Petru Groza
Prime Minister of Romania
In office March 6, 1945 – June 2, 1952
Preceded by	Nicolae Rădescu
Succeeded by	Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
President of the State Council
In office June 12, 1952 – January 7, 1958
Preceded by	Constantin Ion Parhon
Succeeded by	Ion Gheorghe Maurer
Born	December 7, 1884(1884-12-07) Băcia, Romania
Died	January 7, 1958 (aged 73) Bucharest, Romania
Nationality	Romanian
Political party	Ploughmen's Front
Profession	lawyer
Religion	Romanian Orthodox

Petru Groza (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958) was a Romanian politician, best know as Prime Minister of the first Communist Party-dominated governments under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nicolae Rădescu (1874 - 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Constantin Ion Parhon (October 15, 1874 - August 9, 1969) was a Romanian scientist, politician and head of state from 1947 to 1952. ... Ion Gheorghe Maurer (September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official record) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km²  (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... PCR hammer and sickle symbol The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a Communist political party in Romania. ... CCCP redirects here. ... In 1944 Romania was occupied by Soviet troops, who would not withdraw until 1958. ... Anthem Zdrobite cătuÅŸe (1947 - 1953) Te slăvim Românie (1953 - 1968) Trei Culori (1968-1989) Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1947–1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej  - 1965-1989 Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Legislature Marea Adunare NaÅ£ionalÇŽ Historical era Cold War  - Monarchy abolished...

Groza emerged as a public figure at the end of World War I as a notable member of the Romanian National Party (PNR), preeminent layman of the Romanian Orthodox Church, and then member of the Directory Council of Transylvania. In 1933, Groza founded a left-wing Agrarian organization known as the Ploughmen's Front (Frontul Plugarilor). The left-wing ideas he supported earned him the nickname The Red Bourgeois. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Romanian National Party (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR), initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat (Partidul Naţional Român din Transilvania şi Banat) was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary... The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ...

Groza became Premier in 1945 when Nicolae Rădescu, a leading Romanian Army general who assumed power briefly following the conclusion of World War II, was forced to resign by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky.^[1] Under Groza's term as premier until 1952, Romania's King, Michael I, was forced to abdicate as the nation officially became a "People's Republic". Although his authority and power as Premier was compromised by his reliance upon the Soviet Union for support, Groza presided over the consolidation of Communist rule in Romania before eventually being succeeded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in 1952.^[1] Nicolae Rădescu (1874 - 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. ... The Romanian Army (Armata Română) consists of three branches: Romanian Land Forces Romanian Naval Forces Romanian Air Force The term army is used in Romania when referring to the entire military, while land forces deal only with the actual army itself. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with: :Sovnarkom. ... Vyshinsky Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10 [November 28, Old Style], 1883–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Soviet jurist and later diplomat. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... King Michael I of the Romanians (born October 25, 1921), Prince of Hohenzollern[1][2][3], reigned as King of the Romanians (in Romanian Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor or Majestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor) from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up peoples republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ...

Early life and career

Born as one of the three sons of a wealthy couple in Băcia, a village near Deva in Transylvania (part of Austria-Hungary at the time), Groza was afforded a variety of opportunities in his youth and early career to establish connections and a degree of notoriety which would later prove essential in his political career.^[2] After graduating from the Reformed Church College in Orăştie, he began his Law training in Hungary, studying at the University of Budapest before attending both the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin.^[2][1] County Hunedoara County Status County capital Mayor Mircia Munteanu, since 2000 Area  km² Population (2002) 80,000 Density  inh/km² Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ... This article is about the region in Romania. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Reformed Church in Romania (Hungarian: Romániai Református Egyház; Romanian: Biserica Reformată din România) is the organization of the Calvinist church in Romania. ... Orăstie (Hungarian: Szászváros, German: Bros) is a city in Romania, Hunedoara county. ... This article is about Eötvös Loránd University, which is often referred to as University of Budapest. ... The University of Leipzig (German Universität Leipzig), located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony (former Kingdom of Saxony), Germany, is one of the oldest universities in Europe. ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der...

By the eve of World War I, Groza had completed his studies and returned to Deva to work as a lawyer. In 1918, he emerged on the political scene as a member of the Romanian National Party (PNR) and obtained a position on the Directory Council of Transylvania, convened by ethnic Romanian politicians who had voted in favour of union with Romania; he maintained his office over the course of the following two years.^[2] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Romanian National Party (Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR), initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat (Partidul Naţional Român din Transilvania şi Banat) was a political party which was initially designed to offer ethnic representation to Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary... Languages Romanian language Religions Predominantly Romanian Orthodox, but also including Romanian Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Atheist. ... The National Day of Romania or Union Day (Ziua Unirii) occurring on December 1, is the national holiday of Romania. ...

Throughout this period of his life, Groza established a variety of political connections, working in various Transylvanian political and religious organizations. From 1919 to 1927, for example, Groza obtained a position as a deputy in Synod and Congress of the Romanian Orthodox Church. In the early 1920s, Groza, who had left the PNR after a conflict with Iuliu Maniu and had joined the People's Party,^[2] began to serve as the Minister for Transylvania and Minister of Public Works and Communications in the Alexandru Averescu cabinet.^[2][1] Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ... The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. ... The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... // Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ...

During this period in his life, Groza was able to amass a personal fortune as a wealthy landowner^[3] and establish a notable reputation as a prominent layman within the Romanian Orthodox Church, a position which would later make him invaluable to a Romanian Communist Party (PCR) that was campaigning to attract the support of Eastern Orthodox Christians who were the nation's most popular religious group in 1945.^[3][1] Landowner or Landholder is a holder of the estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or, simply put, an owner of land. ... Look up Layman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... PCR hammer and sickle symbol The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a Communist political party in Romania. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...

Ascendancy to power

Despite having briefly retired from public life in 1928 after holding a series of political posts, Groza reemerged on the political scene in 1933, founding a peasant-based political organization, the Ploughmen's Front.^[2] Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ...

Although the movement originally began in opposition to both the increasing levels of debt incurred by Romania's peasants during the Great Depression and the National Peasants' Party's inability to offer assistance to the most marginalized of the peasant class, by 1944 the organization was primarily under the control of the Communists.^[2][4] Since the Communist Party had little more than one thousand official members by 1944, leading Romanian communists were forced to establish a broad coalition of political organizations. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

This coalition was comprised of four major front organizations: the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union, the Union of Patriots, the Patriotic Defense (a paramilitary wing of the PCR), and, by far the most widely backed by the Romanian populace, Groza's Ploughmen's Front. From his position as the chief political actor in the largest of the Communist front organizations, Groza was able to assert himself in a position of eminence within the Romanian political sphere as the Ploughmen's Front joined the Communist Party to create the National Democratic Front in October 1944^[5][6] (it also included Mihai Ralea's Socialist Peasants' Party and the Hungarian People's Union, being briefly joined by the Social Democrats, and other minor groups). He was first considered by the Communist Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu for the post of Premier in October 1944.^[5] Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... The Hungarian Peoples Union (Hungarian: , MNSz; Romanian: , UPM) was a left-wing political party active in Romania between 1934 and 1953, claiming to represent the Hungarian community. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... LucreÅ£iu Pătrăşcanu, (November 4, 1900, Bacău–April 17, 1954) was a leading member of the Communist Party of Romania, a lawyer, sociologist and economist. ...

Groza's prominent position within the National Democratic Front afforded him the opportunity to succeed as premier when, in January,1945, the government under General Nicolae Rădescu met stern opposition from notable Romanian communists Ana Pauker and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej due to Rădescu's alleged failure to adequately deal with "fascist sympathizers".^[5] With the help of Soviet authorities,^[5] the Communists soon mobilized workers to hold a series of demonstrations against Rădescu, and by February numerous fatalities had occurred as the demonstrations often exploded into violence. While the communists claimed on tenuous grounds that the Romanian Army was responsible for the deaths of innocent civilians,^[5] Rădescu minimized his own popular support, when he declared that the communists were "foreigners without God or a nation".^[6] In response, a Soviet delegation consisting of Andrei Y. Vishinsky, the Soviet vice commissioner of foreign affairs, arrived in Bucharest to compel Rădescu to resign and install Groza as premier on March 6, 1945.^[5][6] Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Soviet and Romanian communist politician and served as Romanias foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on, but not limited to, ethnic, cultural, or racial attributes. ... In 1944 Romania was occupied by Soviet troops, who would not withdraw until 1958. ... The Romanian Army (Armata Română) consists of three branches: Romanian Land Forces Romanian Naval Forces Romanian Air Force The term army is used in Romania when referring to the entire military, while land forces deal only with the actual army itself. ... Vyshinsky Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10 [November 28, Old Style], 1883–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Soviet jurist and later diplomat. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

The Groza cabinets

To confirm Groza's installment as the Romanian premier, elections were held on November 19, 1946 (see Romanian general election, 1946). Despite the fact that the Ploughmen's Front had become part of a coalition that failed to win a majority in the Grand National Assembly, the rigged elections "confirmed" Groza as premier, much to the protests of the United States and the United Kingdom who believed that, according to agreements reached at the Yalta Conference in 1945, only "interim governmental authorities broadly representative of the population", should be supported by the major powers.^[7] As a result, Groza's government was permanently estranged from the United States and Great Britain, who nominally supported the waning influence of the monarchist forces under King Michael I. is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Results for the BPD and UPM per county, according to the Romanian Communist Party report cited by Petre Ţurlea. ... The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... King Michael I of the Romanians (born October 25, 1921), Prince of Hohenzollern[1][2][3], reigned as King of the Romanians (in Romanian Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor or Majestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor) from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from...

Despite the grievances of the two powers, communist representation within Groza's government was actually significantly less than that of the other, more traditional Romanian political parties. The leading figures in the Romanian Communist Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej, advocated that the Groza government retain the façade of a coalition government and ultimately function as a means through which the communist party could win the confidence of the masses, since support for the doctrine in the immediate post-war period was still relatively weak amongst the general populace, with only one thousand party members as of 1945. For this reason, leading communist figures, including both Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej, did not have official posts within Groza's regime and instead hoped to enact reforms desired by the communist party under the coalition government currently in place.^[8] By conflating the successes of the regime with their Party, Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej hoped to win support for the party and lay the foundations for a more outright communist regime in 1952. Groza, therefore, maintained the illusion of a coalition government, appointing members from various political organizations to posts within his cabinet and outlining his government's immediate goals in broad, non-ideological terms. He declared at a cabinet meeting on March 7, 1945, for example, that the government sought to guarantee safety and order for the population, implement desired land reform policies, and to focus on the "rapid cleansing" of the state bureaucracy, immediately prosecuting war criminals and those responsible for war crimes committed by the wartime Ion Antonescu Fascist government (see Romania during World War II and Romanian People's Tribunals).^[9] A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Soviet and Romanian communist politician and served as Romanias foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... In logic, the error of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... -1... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      This article is about the sociological concept. ... A war crime is a punishable offense, under international law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on, but not limited to, ethnic, cultural, or racial attributes. ... In June of 1941, after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. ... The two Romanian Peoples Tribunals, the Bucharest Peoples Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania Peoples Tribunal (which sat in Cluj) were set up by postwar Romanian Government, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to try suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with...

As Premier

Within days of becoming premier, Groza delivered his first major success. On March 10, 1945, the Soviet Union agreed to hand over Northern Transylvania, over 45,000 km² (17,400 square miles) of territory which had been handed to Hungary through the 1940 Second Vienna Arbitration. Groza promised that the rights of each ethnic group within the newly acquired territory would be protected (mainly, as a reference to the Hungarian minority in Romania), while Joseph Stalin declared that the previous government under Rădescu had permitted such a large degree of sabotage and terrorism in the region that it would have been impossible to deliver the territory to the Romanians. As a result, only after Groza's guarantee of ethnic minority rights did the Soviet government decide to satisfy the petition of the Romanian government. The acquisition of this territory, nearly fifty-eight percent Romanian in 1945, was hailed as a major accomplishment within the formative stages of the Groza regime.^[10] March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Read carefully- a chauvinist bias included! Romania with Northern Transylvania highlighted in yellow Northern Transylvania is a part of Transylvania which, after separation from Hungary in 1920 by the Trianon (Versailles) Treaty, was awarded by Germany and Italy to Hungary in line with the Vienna Awards of 1940. ... The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards. ... The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,431,807 people and making up 6. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ... Terrorist redirects here. ... The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts: first, normal individual rights as applied to members of racial, ethnic, class or religious minorities, and second, collective rights accorded to minority groups. ...

Groza continued to improve the image of his own government while strengthening the position of the Communist Party with a series of political reforms. He proceeded to eliminate any antagonistic elements in the government bureaucracy and, in the newly acquired Transylvanian territory, removed three city prefects, including that of the region's capital, Cluj. The prefects removed were immediately replaced by government officials directly appointed by Groza, so as to strengthen loyalist elements in local government in the region. Groza also promised a series of land reform programs to benefit military personnel which would confiscate and subsequently redistribute all properties in excess of one hundred and twenty five acres in addition to all the property of traitors, absentees, and all who collaborated with the wartime Romanian government, the Hungarian occupiers during Miklós Horthy and Ferenc Szálasi's régimes, and Nazi Germany.^[11] Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... For other uses, see Loyalist (disambiguation). ... An acre is the name of a unit of area in a number of different systems, including Imperial units and United States customary units. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ... Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation. ... “Horthy” redirects here. ... Ferenc Szálasi Ferenc Szálasi (January 6, 1897-March 12, 1946) was a Fascist and the Prime Minister of Hungary during the final days of Hungarys participation in World War II. Born the son of a soldier in Kassa, Szálasi followed in his fathers footsteps and... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Despite giving the appearance of liberalism by granting women's suffrage, Groza pursued a series of reforms attempting to clamp down on the prominence of politically dissident media outlets in the nation. During the first month of his premiership, Groza acted to close down Romania Nouă, a popular newspaper published by sources close to Iuliu Maniu, leader of the traditional National Peasants' Party who disagreed widely with Groza's attempted reforms. Within a month of his assumption of the premiership, Groza shut down over nine provincial newspapers and a series of periodicals which, Groza declared, were products of those, "who served Fascism and Hitlerism".^[12] Groza soon continued this repression by limiting the number of political parties allowed within the state. Although Groza had promised to purge only individuals from the government bureaucracy and diplomatic corps immediately after assuming power, in June 1947 he began to prosecute entire political organizations, as, after the Tămădău Affair, he arrested key members of the National Peasants' Party and sentenced Maniu to life in prison "for political crimes against the Romanian people".^[8] By August of that year, both the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Party had been dissolved and in 1948, the government coalition incorporated the Romanian Workers' Party (the forced union of communists and Romanian Social Democrats) and the Hungarian People's Union, effectively minimizing all political opposition within the state.^[6] Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... The term womens suffrage refers to an economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women. ... // Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... The diplomatic corps, or in French (formerly the lingua franca of diplomacy; hence the term is still used e. ... The Tămădău Affair (Romanian: Afacerea Tămădău, ÃŽnscenarea de la Tămădău - the Tămădău frameup - or Fuga de la Tămădău - the Tămădău flight) was an incident that took place in Romania in the summer... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... The Hungarian Peoples Union (Hungarian: , MNSz; Romanian: , UPM) was a left-wing political party active in Romania between 1934 and 1953, claiming to represent the Hungarian community. ...

During his term as premier, Groza also clashed with the nation's remaining monarchist forces under King Michael. Although his powers were minimal within Groza's regime, King Michael symbolized the remnants of the traditional Romanian monarchy and, in late 1945, the King urged Groza to resign. The King maintained that Romania must abide by the Yalta accords, allowing the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union to each have a hand in post-war government reconstruction and the incorporation of a broader coalition force he had already organized. Groza flatly rejected the request, and relations between the two figures remained tense over the next few years, with Groza and the King differing on the persecution of war criminals and in the awarding of honorary citizenship of Romania to Stalin, in August 1947.^[13] Finally, in December 1947, Gheorghiu-Dej and Groza pressured King Michael to abdicate the throne, abolishing the Romanian monarchy and firmly declaring the state a "People's Republic". From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ...

Legacy

After Groza was succeeded by Gheorghiu-Dej in 1952, he occupied the position of chief of state for the next six years until 1958, when he died from complications following a stomach operation.^[1] Although never a Communist Party member, Groza had permitted the gradual introduction of a communist regime in Romania. By pretending a limited independence from the Soviets and Communist Party leaders, Groza allowed the Communist Party to develop a more substantial backing and, through his repression of both the media and political organizations, limited any form of opposition or dissent within the state. After ousting the king and declaring the nation a "People's Republic", Groza served to ease the transition towards the later communist regime under Gheorghiu-Dej.

The mining town of Ştei was named Dr. Petru Groza after him, a name it kept until after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Location of Åžtei Coordinates: , Country County Status Town Government  - Mayor Ioan Lucaciu (Democratic Party) Population (2002)  - Town 9,466 Time zone EET (UTC+2)  - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Website: http://www. ... Combatants Securitate and other loyalist forces Anti-CeauÅŸescu protesters, discontented Communist party members, Romanian Army defectors Commanders Nicolae CeauÅŸescu† Various independent leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the...

References

• Adrian Cioroianu, Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest, 2005

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Romania
United Principalities	B. Catargiu · Creţulescu · Kogălniceanu · Creţulescu · L. Catargiu · I. Ghica · Creţulescu · Ş. Golescu · N. Golescu · Ion C. Brătianu · D. Ghica · A. Golescu · Epureanu · I. Ghica · L. Catargiu · Florescu · Epureanu · Ion C. Brătianu · D. Brătianu · Ion C. Brătianu
Kingdom of Romania	Ion C. Brătianu · Rosetti · L. Catargiu · Florescu · L. Catargiu · Sturdza · Aurelian · Sturdza · Cantacuzino · Carp · Sturdza · Cantacuzino · Sturdza · Ion I. C. Brătianu · Carp · Maiorescu · Ion I. C. Brătianu · Averescu · Marghiloman · Coandă · Ion I. C. Brătianu · Văitoianu · Vaida-Voevod · Averescu · Ionescu · Ion I. C. Brătianu · Averescu · Ştirbey · Ion I. C. Brătianu · V. Brătianu · Maniu · Mironescu · Maniu · Mironescu · Iorga · Vaida-Voevod · Maniu · Vaida-Voevod · Duca · Anghelescu* · Tătărescu · Goga · Cristea · Călinescu · Argeşanu · Argetoianu · Tătărescu · Gigurtu · Antonescu · Sănătescu · Rădescu · Groza
Communist Romania	Groza · Gheorghiu-Dej · Stoica · Maurer · Mănescu · Verdeţ · Dăscălescu
Romania since 1989	Roman · Stolojan · Văcăroiu · Ciorbea · Dejeu* · Vasile · Athanasiu* · Isărescu · Năstase · Bejinariu* · Popescu-Tăriceanu
* denotes interim

The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... The Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois and owned by the Tribune Company. ... Adrian Mihai Cioroianu (b. ... Editura Curtea Veche (Curtea Veche Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition in editing works of Romanian literature. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links UnitedPrincipalitiesofRumania. ... Barbu Catargiu was a conservative Romanian journalist and politician. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... Mihail Kogălniceanu Mihail Kogălniceanu (September 6, 1817, Iasi - July 1, 1891, Paris) was a Romanian statesman, historian and publicist, he became the first Prime minister of Romania October 11, 1863, after the union of Moldavian and Wallachian principalities. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... Lascăr Catargiu (November, 1823 – April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Ghica (1817-1897) was a Romanian diplomat and a prime minister of Romania between 1866 and 1867 and also between 1870-1871. ... Nicolae CreÅ£ulescu was a three-time prime minister of Romania, serving 1862-1863, 1865-1866 and in 1867. ... Åžtefan Golescu (1809 - 1874) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 26 November 1867 and 12 May 1868. ... Nicolae Golescu (1810-1877) was the Prime Minister of Romania two times: in 1868 and 1870. ... Ion C. Brătianu (June 2, 1821—May 16, 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th century Romania. ... Dimitrie Ghica (1816-1897) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservatory Party between 1868 and 1870. ... Alexandru G. Golescu Alexandru G. Golescu (1819—August 15, 1881) was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania in 1870 (between February 14 and May 1). ... Manolache Costache Epureanu (1823-1880) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservative Party two times: in 1870 (1 May-26 December) and in 1876 (6 Mai-5 August). ... Ion Ghica (1817-1897) was a Romanian diplomat and a prime minister of Romania between 1866 and 1867 and also between 1870-1871. ... Lascăr Catargiu (November, 1823 – April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Emanuel Florescu (1819 - 1893) was a Romanian army general that served as Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in a provisional government in 1876 (17 April - 6 May) and then in 1891 (2 March - 29 December). ... Manolache Costache Epureanu (1823-1880) was the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservative Party two times: in 1870 (1 May-26 December) and in 1876 (6 Mai-5 August). ... Ion C. Brătianu (June 2, 1821—May 16, 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th century Romania. ... Dimitrie Brătianu (1818-1892) was the Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in 1881 (from 22 April to 21 June). ... Ion C. Brătianu (June 2, 1821—May 16, 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th century Romania. ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Axis Powers Flag of Romania Categories: Flag images ... Ion C. Brătianu (June 2, 1821—May 16, 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th century Romania. ... Theodor Rosetti (4 May 1837 - 17 July 1932) was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 13 April 1888 and 11 April 1889. ... Lascăr Catargiu (November, 1823 – April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Ion Emanuel Florescu (1819 - 1893) was a Romanian army general that served as Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in a provisional government in 1876 (17 April - 6 May) and then in 1891 (2 March - 29 December). ... Lascăr Catargiu (November, 1823 – April 11, 1899), Romanian statesman, was born in Moldavia. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Petre S. Aurelian (13 December 1833-24 January 1909) was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 2 December 1896 and 12 April 1897. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (22 September 1833 - 22 March 1913) was a Conservative Romanian politician who twice served as the Prime Minister of Romania: between 23 April 1899 and 19 July 1900 and between 4 January 1906 and 24 March 1907. ... Petre P. Carp (29 June 1837, Iaşi; - 19 June 1919) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times (19 July 1900 - 27 February 1901 and 14 January 1911 - 10 April 1912). ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (22 September 1833 - 22 March 1913) was a Conservative Romanian politician who twice served as the Prime Minister of Romania: between 23 April 1899 and 19 July 1900 and between 4 January 1906 and 24 March 1907. ... Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza (1833-1914), Romanian statesman, was born in 1833 at IaÅŸi, and educated there at the Academia MihaileanÇŽ. He continued his studies in Germany, took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Prince Cuza. ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Petre P. Carp (29 June 1837, Iaşi; - 19 June 1919) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times (19 July 1900 - 27 February 1901 and 14 January 1911 - 10 April 1912). ... Titu Maiorescu Titu Maiorescu was a Romanian literary critic and a Prime Minister of Romania from 1912 to 1914. ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Alexandru Maghiloman (4 July 1854, Buzău - 10 May 1925, Buzău) was a Romanian Conservative pro-German statesman that served for a short time in 1918 (March _ November) as Prime Minister of Romania and had a decisive role in Romania of the World War I. He... Constantin Coandă (1857, Craiova - 1932) was a Romanian army general, a mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads of Bucharest and for a short time (24 October - 29 November 1918) the Prime Minister of Romania and the Foreign Affairs Minister, during World War I. Among his seven... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Artur Văitoianu was a Romanian general that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about three months in 1919 (12 September - 4 December). ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Take Ionescu Take (or Tache) Ionescu (born Dumitru Ionescu; October 13, 1858 – June 2, 1922) was a Romanian diplomat and politician. ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Prince Barbu Åžtirbey (1873-1946) was briefly Prime Minister of Romania in 1927. ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... Vintilă Brătianu (1867-23 December 1930) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania between 24 November 1927 and 2 November 1928. ... // Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. ... Gheorghe Mironescu was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times. ... // Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. ... Gheorghe Mironescu was a Romanian politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for two times. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... // Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician. ... Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1872-19 March 1950) was a Romanian politician that served three terms as a Prime Minister of Romania and was a supporter and speakesman of the union of Transylvania with the Romanian Old Kingdom. ... Ion G. Duca (1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933, when he was assassinated for his efforts to suppress the fascist Iron Guard movement. ... Constantin Anghelescu (1870-1948) was a Romanian politician that served as an interim Prime Minister of Romania for five days, between 30 December 1933 and 3 January 1934. ... Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as Guţă Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 1886—March 28, 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934-1937; 1939-1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim... Octavian Goga Octavian Goga (April 1, 1881—May 7, 1938) was a Romanian nationalist politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. ... Miron Cristea attending a public event Miron Cristea (July 20, 1868—March 6, 1939) was the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Prime Minister of Romania for about a year (between February 11, 1938 and his death). ... Armand Călinescu Armand Călinescu (June 4, 1893 [O.S. May 22] - September 21, 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician. ... Gheorghe Argesanu (1884 - 1940) was a Romanian army general and politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about a week in 1939 (21 September - 28 September). ... Constantin Argetoianu (1871—February 6, 1952) was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania, who served as the Prime Minister between September 28 and November 23, 1939. ... Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as Guţă Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 1886—March 28, 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934-1937; 1939-1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim... Ion Gigurtu (1886-1959) was a Romanian politician who served a brief term as Prime Minister of Romania in 1940 (from 4 July to 4 September), under the personal regime of King Carol II. Ion Gigurtu had economic and political interests in Nazi Germany and his government was the first... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... Constantin Sănătescu (1885 - November 8, 1947) was a Romanian statesman that was the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup. ... Nicolae Rădescu (1874 - 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. ... Anthem Zdrobite cătuÅŸe (1947 - 1953) Te slăvim Românie (1953 - 1968) Trei Culori (1968-1989) Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1947–1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej  - 1965-1989 Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Legislature Marea Adunare NaÅ£ionalÇŽ Historical era Cold War  - Monarchy abolished... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania_(1947-1989). ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Chivu Stoica (1908 - 1975) was a Romanian Communist political figure. ... Ion Gheorghe Maurer (September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. ... Manea Mănescu (born 1916) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania for five years (29 March 1974 and 29 March 1979) during the communist rule of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Ilie VerdeÅ£ (10 May 1925 - 20 March 2001) was a Romanian politician and the brother-in-law of the Romanian dictator Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Constantin Dăscălescu [kon-stant-een dehs-keh-les-koo] (1923 - 16 May 2003) was a Romanian politician that served as a Prime Minister of Romania (21 May 1982 - 22 December 1989) during the communist rule of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu until the 1989 Romanian Revolution. ... For other uses, see Romania (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... Theodor Dumitru Stolojan (born October 24, 1943) is a Romanian economist and politician. ... Nicolae Văcăroiu (born on December 5, 1943 in Cetatea Albă, now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) is a Romanian politician, member of the Social Democratic Party, who served as Prime Minister between 1992 and 1996. ... Victor Ciorbea (born on October 26, 1954, in Ponor, Alba county, Romania) was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 1996 to April 1998. ... Gavril Dejeu (b. ... Radu Vasile (born 10 October 1942, Sibiu) is a Romanian politician, historian and poet. ... Alexandru Athanasiu (b. ... Mugur Isărescu (born August 1, 1949) is the Governor of the National Bank of Romania. ... Adrian Năstase (born June 22, 1950) is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004. ... Eugen Bejinariu (born 1959) is a Romanian politician and member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD). ... Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu () (born January 14, 1952) is a Romanian politician, the current Prime Minister of Romania — since December 28, 2004. ...

Heads of State of Romania since 1947
Romanian People's Republic (a)	Parhon | Groza | Maurer | Gheorghiu-Dej
Socialist Republic of Romania	Stoica (a) | Ceauşescu (b)
Romania since 1989 (c)	Iliescu | Constantinescu | Iliescu | Băsescu | Văcăroiu* * denotes interim
	(a) Presidents of the State Council, 1947-1967 (b) President of the State Council (1967-1989); President of the Socialist Republic of Romania after 1974 (c) Presidents