Report No.3), 31 July 1961 and Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area (Report No.9), 07 May 1965
^ Under the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c.73)
^ Under the Local Government Act 1972 (1972 cap.70)
^ Issued under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 25 June 1974, see the London Gazette: no. 46334, page 7419, 28 June 1974.
^ The Cambridgeshire (City of Peterborough) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 (SI 1996/1878), see Local Government Commission for England (1992), Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire, October 1994 and Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin, December 1995
^ Under the Local Government Act 2000 (2000 cap.22), see Modular constitutions for English local authorities Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions, February 2001
^ Walton, Jemma Meet Peterborough's Volunteer Fire Brigade team Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 26 July 2007
^ The annual health check: assessing and rating the NHS (pp.22, 34 & 69) Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection, October 2006
^ Greater Peterborough Health Investment Plan Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough Primary Care Trust and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership Trust (retrieved 23 April 2007)
^ Council Tax Summary Peterborough City Council, 01 April 2007
^ Broadband availability details for Peterborough Samknows (retrieved 28 August 2007)
^ Peterborough's Community Strategy Greater Peterborough Partnership, Progress Report Summary 2006
^ Marais, John Regional Gross Value Added 1989–2003 (pp.240-253) Office for National Statistics, December 2006
^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
^ Includes hunting and forestry
^ Includes energy and construction
^ Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
^ Hastings, David and Swadkin, Claire Regional economic indicators with a focus on the differences in regional economic performance Economic and Labour Market Review, vol.1 no.2 (pp.52-64) February 2007
^ Peterborough leads UK’s business population growth, according to Royal Mail’s Business Barometer Royal Mail, 19 January 2007
^ Commuting Profile for Peterborough East of England Regional Assembly, 11 April 2005
^ NOMIS Official Labour Market Statistics Office for National Statistics (retrieved 31 March 2006)
^ EMPLOYMENT: Projects promise jobs to end worrying trend Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 23 March 2006
^ JOBS: Boom Time Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 18 April 2005
^ BUSINESS: Distribution park will bring 2,500 jobs to city Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 12 September 2006
^ LIMIT PLEA: Fears over immigrants Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 23 August 2006
^ Station Facilities for Peterborough National Rail Enquiries, 28 November 2006
^ Under the Nene Navigation Acts 1714 (12 Anne c.7), 1725 (11 Geo. I c.19), 1756 (29 Geo. II c.69) and 1794 (34 Geo. III c.85)
^ Brandon, David and Knight, John Peterborough Past: The City and The Soke (p.54) Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 2001
^ River Nene The Environment Agency (retrieved 29 August 2007)
^ Brandon and Knight (pp.47-49)
^ The Second Local Transport Plan Peterborough City Council, March 2006
^ Cycle Guide: The Green Wheel The Guardian, 03 March 2007
^ Colpi, Terry The Italian Factor: The Italian Community in Great Britain (p.149) Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1991
^ Colpi (p.235)
^ 2001 Census Profile of Peterborough Cambridgeshire County Council, June 2003
^ Reid, Sue The town the Poles took over The Mail on Sunday, 24 August 2006
^ Patrols to quell violent clashes BBC News, 20 May 2004 20:01 BST
^ Ethnic groups clash at festival BBC News, 26 July 2004 12:02 BST
^ The changing demography of Cambridgeshire: implications for policing Cambridgeshire Constabulary and Cambridgeshire Police Authority, 19 September 2007
^ Travis, Alan Ministers to assess migrant groups' impact on public services The Guardian, 20 September 2007
^ Positively Plurilingual: The contribution of community languages to UK education and society (p.6) CILT the National Centre for Languages, 2006
^ Peterborough Local Plan (First Replacement) Peterborough City Council, July 2005
^ Housing Strategy Statement Peterborough City Council, July 2004
^ Walton, Jemma How immigration has led to the rebirth of the Catholic Church Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 27 February 2007
^ Sandall, Jonathan Peterborough superchurch to open Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 21 September 2006
^ Ethnicity and Religion in Peterborough Cambridgeshire County Council, October 2004
^ RELIGION: Bishops bridge boundaries aboard boat Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 02 August 2004
^ Bridging the divide in a city Diocese of Ely, Ref. 0471, 29 July 2004
^ Secondary School Review Peterborough City Council (retrieved 15 April 2007)
^ Orme, Nicholas School founders and patrons in England, 597–1560 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, October 2006
^ Nasta, Tony Statutory Inspection of Peterborough Regional College under Section 3 of the School Inspections Act 1996 (1996 cap.57) Office for Standards in Education and Adult Learning Inspectorate, 17 October 2006
^ Peterborough Sub-Regional Study: Final Report 3.2.3 Improving further and higher education provision (p.19) Llewelyn Davies for the East of England Regional Assembly, November 2003
^ Major step towards university for Peterborough Anglia Ruskin University, 22 February 2006
^ £10 million boost for university facility in Peterborough Anglia Ruskin University, 11 December 2006
^ Legal deal signed and sealed facilitates the 'emergence' of new University Centre in Peterborough Anglia Ruskin University, 03 April 2007
^ Destination Guide for Peterborough English Tourist Board (retrieved 20 April 2007)
^ The Key Times is the theatre's newspaper, available free of charge from the last Saturday of each month
^ First Glimpse of Mecca to Movies Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 18 April 2001
^ Conn, David Posh fans wary of pitfalls on road to the Premiership The Guardian, 25 October 2006
^ Peterborough Town changed its name for the 2006/7 season following a merger with Peterborough Athletic Hockey Club, see Peterborough Town Sports Club for more details
^ Bath, David A History of Rugby Union in the Peterborough Area with special reference to the history of Peterborough Rugby Union Football Club An extended version of a paper delivered to the Peterborough Burgh Society, October 2002
^ ROWING: Hunt and Gilbert strike gold for City Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 07 February 2006
^ The Story Behind The Return of The Great Eastern Run Peterborough City Council (retrieved 30 September 2007)
^ Mast fire 'could be deliberate' BBC News, 01 November 2004 08:39 GMT
^ FIRE: Mast blaze brings radio blackout Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 01 November 2004
^ Radio Authority awards local digital multiplex licence for Peterborough Radio Authority, News Release 161/01, 09 November 2001
^ East Midlands Newspapers Johnston Press, Edinburgh (retrieved 18 September 2007)
^ Midland Weekly Media Trinity Mirror, London (retrieved 18 September 2007)
^ Newton, David Men of Mark: Makers of East Midland Allied Press Emap, Peterborough, 1977
^ Sweeting, Walter Debenham The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See (pp.3-35) G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 (facsimile of the 1926 reprint of the 2nd ed. of Bell's Cathedrals from Project Gutenberg, retrieved 23 April 2007)
^ Skinner, Julia (with particular reference to the work of Robert Cook) Did You Know? Peterborough: A Miscellany (pp.33, 25 & 16) The Francis Frith Collection, Salisbury, 2006
^ Green Flag Award Winners (p.13) The Civic Trust, 21 July 2006. Peterborough Civic Society is registered with the Civic Trust
^ Brandon and Knight (pp.111-112)
^ Grainger, Margaret A Descriptive Catalogue of the John Clare Collection Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, 1973
^ Leatham, Victoria Burghley: The Life of a Great House The Herbert Press, London, 1992. See also Becker, Alida This Old House (review of Life at Burghley: Restoring One of England's Great Houses by the same author) The New York Times, 27 December 1992
^ Turner, Roger Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape (pp.110–112) Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 1999
^ Salter, Mike The Castles of East Anglia (p.21) Folly Publications, Malvern, 2001
^ Pryor, Francis Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005
^ Rhodes, John The Nene Valley Railway Turntable Publications, Sheffield, 1976
^ Changing Places: Case Studies of the Urban Renaissance The Urban and Economic Development Group (retrieved 02 May 2007)
^ Castor Hanglands NNR English Nature (retrieved 30 April 2007)
^ Obituary of George Eric Deacon Alcock Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.111 no.2 (pp.64-66) February 2001
^ Robinson, Eric H. Clare, John (1793–1864) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5441, retrieved 10 September 2007)
^ Collins, R. D. J. Perkins, Christopher Edward (1891–1968) Dictionary of New Zealand Biography vol.4 Auckland University Press, 1998
^ Jeremy, David J. Royce, Sir (Frederick) Henry, baronet (1863–1933) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35860, retrieved 10 September 2007)
^ O'Connor, Barry Hill, Sir John (bap. 1714, d. 1775) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13281, retrieved 30 September 2007)
^ Stoker, Richard Armstrong, Sir Thomas Henry Wait (1898–1994) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54713, retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ Erasure uncovered in Norwich BBC News, 10 February 2003 18:09 GMT
^ The Barry Forgie Orchestra Vinyl Vulture (retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ Voce, Steve Obituary of Gordon Douglas Lusher The Independent, 07 July 2006
^ Biography of Paul Nicholas Internet Movie Database (retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ Montalbano, Dan The city of Hereward the Wake The Independent, 31 August 2006
^ The Art Of Sound SoundClick (retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ Inside out: Health Check - SARAH CAWOOD (Features) Liverpool Daily Post, 03 February 2004
^ Kirby, Terry Author in a Spot of Bother for 'horrible' view of Peterborough The Independent, 31 August 2006
^ Pearson, Mark Teaching via the Internet Peterborough Evening Telegraph, 07 October 2005 (facsimile of p.23 from the Brian J. Ford Website, retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ Honorary degree awarded to Peter Boizot Loughborough University, News Release No. 00/50, 12 September 2000
^ Player Information for Matthew Etherington Football Database (retrieved 24 April 2007)
^ David Seaman factfile The Guardian, 14 January 2004
^ Parkin, Jon Cumberland, Richard (1632–1718) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6887, retrieved 30 September 2007)
^ Daunton, Claire Cavell, Edith Louisa (1865–1915) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32330, retrieved 30 April 2007)
^ Mellows, William Thomas (ed.) The Peterborough Chronicle of Hugh Candidus (trans.) Peterborough Museum Society, 1941
^ Canonizzazione di Quaranta Martiri dell’Inghilterra e del Galles Omelia del Santo Padre Paolo VI The Holy See, 25 October 1970
^ Brown, Chris State of the Environment Report 1998 Chapter 11: Physical Background (pp.305-306) Cambridgeshire County Council (retrieved 19 July 2007)
^ Historical Weather for Wittering Weatherbase (retrieved 27 September 2007)
^ Brown (p.301)
^ Brown (p.304)
^ Blatch, James Home of the Harrier BBC News, 21 April 1999 11:19 BST
^ The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) Order 2003 (SI 2003/161) and The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004 (SI 2004/721), see Boundary Committee for England report to the Electoral Commission Final Recommendations on the Future Electoral Arrangements for Peterborough, July 2002
^ Clegg, William General Review of Parliamentary Constituency boundaries in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Assistant Commissioner's report to the Chairman and Members of the Boundary Commission for England, 18 March 2004 and Final Recommendations for Parliamentary Constituencies in the Counties of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Boundary Commission for England, 19 January 2005
^ Britain, David Surviving Estuary English: Innovation diffusion, koineisation and local dialect differentiation in the English Fenland Essex Research Reports in Linguistics, vol.41 (pp.74-103) University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, 2002
^ Town Twinning - International Links Peterborough City Council (retrieved 24 April 2007)

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The principal purposes of the Local Government Act 2000 are: to give powers to local authorities to promote economic, social and environmental well-being within their boundaries to require local authorities to shift from their traditional committee-based system of decision-making to an executive model, possibly with a directly... The Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions was a UK Cabinet position created in 1997, with responsibility for the Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Healthcare Commission promotes improvement in the quality of the NHS and independent healthcare. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Office for National Statistics logo The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the United Kingdom government executive agency charged with the collection and publication of statistics related to the economy, population and society of the United Kingdom at national and local levels. ... 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Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... National Rail uses the BR double-arrow logo A typical National Rail station sign showing the double-arrow logo National Rail is a brand name of the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC). ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving British Summer Time (BST) is the changing of the clocks in effect in the United Kingdom and Irish Summer Time (IST) in Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving British Summer Time (BST) is the changing of the clocks in effect in the United Kingdom and Irish Summer Time (IST) in Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Ofsted logo The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) is a non-ministerial government department, established in 1993 under the Education (Schools) Act 1992. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Francis Pryor (right) discusses the excavation during the filming of a 2007 dig for Time Team with series editor Michael Douglas (left). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... English Nature is the United Kingdom government agency that promotes the conservation of wildlife, geology and wild places throughout England. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... 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A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Richard Stoker (born 8 November 1938 in Castleford, Yorkshire) is a British composer and writer. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For alternate meanings of GMT, see GMT (disambiguation). ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving British Summer Time (BST) is the changing of the clocks in effect in the United Kingdom and Irish Summer Time (IST) in Republic of Ireland between the last Sunday in March and the last Sunday in October each... The Boundary Committee for England is an independent body in England responsible for defining borders for local elections; and for conducting reviews of local government areas. ... The Electoral Commission is a non-ministerial government department with powers in the United Kingdom, which was created by an Act of Parliament, the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (2000 c. ... In the United Kingdom, the four Boundary Commissions are responsible for determining the boundaries of House of Commons constituencies. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Bibliography

Banham, John Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire HMSO, London, 1994
Banham, John Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin HMSO, London, 1995
Brandon, David and Knight, John Peterborough Past: The City and The Soke Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 2001 (ISBN 1-86077-184-X)
Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed., 28 vols.) Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain)
Colpi, Terry The Italian Factor: The Italian Community in Great Britain Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1991 (ISBN 1-85158-344-0)
Davies, Elizabeth et al. Peterborough: A Story of City and Country, People and Places Peterborough City Council and Pitkin Unichrome, 2001 (ISBN 1-84165-050-1)
Grainger, Margaret A Descriptive Catalogue of the John Clare Collection Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, 1973 (ISBN 0-90410-800-7)
Hancock, Henry Drummond Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area (LGCE Report No.3) HMSO, London, 1961
Hancock, Henry Drummond Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area (LGCE Report No.9) HMSO, London, 1965
Hancock, Tom Greater Peterborough Master Plan Peterborough Development Corporation, 1971
Ingram, James Henry (trans.) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1823 (1847 Everyman's Library ed. with additional readings from the translation of John Allen Giles)
King, Richard John Handbook to the Cathedrals of England John Murray, London, 1862
Leatham, Victoria Burghley: The Life of a Great House The Herbert Press, London, 1992 (ISBN 1-87156-947-8)
Matthew, Henry Colin Gray and Harrison, Brian Howard (eds.) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (60 vols.) Oxford University Press in association with the British Academy, 2004–2006 (ISBN 0-19861-411-X)
Mellows, William Thomas (ed.) The Peterborough Chronicle of Hugh Candidus (trans.) Peterborough Museum Society, 1941
Newton, David Men of Mark: Makers of East Midland Allied Press Emap, Peterborough, 1977 (ISBN 0-95059-540-3)
Parthey, Gustav and Pinder, Moritz (eds.) Itinerarivm Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanum: ex libris manu scriptis Friederich Nicolaus, Berlin, 1848
Pryor, Francis Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005 (ISBN 0-7524-2900-0)
Rhodes, John The Nene Valley Railway Turntable Publications, Sheffield, 1976 (ISBN 0-90284-460-1)
Salter, Mike The Castles of East Anglia Folly Publications, Malvern, 2001 (ISBN 1-87173-145-3)
Skinner, Julia (with particular reference to the work of Robert Cook) Did You Know? Peterborough: A Miscellany The Francis Frith Collection, Salisbury, 2006 (ISBN 1-84589-263-1)
Sweeting, Walter Debenham The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 (1926 reprint of the 2nd ed. of Bell's Cathedrals)
Tebbs, Herbert F. Peterborough: A History The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979 (ISBN 0-900891-30-0)
Turner, Roger Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 1999 (ISBN 1-86077-114-9)
Youngs, Frederic A. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England (2 vols.) The Offices of the Royal Historical Society, University College London, 1991 (ISBN 0-86193-127-0)

Sir John Banham is a British business leader. ... Henry Colin Gray Matthew (15 January 1941 - 29 October 1999), historian, was the first editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and editor of the diaries of William Ewart Gladstone He was born in Inverness and educated at Edinburgh Academy and later at the English public school, Sedbergh, before... Sir Brian Harrison (b. ...

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