Petrified log at the Petrified Forest National Park

A petrified tree from California

Petrified wood is a type of fossil: it consists of fossil wood where all the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the wood. The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment. Mineral-rich water flowing through the sediment deposits minerals in the plant's cells and as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay away, a stone mould forms in its place. The wood is preserved due to a lack of oxygen. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 147 KB) http://pdphoto. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 147 KB) http://pdphoto. ... Petrified Forest National Park is located in northeastern Arizona, along Interstate 40 between Holbrook and Navajo. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1039 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1039 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under DOS. FOSSIL is an acronym for Fido Opus Seadog Standard Interface Layer. ... petrified softwood Fossil wood is wood that is preserved in the fossil record. ... Organic life Organic life is life which is cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and—through natural selection—adapt. ... A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. ... In chemistry, a silicate is a compound containing an anion in which one or more central silicon atoms are surrounded by electronegative ligands. ... Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earths continental crust. ... Petrified wood In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into stone or a similar substance. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ... Lignin (sometimes lignen) is a chemical compound (complex, highly cross-linked aromatic polymer) that is most commonly derived from wood and is an integral part of the cell walls of plants, especially in tracheids, xylem fibres and sclereids. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... This balancing rock, Steamboat Rock stands in Garden of the Gods park in Colorado Springs, CO The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Look up preservation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...

Elements such as manganese, iron and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges. Pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red or other tint. General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... Quartz crystal Synthetic bismuth hopper crystal Insulin crystals Gallium, a metal that easily forms large single crystals A huge monocrystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate grown from solution by Saint-Gobain for the megajoule laser of CEA. In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms...

Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues:

• carbon - black
• cobalt - green/blue
• chromium - green/blue
• copper - green/blue
• iron oxides - red, brown, yellow
• manganese - pink/orange
• manganese oxides - black

Petrified wood can preserve the original structure of the wood in all its detail, down to the microsopic level. Structures such as tree rings and the various tissues are often observed features. General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... wikipedia sucks big balls For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... Manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) is a chemical compound also known as manganese dioxide or manganese oxide. ... Pinus taeda Cross section showing annual rings Cheraw, South Carolina Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree ring patterns. ...

Petrified wood has a Mohs hardness of 7, the same as quartz. Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer. ...

Petrified wood is also the state gem of Washington. List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones, and gemstones. ... Official language(s) English Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  Ranked 18th  - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,827 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 6. ...

Locations

Polished slice of petrified wood

• Argentina - Considered to be one of the world's best petrified reserves, the Petrified Forest National Monument in Santa Cruz in the Argentine Patagonia has many trees that measure more than 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and 30 m (100 ft) long. Compared to petrified trees in the United States that measure less than 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter, the trees of the Central Steppes of Argentina are significantly larger.
• Belgium - Geosite Goudberg near Hoegaarden.^[1]
• Canada - In the badlands of southern Alberta; petrified wood is the provincial stone of Alberta. Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut has among the largest petrified forests in the world
• Czech Republic, Nová Paka - The most famous locality on Permian-Carboniferous rocks in the Czech Republic.
• Greece - Petrified Forest of Lesvos, at the western tip of the island of Lesbos, is possibly the largest of the petrified forests, covering an area of over 150 km² and declared a National Monument in 1985. Large, upright trunks complete with root systems can be found, as well as trunks up to 22 m in length.
• Libya - Great Sand Sea - Hundreds of square miles of petrified trunks, branches and other debris mixed with Stone Age artifacts.
• United States - Some of the better known petrified wood sites include:
  • Escalante Petrified Forest State Park in Utah.
  • Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park in Washington State
  • Grotto of the Redemption, a private park in Iowa.
  • Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona
• Australia - Has vast deposits of petrified and opalised wood.
• India- A geological site famous for its petrified woods Thiruvakkarai Village in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The site is protected by the Geological Survey of India. Petrified woods covers a large area in this site.
• New Zealand - Curio Bay on the Catlins coast contains many petrified wood examples.

Download high resolution version (1590x1193, 695 KB)Petrified Wood at Petrified Forest National Park. ... Download high resolution version (1590x1193, 695 KB)Petrified Wood at Petrified Forest National Park. ... Santa Cruz is a province of Argentina, located in the south of the country, in the Patagonia. ... Patagonia, as most commonly defined (in orange). ... Hoegaarden is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. ... The Chinle Badlands at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. ... Motto: Fortis et liber(Latin) Strong and free Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Official languages English (see below) Government - Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong - Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 28 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th [Province]) Area Ranked... Axel Heiberg Island within Nunavut Closeup of Axel Heiberg Island Satellite photo montage of Axel Heilberg Island Axel Heiberg Island is the 31st largest island in the world and Canadas 7th largest island. ... Motto: Nunavut Sannginivut (Inuktitut: Nunavut our strength or Our land our strength) Capital Iqaluit Largest city Iqaluit Official languages Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, English, French Government - Commissioner Ann Meekitjuk Hanson - Premier Paul Okalik (Consensus government) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 1 (Nancy Karetak-Lindell) - Senate seats 1 (Willie Adams) Confederation... Nová Paka is a town in the Czech Republic. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... Mainly two Petrified Forests exist in the World. ... Lesbos, shown off the coast of the Anatolian peninsula (Asiatic Turkey), northwest of Ä°zmir. ... Desert landscape in Southern Libya The Libyan Desert (Arabic: الصحراء الليبية) is an African desert that is located in the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert and occupies southwestern Egypt, eastern Libya and northwestern Sudan. ... Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area  Ranked 13th  - Total 84,889 sq mi (219,887 km²)  - Width 270 miles (435 km)  - Length 350 miles (565 km)  - % water 3. ... Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park is a 7,470 acre state park at Vantage, Washington including 27,000 feet of freshwater shoreline on the Columbia River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  Ranked 18th  - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,827 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 6. ... Located in West Bend, Iowa, the Grotto of the Redemption is the worlds largest collection of minerals and petrifications at a single site. ... Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area  Ranked 26th  - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 199 miles (320 km)  - % water 0. ... Petrified Forest National Park is located in northeastern Arizona, along Interstate 40 between Holbrook and Navajo. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... , “Madras” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Geological Survey of India (GSI), established in 1851, is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world, and is a premier organization of India for conducting geological surveys and studies. ... A petrified log at Curio Bay. ... The Catlins (sometimes referred to as The Catlins Coast) is an area in the southeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand. ...

Artificial petrified wood

Artificial petrified wood has been produced in a Washington lab. In the process small cubes of pine were soaked in an acid bath for two days then in a silica solution for another two. The product was then cooked at 1400 °C in an argon atmosphere for two hours. The result was silicon carbide ceramic which preserved the intricate cell structure of the wood. Soaking in a tungsten solution produced a tungsten carbide petrified wood. ^[2][3] General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Silicon carbide (SiC) is a ceramic compound of silicon and carbon that is manufactured on a large scale for use mainly as an abrasive but also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tungsten, W, 74 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 6, d Appearance grayish white, lustrous Standard atomic weight 183. ... Monotungsten carbide, WC, or Ditungsten Carbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing tungsten and carbon, similar to titanium carbide. ...

See also

Petrified logs

• Petrified palmwood
• Araucarioxylon arizonicum
• Petrified Forest of Lesvos

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 2163 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Petrified Forest National Park Petrified wood User:Digon3 User:Digon3/Gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 2163 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Petrified Forest National Park Petrified wood User:Digon3 User:Digon3/Gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Petrified palmwood, Palmoxylon sp. ... Binomial name Araucarioxylon arizonicum Araucarioxylon arizonicum is a fossil conifer that is the state fossil of Arizona. ... Mainly two Petrified Forests exist in the World. ...

References

1. ^ A petrified forrest near Hoegaarden.
2. ^ Petrified Wood in Days, Physorg.com, January 25, 2005 http://www.physorg.com/news2801.html
3. ^ Presto! Instant Petrified Wood Created in Lab, Live Science, 27 January 2005 http://www.livescience.com/technology/050127_petrified_wood.html

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Petrified wood

• The Petrified forest of Lesvos - Protected Natural Monument
• The Town Museum of Nová Paka
• The Mississippi Petrified Forest
• http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=8018