Philosophical logic is the application of formal logical techniques to problems that concern philosophers. It should be contrasted with mathematical logic, which might be characterized as the application of formal logical techniques to problems that concern mathematicians. However, since the problems that concern philosophers and the problems that concern mathematicians sometimes overlap, philosophical and mathematical logic sometimes overlap as well. A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Leonhard Euler is considered by many to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is the person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ...

Not all philosophical logic, however, applies formal logical techniques. A good amount of it (including Grayling's and Colin McGinn's books cited below) is written in natural language. One definition, popular in Britain, is that philosophical logic is the attempt to solve general philosophical problems that arise when we use or think about formal logic: problems about existence, necessity, analyticity, a prioricity, propositions, identity, predication, truth. Philosophy of logic, on the other hand, would tackle metaphysical and epistemological problems about entailment, validity, and proof. Colin McGinn (born 1950) is a British philosopher currently working at the University of Miami. ... The terms a priori and a posteriori are used in philosophy to distinguish between two different types of propositional knowledge. ... Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy, and related to the natural sciences, like physics, psychology and the biology of the brain; and also to mysticism, religion, and other spiritual subjects. ... This article or section should include material from Episteme Epistemology (from the Greek words episteme=science and logos=word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. ...

Literature

• Goble, Lou, ed. 2001. (The Blackwell Guide to) Philosophical Logic. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20693-0
• Grayling, A. C. 1997. An Introduction to Philosophical Logic. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19982-9
• Jacquette, Dale, ed. 2002. A Companion to Philosophical Logic. Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-4575-7
• Sainsbury, Mark. 2001. Logical Forms: An Introduction to Philosophical Logic. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21679-0
• McGinn, Colin. 2000. Logical Properties: Identity, Existence, Predication, Necessity, Truth. Oxford: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-926263-2.
• Wolfram, Sybil. 1989 Philosophical Logic: An Introduction. London Routledge.