NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pierre Trudeau

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC (usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau) (18 October 1919–28 September 2000), was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984. Trudeau was the first Canadian Prime Minister born in the 20th century. Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... 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John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born September 10, 1948 ) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. ... Alexandre (Sacha) Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian journalist, and the son of former Prime Minister, the late Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau. ... Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... Michel Trudeau (October 2, 1975 - November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... The UniversitÃ© de MontrÃ©al (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Harvard redirects here. ... Institut dEtudes Politiques de Paris (English: Paris Institute of Political Studies), often referred to as Sciences Po (pronounced see-ahns po), is a Grand Ã‰tablissement in Paris, France. ... Mascot: Beaver Affiliations: University of London Russell Group EUA ACU CEMS APSIA Golden Triangle G5 Group Universities UK Website: http://www. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Privy Council Office as it appeared in the 1880s The Queens Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privÃ© de la Reine pour le Canada) is the council of advisers to the Queen of Canada, whose members are appointed by the Governor General of Canada for life on the... The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, taken from Hebrews 11:16, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country. ... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. ... For information about The Times satire Queens Counsel, see Queens Counsel (comic strip). ... The Royal Society of Canada, (French: La Société royale du Canada) The Canadian Academy of the Sciences and Humanities, is the senior national body of distinguished Canadian scientists and scholars. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Trudeau was a charismatic figure who, from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto.^[1] "He haunts us still," biographers Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson wrote in 1990. Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect. They salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution. His detractors accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the authority of the federal government in relation to the provinces. Nevertheless, few would dispute that Trudeau was a towering figure who helped redefine Canada. For other uses, see Biography (disambiguation). ... The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...

Trudeau led Canada through some of its most tumultuous times and was often the centre of controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he dated celebrities, sometimes wore sandals in the House of Commons, was accused of using an obscenity during debate there, and once did a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II. Modern multi-colored Sandalette Yoga sandals In some parts of the United States, this type of sandal is referred to in slang as the mandal in that it is worn primarily by men. ... Type Lower House Speaker Peter Milliken, Liberal since January 29, 2001 Leader of the Government in the House of Commons Peter Van Loan, Conservative since January 4, 2007 Opposition House Leader Ralph Goodale, Liberal since January 23, 2006 Members 308 Political groups Conservative Party Liberal Party Bloc QuÃ©bÃ©cois... Fuddle duddle is a euphemistic substitution for fuck or Fuck Off, whose most famous use was by then-Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. ... For more on the equestrian movement, see pirouette (dressage). ... Elizabeth II in an official portrait as Queen of Canada (on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee in 2002, wearing the Sovereigns badges of the Order of Canada and the Order of Military Merit) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) (born 21 April 1926), styled HM The...

Early life and career

Born in Montreal to Charles-Émile Trudeau, a wealthy French Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and Scottish descent.^[2] Trudeau attended the prestigious Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (a private French Roman Catholic school) where he was affiliated with the ideas of clerical fascism and Quebec nationalism. According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde the contemporary clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal and Francisco Franco in Spain along with that of Marshal Pétain in Vichy France were seen as models to many young intellectuals educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec. Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" was a product of his experiences once he left Quebec to study in the United States, France and England and travel the world, an experience which allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier as well as John Locke and David Hume.^[3] Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... Joseph Charles-Ã‰mile Trudeau July 5, 1887 - April 10, 1935 was a successful French Canadian entrepreneur and father of Pierre Trudeau, who would later become Prime Minister of Canada. ... French Canadian is a term that has several different connotations. ... A large portion of the Canadian population are of Scottish ancestry and they have had a large impact on Canadian culture from colonial times. ... CollÃ¨ge Jean-de-BrÃ©beuf is a private French-language secondary school and CEGEP (college) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with theology or religious tradition. ... Quebec nationalism is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world. ... The Honourable Marc Lalonde, PC , OC, QC, LLL, MA (born July 26, 1929) is a retired Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. ... AntÃ³nio de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo TeÃ³dulo Franco y Bahamonde (December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975), commonly known as Francisco Franco (pronounced ) or Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was leader of Spain from October 1936, as regent of Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975. ... Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph PÃ©tain (24 April 1856 â€“ 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and Head of State of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944. ... Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Capital-in-exile Sigmaringen (1944-1945) Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Chief of state - 1940 â€” 1944 Philippe PÃ©tain President of the Council - 1940 â€” 1942 Philippe PÃ©tain - 1942 â€” 1944 Pierre Laval... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Jacques Maritain Jacques Maritain (November 18, 1882 â€“ April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher. ... Emmanuel Mounier (philosophe franÃ§ais 1905-1950) Mounier was the guiding spirit in the French personalist movement, and founder and director of Esprit, the magazine which is the organ of the movement. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... For other persons named David Hume, see David Hume (disambiguation). ...

Trudeau earned a law degree at the Université de Montréal in 1943, followed by a master's in political economy at Harvard. During his attendance at the Université de Montréal, Trudeau was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the National Resources Mobilization Act. He joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps and served with other conscripts in Canada. Conscripted soldiers were not liable for overseas military service until after the crisis of late 1944. He said he was willing to become involved in the war, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the King government. Trudeau reflected on his opposition to conscription and his doubts about the war in his 1993 Memoirs: "So there was a war? Tough. ... if you were a French Canadian in Montreal in the early 1940s, you did not automatically believe that this was a just war ... we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers."^[4] The UniversitÃ© de MontrÃ©al (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service in Canada during World War II . ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ...

In a 1942 Outremont by-election, he campaigned for the Quebec anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau, and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. The National Archives of Canada, in its biographical sketches of Canadian prime ministers, records how on one occasion during the war Trudeau and his friends drove their motorcycles wearing Prussian military uniforms, complete with pointed steel helmets.^[5] After the war, he attended Harvard, the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1946–47, and spent the following year at the London School of Economics. Outremont is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1935 to 1949, and since 1968. ... Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal Jean Drapeau CC , GOQ (February 18, 1916 â€“ August 12, 1999) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... The Paris Institute of Political Studies (French: Institut dÃ©tudes politiques de Paris), often referred to as Sciences-Po (pronounced see-ahns po), is a Grand Ã‰tablissement in Paris, France. ... Mascot: Beaver Affiliations: University of London Russell Group EUA ACU CEMS APSIA Golden Triangle G5 Group Universities UK Website: http://www. ...

From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the Asbestos Strike. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, francophone clerical establishment and anglophone business class that had long ruled the province. Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis as the founder and editor of Cité Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution. The Asbestos Strike of 1949, based in and around Asbestos, Quebec, Canada, was a four-month labour dispute by the asbestos miners. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up Anglophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du QuÃ©bec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... Duplessis campaigning in the 1952 election. ... CitÃ© Libre was an influential political journal published in Quebec through the 1950s and 1960s. ... The Quiet Revolution (French: RÃ©volution tranquille) was the 1960s period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada. ...

Trudeau was interested in Marxist ideas in the late 1940s. Although he self-identified as a socialist, he never fully endorsed the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party—which became the New Democratic Party—remaining skeptical of their ideas about Quebec. From 1949 to 1951 Trudeau worked briefly in the Privy Council Office of the Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent as an economic policy advisor. During the 1950s, he was blacklisted by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow (where he was arrested for throwing a snowball at a statue of Stalin) and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban and it was rescinded. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was a Canadian political party founded in 1932 in Calgary, Alberta, by a number of socialist, farm, co-operative and labour groups, and the League for Social Reconstruction. ... This article is about the Canadian political party. ... In Canada the Privy Council Office is the secretariat of the federal cabinet and the department of the Prime Minister. ... Louis Stephen St. ... A blacklist is a list or register of people who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ...

An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Quebec nationalism. In economic theory he was influenced by professors Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand. These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the 1965 election. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal, in western Montreal, succeeding House Speaker Alan Macnaughton. He would hold this seat for almost 2 years. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as Minister of Justice. Quebec nationalism is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world. ... Joseph Alois Schumpeter (February 8, 1883 â€“ January 8, 1950) was economist and political scientist born in Moravia. ... John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908â€“April 29, 2006) was an influential Canadian-American economist. ... The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... The Right Honourable Lester Bowles Mike Pearson (April 23, 1897 - December 27, 1972) was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, to April 20, 1968, and also a 1957 Nobel Laureate. ... The Bomarc Missile Program was a joint United States of America-Canada effort during 1957 to 1971 to protect against the USSR bomber threat. ... GÃ©rard Pelletier, PC, CC (June 21, 1919 - June 22, 1997) worked as a journalist for Le Devoir, a French-language newspaper in Montreal, Quebec. ... The Honourable Senator Jean Marchand, PC (December 20, 1918 - August 28, 1988) was a well known French Canadian public figure, trade unionist and politician in Quebec, Canada. ... In the Canadian federal election of 1965, the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson was re-elected with a larger number of seats in the Canadian House of Commons. ... Mount Royal is the name of a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada. ... Current house speaker Peter Milliken In Canada the Speaker of the House of Commons (French: PrÃ©sident de la Chambre des communes) is the presiding officer of the lower house and is elected by fellow MPs. ... Alan Aylesworth Macnaughton (July 30, 1903 - July 16, 1999) was a Canadian parliamentarian and Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons from 1963 to 1966. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... The Cabinet of Canada plays an important role in the Canadian government in accordance with the Westminster System. ... The Minister of Justice (French: Ministre de la Justice) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice and is also Attorney General of Canada. ...

Justice minister and leadership candidate

As Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, an omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, new gun ownership restrictions as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. Trudeau famously defended the bill by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code".^[6] Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations. The Minister of Justice (French: Ministre de la Justice) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice and is also Attorney General of Canada. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Birth control is the practice of preventing or reducing the probability of pregnancy without abstaining from sexual intercourse; the term is also sometimes used to include abortion, the ending of an unwanted pregnancy, or abstinence. ... A lottery is a popular form of gambling which involves the drawing of lots for a prize. ... An Intoximeters Alcosensor IV breathalyzer A breathalyzer (or breathalyser) is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. ... Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse. ... The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du QuÃ©bec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... Daniel Johnson, Sr. ...

At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down. Trudeau was persuaded to run for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted the attention of the news media and mobilized and inspired many youths, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner, and was clearly the favourite candidate with the Canadian public. Many within the Liberal Party still had deep doubts about him, though. Having joined the party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider. Many saw him as too radical and outspoken a figure. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by the substantial conservative wing of the party. Nevertheless, at the April 1968 Liberal leadership convention, Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates, defeating some prominent, long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. Trudeau was sworn in as Liberal leader and Prime Minister two weeks later on 20 April. A centennial is a 100-year anniversary of an event, or the celebrations pertaining thereto. ... Pierre Trudeau at the 1968 Liberal convention The Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention of 1968 elected Pierre Elliott Trudeau as the new leader of the Liberal Party; he was the unexpected winner in what was one of the most important leadership conventions in party history. ... The Right Honourable Paul Joseph James Martin, PC , CC , MA , LL.D. , QC often known as Paul Martin, Sr. ... The Honourable Robert Henry Winters, PC (August 18, 1910 - October 10, 1969) was a Canadian politician. ... The Honourable Paul Theodore Hellyer, PC (born August 6, 1923 in Waterford, Ontario) is a Canadian politician and commentator who has had a long and varied career. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Prime Minister

Trudeau soon called an election, for 25 June (see Canadian federal election, 1968). His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "Trudeaumania" (a term coined by journalist Lubor J. Zink^[7]), which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, when rioting Quebec separatists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day.^[8]^[9] is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In the Canadian federal election of June 25, 1968, the Liberal Party won a majority government under its new leader, Pierre Trudeau. ... Trudeaumania was the affectionate nickname given to the great excitement generated by Pierre Trudeaus entry into Canadian politics in 1968. ... The F te nationale du Qu bec (Quebec National Holiday) is the official day of Quebec, a province of Canada. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... Quebec The Quebec sovereignty movement is a movement calling for the attainment of sovereignty for Quebec, a province of the country of Canada. ...

As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society." He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just. Participatory democracy is a broadly inclusive term for many kinds of consultative decision making which require consultation on important decisions by those who will carry out the decision. ... The Just Society was a rhetorical device used by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to illustrate his vision for the nation. ...

During the October Crisis of 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul James Cross at his residence on the fifth of October. Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on 17 October). Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like Tommy Douglas, it was met with only limited objections from the public.^[10] Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me." Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.^[11] This article is about the terrorist kidnappings in Quebec. ... The Front de libÃ©ration du QuÃ©bec (QuÃ©bec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libÃ©ration QuÃ©bÃ©cois was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pierre Laporte (February 25, 1921 - October 1970), was a Canadian politician who was assassinated by members of the terrorist group, the Front de LibÃ©ration du QuÃ©bec (Quebec Liberation Front). ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914, replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988) was a Canadian statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers. ... Thomas Clement Douglas, PC, CC, SOM, MA, LL.D (hc) (October 20, 1904 â€“ February 24, 1986) was a Scottish-born Baptist minister who became a prominent Canadian social democratic politician. ... Trudeau being interviewed during the October Crisis Just watch me is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on October 13, 1970, during the October Crisis. ...

Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official bilingualism. Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented. Bilingual (English/French) stop sign on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ...

Trudeau was the first world leader to agree to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their 'tour for world peace'. Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace."^[12] John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 â€“ December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... For the song by Die Ã„rzte, see Yoko Ono (song). ... World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations. ...

On 4 March 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. They later divorced. is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born September 10, 1948 ) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. ...

In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the NATO Alliance, but often pursued an independent path in international relations. He established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and went on a state visit to Beijing. He was known to be a friend of Fidel Castro and Cuba. A mobster has claimed that in 1974 he was hired by New York State mafia members to kill Trudeau, hoping to bait Castro up to a funeral, where they would kill him. The plan was apparently later rejected.^[13] This article is about the military alliance. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

In the election of 1972, Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a minority government, with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power. This government would move to the left, including the creation of Petro-Canada. The House of Commons after the 1972 election The Canadian federal election of 1972 was held on October 30, 1972 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons. ... For minority governments in general, see dominant minority. ... This article is about the Canadian political party. ... In parliamentary politics, the term balance of power sometimes describes the pragmatic mechanism exercised by a minor political party or other grouping whose guaranteed support may enable an otherwise minority government to obtain and hold office. ... Petro-Canada is a Canadian oil and gas firm headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. ...

In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government. The election of 1974 saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a majority government with 141 of the 264 seats. In September 1975, Finance Minister, John Turner resigned. Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted Wage and Price Controls, something which he had mocked Robert Stanfield for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier. A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... The House of Commons after the 1974 election The Canadian federal election of 1974 was held on July 8, 1974 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons. ... In the Westminster System, a majority government is one in which the government enjoys an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or Parliament. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... In economics, incomes policies are wage and price controls used to fight inflation. ... Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC (April 11, 1914â€“December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia and leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. ...

Trudeau's outward actions during his premiership led many to believe he harboured republican notions; it was even rumoured by Paul Martin, Sr., that the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for him." This may have had to do with the erasure of royal symbols, his documented antics around the Monarch, such as his sliding down Buckingham Palace banisters, and his famous pirouette behind the Queen, captured on film in 1977. He also glaringly breached protocol in 1978 when he vacationed in Morocco, instead of being in Canada to attend the Queen's arrival and departure. However, he was accused of instant monarchism, as well as opportunism during a period of personal unpopularity in the 1970s, when he invited Elizabeth II to attend the first Commonwealth Conference held on Canadian soil. The invitation, and acceptance of it, started the tradition of Elizabeth attending Commonwealth conferences, no matter the location. Also, in 1976, after Robert Bourassa, then Premier of Quebec, begged Trudeau to invite the Queen to the Olympics in Montreal, Trudeau, after obliging him, became annoyed when Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be. He commented directly on the Monarchy in 1967, when he, by then a Cabinet minister, stated "I wouldn't lift a finger to get rid of the monarchy... I think the monarchy, by and large, has done more good than harm to Canada." Ultimately, he experimented with the Crown more than any previous politician, and then entrenched the role of the Crown in Canada when he orchestrated the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 (see below).^[14] Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Right Hon. ... Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, wearing the Sovereigns insignia of the Order of Canada and the Order of Military Merit The style of the Canadian Sovereign has varied over the years. ... This article is about the monarchy of Canada, one of sixteen that share a common monarch; for information about this constitutional relationship, see Commonwealth realm; for information on the reigning monarch, see Elizabeth II. For information about other Commonwealth realm monarchies, as well as other relevant articles, see Commonwealth realm... Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ... The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) is a biennial summit meeting of the heads of government from all Commonwealth nations. ... A portrait of Robert Bourassa, taken during his second term as premier of Quebec (1985â€“1994). ... The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du QuÃ©bec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the first minister for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were celebrated in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec. ...

A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly. Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979.

Defeat and opposition

In the election of 1979, Trudeau's government was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives, led by Joe Clark, who formed a minority government. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a leadership convention could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the Canadian House of Commons by a Motion of Non-Confidence. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the February 1980 election, and won a majority government. The House of Commons after the 1979 election The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... For minority governments in general, see dominant minority. ... In Canadian politics, a leadership convention is held by a political party when the party needs to choose a leader due to a vacancy or a challenge to the incumbent leader. ... Type Lower House Speaker Peter Milliken, Liberal since January 29, 2001 Leader of the Government in the House of Commons Peter Van Loan, Conservative since January 4, 2007 Opposition House Leader Ralph Goodale, Liberal since January 23, 2006 Members 308 Political groups Conservative Party Liberal Party Bloc QuÃ©bÃ©cois... ... The House of Commons after the 1980 election The 1980 Canadian federal election was called when the minority Progressive Conservative government led by Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. ... In the Westminster System, a majority government is one in which the government enjoys an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or Parliament. ...

Return to power

The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Trudeau had to resort to having Senators appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. The introduction of the National Energy Program (NEP) created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "Western alienation." A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist Allan MacEachen in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation. Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Official languages English French (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 14 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 15, 1870 (5th) Area Ranked 8th Total 647,797... The Senate of Canada (French: Le SÃ©nat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. ... Allan MacEachen Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6, 1921) is one of Canadas elder statesmen and was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. ...

Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Pierre Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the referendum on Quebec sovereignty, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. In the debates between Trudeau and Levesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.^[15] Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Quebec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the role of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. ... The Parti QuÃ©bÃ©cois [PQ] (translation: Quebecker Party) is a separatist political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... RenÃ© LÃ©vesque (pronounced ) (August 24, 1922 â€“ November 1, 1987) was a reporter, a minister of the government of Quebec, Canada, (1960 â€“ 1966), the founder of the Parti QuÃ©bÃ©cois political party, and 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 â€“ October 3, 1985). ...

Trudeau had attempted patriation of the Constitution earlier in his career, but always ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. After he threatened to go to London alone, a Supreme Court decision led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. Even so, the patriation was achieved; the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth on 17 April 1982. Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favourable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London... The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."^[14] Look up Patriation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution, [1981] 1 S.C.R. 753 â€“ also known as the Patriation Reference â€“ is a leading opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court affirmed the existence of an unwritten dimension to the Constitution and held that constitutional convention did not... The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... Jean Casselman Wadds (born September 16, 1920 in Newton Robinson, Ontario) is a former Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Grenvilleâ€”Dundas from 1958 to 1968. ...

Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. On 29 February, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. He formally retired on 30 June. This article is about the year. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Final years

Shortly after his retirement from politics, Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals. Heenan Blaikie LLP is a full service Canadian corporate law firm based in Montreal. ... The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, premier of Quebec. ... Headline on October 27, 1992 Globe and Mail. ...

He also spoke out against Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Quebec due to his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the Club of Rome. Jacques Parizeau, (born August 9, 1930) is an economist and noted Quebec sovereigntist who served as Premier of Quebec, Canada, from September 26, 1994 to January 29, 1996. ... The Club of Rome is a global think tank that deals with a variety of international political issues. ...

In the last years of his life, Trudeau was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998. HRPC redirects here. ... Michel Trudeau (October 2, 1975 - November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

Death

Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on 28 September 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Rémi, Quebec.^[16] He lay in state to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. The response by Canadians was unprecedented in its size and public outpouring of emotion. He is survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons Justin Trudeau and Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau, and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered with Deborah Coyne. During the state funeral, Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy^[17] that led to widespread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future. Justin Trudeau breaking down into tears after giving his eulogy The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased. ... Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... Alexandre (Sacha) Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian journalist, and the son of former Prime Minister, the late Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau. ... Deborah Coyne, LLD , MPhil is a Canadian constitutional lawyer, professor and author. ... Justin Trudeau breaking down into tears after giving his eulogy The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in 2000. ...

Marriage and children

On 4 March 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was 30 years his junior. The couple had three children: Justin (b. 25 December 1971), Alexandre (Sacha) (b. 25 December 1973), and Michel (2 October 1975–13 November 1998). They were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicised legal separation in 1977. When their divorce was finalised in 1984, Trudeau became the first Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. In 1991, Trudeau became a father again, with Deborah Coyne. This was his first and only daughter, named Sarah. Trudeau did not marry Coyne. is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Margaret Joan Sinclair Trudeau Kemper (born September 10, 1948 ) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is the former wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada. ... Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Alexandre (Sacha) Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian journalist, and the son of former Prime Minister, the late Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Michel Trudeau (October 2, 1975 - November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his wife, Margaret Trudeau. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Deborah Coyne, LLD , MPhil is a Canadian constitutional lawyer, professor and author. ...

Spirituality

Trudeau was a Roman Catholic, and attended church throughout his life. While mostly private about his beliefs, he made it clear that he was a believer, stating, in an interview with the United Church Observer in 1971: “I believe in life after death, I believe in God and I’m a Christian.” Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled.^[18] The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Michael W. Higgins, former President of St. Jerome's University, has researched Trudeau’s spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. The first of these was the Jesuits who provided his education up to the college level. Trudeau frequently displayed the logic and love of argument consistent with that tradition. A second great spiritual influence in Trudeau’s life was Dominican. According to Michel Gourges, Rector of the Collège Dominicain philosophie et théologie, Trudeau “considered himself a lay Dominican.” He studied philosophy under Dominican Father Louis-Marie Régis and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Régis as “spiritual director and friend.” Another skein in Trudeau’s spirituality was a contemplative aspect acquired from his association with the Benedictine tradition. According to Higgins, Trudeau was convinced of the centrality of meditation in a life fully-lived. He took retreats at Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, Quebec and regularly attended Hours and the Eucharist at Montreal’s Benedictine community.^[19] Saint Jeromes University is a public Roman Catholic University in Waterloo, Ontario. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Father Louis-Marie RÃ©gis (December 8, 1903 â€“ February 2, 1988) was a Canadian philosopher, theologian, scholar, and member of the Dominican Order. ... Contemplation comes from the latin root for temple, and means to enter an open or consecrated place. ... For the college, see Benedictine College. ... Christian meditation is meditation in a Christian context. ... Saint-Benoit-du-Lac is a community of 45 people, part of the MemphrÃ©magog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec. ... Hours is the name of the critically acclaimed second album by Welsh rock group Funeral for a Friend. ... For other uses, see Eucharist (disambiguation). ...

Although never publicly theological in the way of Margaret Thatcher or Tony Blair, nor evangelical, in the way of Jimmy Carter or George W. Bush, Trudeau’s spirituality, according to Higgins, "suffused, anchored, and directed his inner life. In no small part, it defined him.”^[19] Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ... For other people of the same name, see Tony Blair (disambiguation) Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born May 6, 1953)[1] is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service, Leader of the Labour Party, and Member of Parliament for the constituency... Look up evangelist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Legacy

Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced—and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterward.

Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his prime ministership. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II^{[citation needed]}; when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (46% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.^[20] However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, Brian Mulroney. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ...

Constitutional legacy

One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution, including a domestic amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of gay marriage all across Canada. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of Métis. Section 15, dealing with equality rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used. The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ... The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. ... The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. ... Same-sex marriage is marriage between individuals who are of the same legal or biological sex. ... // Overview The Constitution Act, 1982 is Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982. ... The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ... The Métis (pronounced MAY tee, SAMPA: [meti], in French: [metis] or, [mEtIs]) are an ethnic group of the Canadian prairies and Ontario. ... Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. ...

Canadian conservatives have criticized the Constitution for its lack of a system of checks and balances at a time when the courts have been gaining power at the expense of representative government. They claim that it has resulted in too much judicial activism on the part of the courts in Canada. It is also heavily criticized by Quebec Nationalists, who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any Quebec government and does not recognize a constitutional veto for Quebec. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Judicial activism is a term used in the United States that is open to some controversy concerning its true meaning. ... Quebec nationalism is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ...

Bilingualism

Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario and New Brunswick). While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances Francophones had towards the federal government, many Francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were. Bilingual (English/French) stop sign on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... The term bilingualism (from bi meaning two and lingua meaning language) can refer to rather different phenomena. ...

However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada.

Cultural legacy

Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Museum of Civilization finally had proper homes in the National capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated Canadian content in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.^{[citation needed]} National Gallery of Canada on Canada Day. ... Categories: Museums in Canada | Ottawa buildings | Canadian federal departments and agencies ... Canadian content (abbreviated cancon or can-con) refers to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission requirements that radio and television broadcasters (including cable/satellite specialty channels) must air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by persons from Canada. ...

Further, his cultural legacy can be found in Canada's strong ties to muliculturalism.

Legacy with respect to the West

Trudeau's posthumous reputation in the prairie provinces is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the father of "Western alienation." The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Many Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Quebec, at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nation-wide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP.^[21] Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP.^[22]^[23] This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ...

More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered having fostering Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on 17 July 1969, Trudeau met with a group of protesting farmers, angry that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat, to one of whom he responded, "Why should I sell your wheat? It's your wheat." Generally forgotten is that Trudeau's question in Saskatoon was rhetorical and followed by long explanation that, in epitome, said that the governments' role was only to help farmers to sell their own wheat, and told of some of the difficulties involved in doing so on the international market; likewise, that the protesters in Salmon Arm were shouting blatantly anti-French and anti-Quebec slogans.^{[citation needed]} Years later, on a train trip through Salmon Arm, British Columbia, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters, through the carriage window.^[24] Saskatoon is a city located in central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the South Saskatchewan River. ... For other uses, see Saskatchewan (disambiguation). ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... , Salmon Arm is a city in the interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia that has a population of 16,466 as reported in the BC Stats (2004). ... The finger In Western cultures, the finger (as in giving someone the finger) is a well-known obscene hand gesture made by extending the middle finger of the hand while bending the other fingers into the palm. ...

Legacy with respect to Quebec

Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his imposition of the War Measures Act—which received majority support at the time—is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum. This article is about the terrorist kidnappings in Quebec. ... The Front de libÃ©ration du QuÃ©bec (QuÃ©bec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libÃ©ration QuÃ©bÃ©cois was a left-wing terrorist group in Canada responsible for more than 200 bombings and the deaths of at least five... The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the role of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. ...

At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the 1980 federal election). Provincially, though, Quebeckers elected twice the pro-sovereignty Parti Québécois. Moreover, there were not, then, any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the Bloc Québécois. Since the signing of the Constitutional Act of Canada in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. Trudeau is disliked by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments.^[25] While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec. The House of Commons after the 1980 election The 1980 Canadian federal election was called when the minority Progressive Conservative government led by Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. ... The Parti QuÃ©bÃ©cois [PQ] (translation: Quebecker Party) is a separatist political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. ... The Bloc QuÃ©bÃ©cois (BQ) is a centre-left federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to the promotion of sovereignty for Quebec. ... The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ...

Overview

Trudeau remains well-regarded by many Canadians.^[26] However, the passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents.^[27]^[28] Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity. His strong personality, contempt for his opponents and distaste for compromise on many issues have made him, as historian Michael Bliss puts it, "one of the most admired and most disliked of all Canadian prime ministers."^[29] Trudeau's electoral successes were matched in the 20th century only by those of Mackenzie King. In all, Trudeau is undoubtedly one of the most dominant and transformative figures in Canadian political history.^[30]^[31] Michael Bliss (born 1941) is a Canadian historian and outspoken public figure. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ...

Supreme Court appointments

Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General: The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprÃªme du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. ... The Governor General of Canada (French (feminine): Gouverneure gÃ©nÃ©rale du Canada, or (masculine): Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral du Canada) is the vice-regal representative in Canada of the Canadian monarch, who is the head of state. ...

The Right Honourable Bora Laskin, PC , CC , LL.M. , LL.B. , MA , FRSC (October 5, 1912 â€“ March 17, 1984) was a Canadian jurist, who served on the Supreme Court of Canada for fourteen years, including a decade as its Chief Justice. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... The Right Honourable Joseph HonorÃ© GÃ©rald Fauteux, PC , CC , LL.L (October 22, 1900 â€“ September 14, 1980) was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny) is the title for a regular member of a Court. ... is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Right Honourable Robert George Brian Dickson, PC , CC , CD , LL.B , LL.D (May 25, 1916 â€“ October 17, 1998) was appointed Chief Justice of Canada on April 18, 1984. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Honourable Mr. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... The Honourable Mr. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The Honourable Mr. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Yves Pratte Yves Pratte (7 March 1925 â€“ 26 June 1988) was a Canadian lawyer and jurist who served briefly as a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... William Rogers McIntyre (born March 15, 1918) is a Canadian former Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Joseph Antonio Charles Lamer, PC , CC , CD , LL.D , D.U., known as Antonio Lamer (July 8, 1933 â€“ November 24, 2007) was a Canadian lawyer and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Bertha Wilson (born September 18, 1923) is a retired Canadian jurist and was a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

Honours

The Privy Council Office as it appeared in the 1880s The Queens Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privÃ© de la Reine pour le Canada) is the council of advisers to the Queen of Canada, whose members are appointed by the Governor General of Canada for life on the... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable ( or formerly The Honble) is a title of quality attached to the names of certain classes of persons. ... The Right Honourable (abbreviated as or ) is an honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain people in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Anglophone Caribbean and in other Commonwealth Realms, and elsewhere. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. ... The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, taken from Hebrews 11:16, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country. ... Badge of the Canadian Heraldic Authority The Canadian Heraldic Authority is an agency of the Government of Canada responsible for heraldry in Canada. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... The Canadian Press (CP) is a Canadian news agency established in 1917 as a vehicle to permit Canadian newspapers of the day to exchange their news and information. ... A Canadian Newsmaker of the Year has been voted every year since 1946 by the Canadian Press. ... Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. ... The Albert Einstein Peace Prize is given yearly by the Chicago-based Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation. ... Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School (commonly known as PETHS, PET, or simply Trudeau) is a public, bilingual English and French-immersion secondary school in Markham, Ontario, Canada. ... Map showing Markhams location in York Region Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Ontario Regional Municipality York Region Communities Buttonville, Thornhill, German Mills, Milliken, Unionville Settled 1794 Incorporated 1972 (town) Government - Mayor Frank Scarpitti - Deputy Mayor Jim Jones - Regional Councillors Jack Heath, Tony Wong, Gordon Landon - MPs Susan Kadis (LPC) - Thornhill... CollÃ¨ge Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau is a French immersion high school located on Redonda St. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = Unum Cum Virtute Multorum (One With the Strength of Many) Location City Information Established: 1738 (Fort Rouge), 1873 (City of Winnipeg) Area: 465. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Official languages English French (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 14 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 15, 1870 (5th) Area Ranked 8th Total 647,797... Montreal Airport redirects here. ... This article needs cleanup. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Radio-Canada redirects here. ... Officially launched on April 5, 2004, The Greatest Canadian was a television program series by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to determine who is considered to be the greatest Canadian of all time, at least among those who watched and participated in the program. ... The Cariboo Mountains are the northernmost subrange of the Columbia Mountains, which run down into the Spokane, Washington area of the United States and include the Selkirks, Monashees and Purcells. ... Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau is a 6240 m (8661 ft. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Premier Range is a group of mountains within the Cariboo Mountains of east-central British Columbia, Canada. ... This article is about the martial art and sport. ...

Trudeau in film

Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, Trudeau^[39] (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making^[40] (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life. CBC Television is a Canadian English language television network. ... A miniseries, in a serial storytelling medium, is a production which tells a story in a limited number of episodes. ... Trudeau was a 2002 television miniseries, which aired on CBC Television. ... Colm Feore (born August 22, 1958, at Boston, Massachusetts) is an Canadian-American actor raised in Canada of Irish and Italian extraction. ...

The 1999 documentary film Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the 70's Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians.

He was the co-subject along with René Lévesque in the Donald Brittain-directed documentary mini-seriesThe Champions. RenÃ© LÃ©vesque (pronounced ) (August 24, 1922 â€“ November 1, 1987) was a reporter, a minister of the government of Quebec, Canada, (1960 â€“ 1966), the founder of the Parti QuÃ©bÃ©cois political party, and 23rd Premier of Quebec (November 25, 1976 â€“ October 3, 1985). ... Donald Brittain, O.C. (June 10, 1928 â€“ July 21, 1989) was an acclaimed filmmaker with the National Film Board of Canada. ...

See also

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Justin Trudeau breaking down into tears after giving his eulogy The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000. ... The History of the Quebec sovereignty movement began in the late 1967, when René Lévesque formed the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, or MSA. Origins Main article: Quebec nationalism Sovereigntism and sovereignty are terms that refer to the modern movement in favour of the political independence of Quebec. ... Canadian federal election results (1867-1879) Canadian federal election results (1880-1899) Canadian federal election results (1900-1919) Canadian federal election results (1920-1939) Canadian federal election results (1940-1959) Canadian federal election results (1960-1979) Canadian federal election results (1980-1999) Canadian federal election results (2000-) See also: Lists... The politics of Canada function within a framework of constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. ... A peculiar custom of Quebecers is to give nicknames to their politicians (and some personalities), quite especially their Premiers. ... This is a brief timeline of the history of Canada. ...

Footnotes

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Radio-Canada redirects here. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Beaver is the official magazine of Canadas National History Society. ... Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ...

Bibliography

Books about Trudeau

Works by Trudeau

Archival videos of Trudeau

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

The Honourable Louis Joseph Lucien Cardin (March 1, 1919 â€“ June 13, 1988), P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician. ... The Minister of Justice (French: Ministre de la Justice) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice and is also Attorney General of Canada. ... Mike Pearson redirects here. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Mike Pearson redirects here. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... The Leader of the Opposition (French: Chef de lOpposition) in Canada is the Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons who leads Her Majestys Loyal Opposition (the body in Parliament recognized as the Official Opposition). ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. ... The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. ... IPA: (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996) served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party (PS). ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... Alan Aylesworth Macnaughton (July 30, 1903 - July 16, 1999) was a Canadian parliamentarian and Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons from 1963 to 1966. ... Mount Royal is the name of a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada. ... Hon. ... The Right Honourable Lester Bowles Mike Pearson (April 23, 1897 - December 27, 1972) was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, to April 20, 1968, and also a 1957 Nobel Laureate. ... The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... For other persons named John Alexander Macdonald, see John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Alexander Mackenzie, see Alexander Mackenzie (disambiguation). ... For other persons named John Alexander Macdonald, see John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation). ... The Hon. ... Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, KCMG, PC, QC, (November 10, 1845 â€“ December 12, 1894) was a Canadian lawyer and judge who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Canada from December 5, 1892 to December 12, 1894 as well as Premier of Nova Scotia in 1882. ... Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC , KCMG (December 27, 1823 â€“ December 10, 1917) was the fifth Prime Minister of Canada from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896. ... Not to be confused with Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper who was Sir Charles Tuppers son. ... Laurier redirects here. ... Sir Robert Laird Borden, PC, GCMG, KC (June 26, 1854 â€“ June 10, 1937) was the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920, and the third Nova Scotian to hold this office. ... Arthur Meighen, PC, QC, BA, LL.D (June 16, 1874 â€“ August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada from July 10, 1920 to December 29, 1921 and June 29 to September 25, 1926. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Arthur Meighen, PC, QC, BA, LL.D (June 16, 1874 â€“ August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada from July 10, 1920 to December 29, 1921 and June 29 to September 25, 1926. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC, KC (July 3, 1870 â€“ June 26, 1947) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada from August 7, 1930 to October 23, 1935. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Louis Stephen St. ... John George Diefenbaker, CH, PC, QC, BA, MA, LL.B, LL.D, DCL, FRSC, FRSA, D.Litt, DSL, (18 September 1895 â€“ 16 August 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada (1957 â€“ 1963). ... Mike Pearson redirects here. ... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ... This article is about the former Canadian Prime Minister. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... For other uses, see Paul Martin (disambiguation). ... Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... George Brown George Brown (November 29, 1818 â€“ May 9, 1880) was a Scottish-born Canadian journalist and politician. ... For other persons named Alexander Mackenzie, see Alexander Mackenzie (disambiguation). ... Dominick Edward Blake, PC, QC (October 13, 1833 â€“ March 1, 1912), (known as Edward Blake) was Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1872 and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1880 to 1887. ... Laurier redirects here. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Louis Stephen St. ... Mike Pearson redirects here. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... For other uses, see Paul Martin (disambiguation). ... StÃ©phane Maurice Dion, PC, MP, Ph. ... The Minister of Justice (French: Ministre de la Justice) is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice and is also Attorney General of Canada. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For other persons named John Alexander Macdonald, see John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation). ... The Honourable Sir Antoine-AimÃ© Dorion, PC (January 17, 1818 â€“ May 31, 1891) was a Canadian politician and jurist. ... Albert James Smith, April 1868 the Honourable Sir Albert James Smith, PC (March 12, 1822 â€“ June 30, 1883) was a New Brunswick politician and opponent of Canadian confederation. ... The Honourable TÃ©lesphore Fournier (August 5, 1823 â€“ May 10, 1896) was a Canadian politician and jurist. ... Dominick Edward Blake, PC, QC (October 13, 1833 â€“ March 1, 1912), (known as Edward Blake) was Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1872 and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1880 to 1887. ... Rodolphe Laflamme Toussaint-Antoine-Rodolphe Laflamme (15 May 1827 – 7 December 1893), was a French-Canadian lawyer, professor of law and politician. ... Sir Alexander Campbell The Honourable Sir Alexander Campbell, PC (March 9, 1822 â€“ 24 May 1892) was an English-born, in Hedon, Canadian statesman and politician, and a father of Canadian Confederation. ... Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, KCMG, PC, QC, (November 10, 1845 â€“ December 12, 1894) was a Canadian lawyer and judge who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Canada from December 5, 1892 to December 12, 1894 as well as Premier of Nova Scotia in 1882. ... Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper (August 3, 1855 â€“ March 30, 1927) was a Canadian politician. ... Thomas Mayne Daly Source: Library and Archives Canada Thomas Mayne Daly, PC (August 16, 1852 â€“ June 24, 1911) was a Canadian politician. ... The Hon. ... The Honourable Sir Oliver Mowat, QC (July 22, 1820 â€“ 19 April 1903) was a Canadian politician, and premier of Ontario from 1872 to 1896. ... The Honourable Senator David Mills, PC (March 18, 1831 â€“ May 8, 1903) was a Canadian politician, author and poet. ... The Right Honourable Charles Fitzpatrick Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, GCMG , PC (December 19, 1853 - June 17, 1942) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. ... Hon. ... The Right Honourable Charles Joseph Doherty (May 11, 1855 - July 28, 1931) was a Canadian politician and jurist. ... Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC, KC (July 3, 1870 â€“ June 26, 1947) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada from August 7, 1930 to October 23, 1935. ... Lomer Gouin The Honourable Sir Jean Lomer Gouin (March 19, 1861 - March 28, 1929) was born in Grondines, Quebec. ... The Right Honourable Ernest Lapointe, PC (October 6, 1876 - November 26, 1941) was a Canadian politician. ... Hugh Guthrie Hugh Guthrie (13 August 1866 â€“ 3 November 1939) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister in the governments of Sir Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen and R. B. Bennett. ... The Honourable Esioff-LÃ©on Patenaude, P.C., K.C., often called E.L. Patenaude (February 12, 1875 to February 7, 1963) was a Canadian politician and statesman who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. ... The Right Honourable Ernest Lapointe, PC (October 6, 1876 - November 26, 1941) was a Canadian politician. ... Hugh Guthrie Hugh Guthrie (13 August 1866 â€“ 3 November 1939) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister in the governments of Sir Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen and R. B. Bennett. ... George Reginald Geary, mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 1910 to 1912. ... The Right Honourable Ernest Lapointe, PC (October 6, 1876 - November 26, 1941) was a Canadian politician. ... Joseph-Enoil Michaud, PC (September 26, 1888 â€“ May 23, 1967) was a Canadian politician. ... Louis Stephen St. ... The Right Honourable James Lorimer Ilsley, PC (January 3, 1894 - January 14, 1967) was a Canadian politician and jurist. ... Louis Stephen St. ... The Honourable Stuart Sinclair Garson, PC , CC (December 1, 1898-May 5, 1977) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. ... Edmund Davie Fulton, PC , OC , LL.B , LL.D , QC (March 10, 1916- May 22, 2000) was a Canadian politician and judge. ... Donald Methuen Fleming, PC (May 23, 1905-December 31, 1987) was a Canadian parliamentarian. ... The Honourable Lionel Chevier, PC , CC (April 2, 1903 - July 8, 1987) was a Canadian Member of Parliament and cabinet minister. ... The Honourable Guy Favreau, PC , QC , BA , LL.B (May 20, 1917 â€“ July 11, 1967) was a Canadian lawyer, politician and judge. ... The Honourable George James McIlraith, PC (July 29, 1908 - August 19, 1992) was a lawyer and Canadian parliamentarian. ... Louis Joseph Lucien Cardin (March 1, 1919 â€“ June 13, 1988), P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician. ... John Napier Wyndham Turner PC CC QC (born June 7, 1929) was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984. ... Otto Emil Lang, PC , OC , QC , LL.D, BCL , LL.B , BA (born May 14, 1932) is a Canadian politician. ... The Honourable Stanley Ronald (Ron) Basford, PC (April 22, 1932 - January 31, 2005) was a long-time Canadian Cabinet minister in the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau. ... Otto Emil Lang, PC , OC , QC , LL.D, BCL , LL.B , BA (born May 14, 1932) is a Canadian politician. ... The Honourable Marc Lalonde, PC , OC, QC, LLL, MA (born July 26, 1929) is a retired Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. ... Jacques Flynn (August 22, 1915 - September 21, 2000) was a Canadian politician and Senator. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... Mark Rudolph MacGuigan (February 17, 1931, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island - January 12, 1998) was a Canadian academic and politician. ... Donald James Johnston (born 1936) was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in a 1978 by-election representing Westmount in Montreal. ... Hon. ... MP Ray Hnatyshyn & Gilles Lamontagne Minister of National Defence attend a reception following a parade at #107 Spitfire Royal Canadian Air Cadet Squadron in Saskatoon, SK - circa 1980 Ramon John Ray Hnatyshyn, PC, CC, CMM, CD, BA, LL.B, QC, FRHSC (hon) (anglicized pronunciation ) (March 16, 1934 â€“ December 18, 2002... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... Douglas Grinslade (Doug) Lewis, PC (born April 17, 1938) is a former Canadian politician. ... This article is about the former Canadian Prime Minister. ... The Honourable Pierre Blais, PC (born December 30, 1948) is a Canadian jurist and former politician and Cabinet minister. ... This article is about the Canadian statesman. ... A. Anne McLellan, P.C. , M.P. , LL.M. , LL.B. , B.A. (born August 31, 1950, in Hants County, Nova Scotia) was the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada under Paul Martin. ... The Honourable Martin Cauchon, PC , LL.B , LL.M (born August 23rd 1962) is a Canadian politician and former Liberal Party of Canada cabinet minister. ... Irwin Cotler, PC , MP , OC , BA , BCL , LL.D , Ph. ... Victor Vic Toews, PC, MP [teÄ±vz] (born September 10, 1952) is a Canadian politician. ... For the musician, better known as Blasko, see Rob Nicholson (musician). ... In the Canadian cabinet the President of The Queens Privy Council for Canada (French: President du Conseil privÃ© de la Reine pour le Canada) is nominally in charge of the Privy Council Office. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Honourable Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair, PC known prior to 1862 as Adam Johnston Fergusson (4 November 1815 â€“ 30 December 1867) was Canadian lawyer and politician. ... Joseph Howe, PC (December 13, 1804 â€“ June 1, 1873) was a ship builder and born the son of John Howe and Mary Edes at Halifax, Nova Scotia. ... Sir Edward Kenny PC (July 1, 1800 â€“ May 16, 1891) was a Canadian politician. ... Not to be confused with Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper who was Sir Charles Tuppers son. ... John OConnor, PC (January 1, 1824 â€“ November 3, 1887) was a Canadian politician and cabinet minister. ... The Honourable Hugh Macdonald, PC was a member of the First Canadian Parliament, representing the Antigonish riding of Nova Scotia, along with William Hallett Ray, initially as an Anti-Confederate and later as a Liberal-Conservative. ... Lucius Seth Huntington Source: Library and Archives Canada Lucius Seth Huntington (May 26, 1827-May 19, 1886) was a Quebec lawyer, journalist and political figure. ... The Hon. ... Dominick Edward Blake, PC, QC (October 13, 1833 â€“ March 1, 1912), (known as Edward Blake) was Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1872 and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1880 to 1887. ... John OConnor, PC (January 1, 1824 â€“ November 3, 1887) was a Canadian politician and cabinet minister. ... Louis-Rodrigue Masson Source: Library and Archives Canada Louis-Rodrigue Masson (baptized Louis-FranÃ§ois-Roderick Masson) (6 November 1833 â€“ 8 November 1903) was a Canadian Member of Parliament, senator, and Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. ... Joseph-Alfred Mousseau The Honourable Joseph-Alfred Mousseau, PC (July 18, 1838 â€“ March 30, 1886), was a French Canadian politician. ... Archibald McLelan The Honourable Senator Archibald Woodbury McLelan, PC (20 December 1824 â€“ 26 June 1890) was a Canadian shipbuilder and politician. ... For other persons named John Alexander Macdonald, see John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation). ... Charles Carroll Colby Source: Library and Archives Canada Charles Carroll Colby (December 10, 1827 â€“ December 10, 1907) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman and politician. ... The Hon. ... William Bullock Ives (17 November 1841 â€“ 15 July 1899) was a Canadian politician. ... Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC , KCMG (December 27, 1823 â€“ December 10, 1917) was the fifth Prime Minister of Canada from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896. ... Sir Auguste-RÃ©al Angers (1837 â€“ 14 April 1919) was a Canadian judge and parliamentarian, holding seats both as a Member of the Canadian House of Commons, and as a Senator. ... Laurier redirects here. ... Sir Robert Laird Borden, PC, GCMG, KC (June 26, 1854 â€“ June 10, 1937) was the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920, and the third Nova Scotian to hold this office. ... Newton Wesley Rowell (November 1, 1867-November 22, 1941) was a Canadian lawyer and politician and leading lay figure in the Methodist church. ... James Alexander Calder, PC, BA, (September 17, 1868 â€“ July 20, 1956) was a Canadian politician. ... Louis-Philippe Normand (September 21, 1863 â€“ June 27, 1928) was a Canadian physician and politician. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Arthur Meighen, PC, QC, BA, LL.D (June 16, 1874 â€“ August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada from July 10, 1920 to December 29, 1921 and June 29 to September 25, 1926. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC, KC (July 3, 1870 â€“ June 26, 1947) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada from August 7, 1930 to October 23, 1935. ... Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie Kings grandfather. ... Louis Stephen St. ... The Honourable Lionel Chevier, PC , CC (April 2, 1903 - July 8, 1987) was a Canadian Member of Parliament and cabinet minister. ... NoÃ«l Dorion (July 24, 1904 - March 9, 1980) was a law professor, lawyer and Canadian politician. ... John George Diefenbaker, CH, PC, QC, BA, MA, LL.B, LL.D, DCL, FRSC, FRSA, D.Litt, DSL, (18 September 1895 â€“ 16 August 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada (1957 â€“ 1963). ... Maurice Lamontagne (September 7, 1917 â€“ June 12, 1983) was a Canadian economist and politician. ... The Honourable George James McIlraith, PC (July 29, 1908 - August 19, 1992) was a lawyer and Canadian parliamentarian. ... The Honourable Guy Favreau, PC , QC , BA , LL.B (May 20, 1917 â€“ July 11, 1967) was a Canadian lawyer, politician and judge. ... Hon. ... Allan MacEachen Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6, 1921) is one of Canadas elder statesmen and was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. ... Donald Stovel Macdonald, PC, CC (born March 1, 1932) is a former Canadian Liberal politician and Cabinet minister. ... Allan MacEachen Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6, 1921) is one of Canadas elder statesmen and was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. ... Mitchell William Sharp,PC,CC (May 11, 1911–March 19, 2004), a Canadian politician and a Companion of the Order of Canada, was most noted for his service as a Liberal Cabinet minister. ... Allan MacEachen Allan Joseph MacEachen, PC (born July 6, 1921) is one of Canadas elder statesmen and was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. ... Walter David Baker, P.C. August 22, 1930 - November 13, 1983) was a Canadian parliamentarian and lawyer. ... Yvon Pinard (born October 10, 1940) is a judge and former Canadian politician. ... AndrÃ© Ouellet (born April 6, 1939) is the former president of Canada Post, and a long time Liberal politician in Canada. ... Erik Hersholt Nielsen, P.C., D.F.C., Q.C., LL.B., (born February 24, 1924) is a former Canadian politician and longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon. ... MP Ray Hnatyshyn & Gilles Lamontagne Minister of National Defence attend a reception following a parade at #107 Spitfire Royal Canadian Air Cadet Squadron in Saskatoon, SK - circa 1980 Ramon John Ray Hnatyshyn, PC, CC, CMM, CD, BA, LL.B, QC, FRHSC (hon) (anglicized pronunciation ) (March 16, 1934 â€“ December 18, 2002... Donald Frank Mazankowski, PC, OC, AOE (born July 27, 1935, in Viking, Alberta) was a Canadian politician who served as a cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Joe Clark and Brian Mulroney. ... Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC, CC, AOE, MA, LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth prime minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. ... The Honourable Pierre Blais, PC (born December 30, 1948) is a Canadian jurist and former politician and Cabinet minister. ... The Honourable Marcel MassÃ©, PC , OC , QC , BA , LL.B , B.Phil (born June 23, 1940) is a former Canadian politician and civil servant. ... StÃ©phane Maurice Dion, PC, MP, Ph. ... Denis Coderre (born July 25, 1963) is a Canadian politician. ... The Honourable Lucienne Robillard, PC, MP (born June 16, 1945) is a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. ... Hon. ... Peter Van Loan, PC, MP (born April 18, 1963) (sometimes referred to as PVL) is a Canadian politician. ... Ronalee Rona Ambrose, PC, BA, MA, MP (born March 15, 1969 in Valleyview, Alberta) is Canadas current Minister of the Environment. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region MontrÃ©al Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor GÃ©rald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ...

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