Comune di Pisa
Municipal coat of arms
Location of Pisa in Italy
Country	Italy
Region	Toscana
Province	Pisa (PI)
Mayor	Paolo Fontanelli (since May 25, 2003)
Elevation	4 m (13 ft)
Area	185 km² (71 sq mi)
Population (as of December 31, 2005)
- Total	90,482
- Density	489/km² (1,267/sq mi)
Time zone	CET, UTC+1
Coordinates	43°43′N 10°24′ECoordinates: 43°43′N 10°24′E
Gentilic	Pisani
Dialing code	050
Postal code	56100
Frazioni	Marina di Pisa, Tirrenia, Calambrone, Barbaricina, Riglione, Oratoio, Putignano, San Piero a Grado, Coltano, Sant'Ermete, Ospedaletto
Patron	San Ranieri
- Day	June 17
Website: www.comune.pisa.it

Leaning Tower of Pisa.

View of the city of Pisa from the Leaning Tower.

The walls of the city.

Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. The city is known worldwide for its famous bell tower. There are several places and features called Pisa. ... Image File history File links Pisa-Stemma. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... The Regions of Italy were granted a degree of regional autonomy in the 1948 constitution, which states that the constitutions role is: to recognize, protect and promote local autonomy, to ensure that services at the State level are as decentralized as possible, and to adapt the principles and laws... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... In Italy, a province (in Italian: provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between municipality (comune) and region (regione). ... Pisa (Italian: ) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of the time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... Central European Time West Africa Time British Summer Time* Irish Summer Time* Western European Summer Time* Category: ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... Here are a list of area codes in Italy. ... A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a comune; for other subdivisions, see municipio, circoscrizione, quartiere. ... Saint Rainerius (Raynerius, Rainerius, Rainier, Rainieri, Ranieri, Raniero, Regnier) (ca. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Download high resolution version (750x1000, 128 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa Image:Leaning-tower-of-pisa-small. ... Download high resolution version (750x1000, 128 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa Image:Leaning-tower-of-pisa-small. ... The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: ) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 399 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 399 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 434 KB) Summary City walls of Pisa, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Pisa Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 434 KB) Summary City walls of Pisa, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Pisa Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ... Arno River in Florence, Italy The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. ... The Ligurian Sea. ... Pisa (Italian: ) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. ... The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: ) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. ...

Pisa as seen from the top of the leaning tower.

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 323 KB) Summary Pisa as seen from the top of the leaning tower. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 323 KB) Summary Pisa as seen from the top of the leaning tower. ...

History

Ancient times

Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Ligurian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991. Also ancient Roman authors referred to Pisa as an old city. Servius wrote that the Teuti, or Pelopes, the king of the Pisei, founded the town thirteen centuries before the birth of Christ. Strabo referred Pisa's origins to the mythical Nestor, king of Pylos, after the fall of Troy. Virgil in his Aeneid states that Pisa was already a great and developed centre by the times described; foundation of the city in the 'Etruscan lands' credited to settlers from Alpheus coast. Arno can refer to: the Arno River in Italy Arno Bay, South Australia the singer Arno Hintjens the American cartoonist Peter Arno the German sculptor Arno Breker Madame Arno, Parisian artist and fighter. ... The Ligurian Sea. ... Ancient Greek writers used the name Pelasgians (Gk. ... Extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League cities. ... The Ligures (Ligurians) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria, which once stretched from Northern Italy into southern Gaul. ... Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... For the record label, see Necropolis Records. ... Arena Garibaldi - Romeo Anconetani is a multi-use stadium in Pisa, Italy. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Maurus (or Marius) Servius Honoratius, Roman grammarian and commentator on Virgil, flourished at the end of the 4th century AD. He is one of the interlocutors in the Saturnalia of Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, and allusions in that work and a letter from Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to Servius show that he... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... In Greek mythology, Nestor of Gerênia (Greek: Νέστωρ) was the son of Neleus and Chloris, and the King of Pylos. ... This article is about the Greek geographical feature and town. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Virgil (disambiguation). ... Aeneas flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598 Galleria Borghese, Rome The Aeneid (IPA English pronunciation: ; in Latin Aeneis, pronounced — the title is Greek in form: genitive case Aeneidos) is a Latin epic written by Virgil in the 1st century BC (between 29 and 19 BC) that tells the legendary story... The Alfeiós (Greek: Αλφειός, also Alfiós) is a river in Peloponnese, Greece. ...

The maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the rostrum: it took advantage of being the only port along the coast, from Genoa, then a small village, to Ostia. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against Ligurians, Gauls and Carthaginians. In 180 BC it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as Portus Pisanus. In 89 BC, Portus Pisanus became a municipium. Emperor Augustus fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name in Colonia Iulia obsequens. From 313 it became the seat of a bishopric. Rostrum can mean one of several different things: A rostrum (Latin beak) is an anatomical structure resembling a birds beak, such as the snout of crocodiles or dolphins or the part of the carapace of a crustacean. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Ostia Antica was the harbor of ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. ... The Ligures (Ligurians) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria, which once stretched from Northern Italy into southern Gaul. ... Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... This article is about the ancient city-state of Carthage in North Africa. ... A municipium was the second highest class of a Roman city, and was inferior in status to the colonia. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most...

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

During the later years of the Roman Empire Pisa probably did not decline as much as the other cities of Italy, probably thanks to the complexity of its river system and its consequent ease of defence. In the 7th century Pisa helped Pope Gregory I by supplying numerous ships in his military expedition against the Byzantines of Ravenna: Pisa was the sole Byzantine centre of Tuscia to fall peacefully in Lombard hands, through assimilation with the neighbouring region where their trading interests were prevailing. Pisa began in this way its rise to the role of main port of the Upper Tyrrhenian Sea and became the main trading centre between Tuscany and Corsica, Sardinia and the southern coasts of France and Spain. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... “Saint Gregory” redirects here. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ... Province of Ravenna Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence comes the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ...

After Charlemagne had defeated the Lombards under the command of Desiderius in 774, Pisa went through a crisis but recovered soon. Politically it became part of the duchy of Lucca. In 930 Pisa became the county centre (status it maintained until the arrival of Otto I) within the mark of Tuscia. Lucca was the capital but Pisa was the most important city, as in the middle of 10th century Liutprand of Cremona, bishop of Cremona, called Pisa Tusciae provinciae caput ("capital of the province of Tuscia"), and one century later the marquis of Tuscia was commonly referred to as "marquis of Pisa". In 1003 Pisa was the protagonist of the first communal war in Italy, against Lucca of course. From the naval point of view, since the 9th century the emergence of the Saracen pirates urged the city to expand its fleet: in the next years this fleet gave the town an opportunity for more expansion. In 828 the Pisan ships assaulted the coast of North Africa. In 871 they took part in the defence of Salerno from the Saracens. In 970 they gave also a strong support to the Otto I's expedition, who defeated a Byzantine fleet in front of Calabrese coasts. Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, is chiefly known through his connection with Charlemagne. ... For the Chrono Trigger character, see Lucca (Chrono Trigger). ... For others with the same name, see Otto I (disambiguation). ... Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Liutprand (Liudprand, Luitprand) (c. ... Cremona is a city in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura padana (Po valley). ... Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes. ... Saracens was a term used in the Middle Ages for those who professed the religion of Islam. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... For others with the same name, see Otto I (disambiguation). ... Byzantine redirects here. ... For other uses, see Calabria (disambiguation). ...

11th century

Main article: Republic of Pisa

The power of Pisa as a mighty maritime nation began to grow on and reached its apex in the 11th century when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical Marine Republics of Italy (Repubbliche Marinare). Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the river Arno on the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... The Repubbliche Marinare ( ) is the collectie name of a number of important city-states which flourished in Italy and Dalmatia in the Middle Ages. ...

At that time the city was a very important commercial centre and controlled a significant Mediterranean merchant fleet and navy. It expanded its powers by the sack in 1005 of Reggio Calabria in the south of Italy. Pisa was in continuous conflict with the Saracens, who had their bases in Sardinia and Corsica, for control of the Mediterranean. In 1017 Sardinia was captured, in alliance with Genoa, by the defeat of the Saracen king Mugahid. This victory gave Pisa the supremacy in the Tyrrhenian Sea. When the Pisans subsequently ousted the Genoese from Sardinia, a new conflict and rivalry was born between these mighty Marine Republics. Between 1030 and 1035 Pisa went on to successfully defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer Carthage in North Africa. In 1051–1052 the admiral Jacopo Ciurini conquered Corsica, provoking more resentment from the Genoese. In 1063 admiral Giovanni Orlando, coming to the aid of the Norman Roger I, took Palermo from the Saracen pirates. The gold treasure taken from the Saracens in Palermo allowed the Pisans to start the building of their cathedral and the other monuments which constitute the famous Piazza dei Miracoli. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Reggio Calabria (officially Reggio di Calabria, Rìggiu in Calabrian dialect, Righi in Greek-Calabrian), is the largest and the oldest city in Calabria, Italy, dating back to the 8th century BC (see history below). ... Saracens was a term used in the Middle Ages for those who professed the religion of Islam. ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Saracens was a term used in the Middle Ages for those who professed the religion of Islam. ... Tyrrhenian Sea. ... For other uses, see Carthage (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ... Norman conquests in red. ... Roger I (1031 – June 22, 1101), Norman ruler of Sicily, was the youngest son of Tancred of Hauteville. ... Location of the city of Palermo (red dot) within Italy. ... The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ...

In 1060 Pisa had to engage in their first battle with Genoa. The Pisan victory helped to consolidate its position in the Mediterranean. Pope Gregory VII recognized in 1077 the new "Laws and customs of the sea" instituted by the Pisans, and emperor Henry IV granted them the right to name their own consuls, advised by a Council of Elders. This was simply a confirmation of the present situation, because in those years the marquis had already been excluded from power. In 1092 Pope Urban II awarded Pisa the supremacy over Corsica and Sardinia, and at the same time raising the town to the rank of archbishopric. Pope Gregory VII (c. ... Henry IV (November 11, 1050–August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. ... Pope Urban II (1042 – July 29, 1099), born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was a Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. ...

Pisa sacked the Tunisian city of Mahdia in 1088. Four years later Pisan and Genoese ships helped Alfonso VI of Castilla to push El Cid out of Valencia. A Pisan fleet of 120 ships also took part in the First Crusade and the Pisans were instrumental in the taking of Jerusalem in 1099. On their way to the Holy Land the ships did not miss the occasion to sack some Byzantine islands: the Pisan crusaders were led by their archbishop Daibert, the future patriarch of Jerusalem. Pisa and the other Repubbliche Marinare took advantage of the crusade to establish trading posts and colonies in the Eastern coastal cities of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. In particular the Pisans founded colonies in Antiochia, Acre, Jaffa, Tripoli, Tyre, Joppa, Latakia and Accone. They also had other possessions in Jerusalem and Caesarea, plus smaller colonies (with lesser autonomy) in Cairo, Alexandria and of course Constantinople, where the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus granted them special mooring and trading rights. In all these cities the Pisans were granted privileges and immunity from taxation, but had to contribute to the defence in case of attack. In the 12th century the Pisan quarter in the Eastern part of Constantinople had grown to 1,000 people. For some years of that century Pisa was the most prominent merchant and military ally of the Byzantine Empire, overcoming Venice itself. Skifa Kahla, ancient gate to the city Marine cemetery in Mahdia Mahdia, Arabic: المهدية (al-Mahdiya), is a Tunisian coastal city with 37,000 inhabitants, south of Monastir and southeast of Sousse. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Statue of El Cid in Burgos. ... History of Spain Series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History The Aragonese Empire was the regime... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Holy Land (disambiguation). ... Byzantine redirects here. ... Dagobert[1] (died 1107), Archbishop of Pisa, was the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem after it was captured in the First Crusade. ... The term Patriarch of Jerusalem can refer to the holders of one of three offices: The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, who is one of the Roman Catholic patriarchs of the east The Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, who is one of nine highest-ranking Eastern Orthodox bishops, called patriarchs The Armenian... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ... For other uses, see Jaffa (disambiguation). ... Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Tarābulus) is the capital city of Libya. ... The Triumphal Arch Tyre (Arabic , Phoenician , Hebrew Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew , Akkadian , Greek Týros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. ... Joppa is a Biblical name for the Israeli city of Yafo, otherwise known as Jaffa, now a part of Tel Aviv-Yafo. ... Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Caesarea is the name of several Roman cities and towns, including: Caesarea Antiochia, properly Antioch in Pisidia, near modern Yalvaç, Turkey Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, modern Kayseri, Turkey Caesarea Palaestina: modern Caesarea, in Israel Caesarea Philippi in the Golan Heights Iol Caesarea: modern Cherchell, in Algeria Caesarea Magna or Caesara... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... This is a list of Byzantine Emperors. ... Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Alexius I (1048–August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059). ... Byzantine redirects here. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

12th century

The Baptistry of the Cathedral.

In 1113 Pisa and the Pope Paschal II set up, together with the count of Barcelona and other contingents from Provence and Italy (Genoese excluded), a war to free the Balearic Islands from the Moors: the queen and the king of Mallorca were brought in chains to Tuscany. Even though the Almoravides soon reconquered the island, the booty taken helped the Pisans in their magnificent program of buildings, especially the cathedral, and Pisa gained a role of pre-eminence in the Western Mediterranean. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 379 KB) Pisa Baptistry. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 379 KB) Pisa Baptistry. ... Panoramic view The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ... Paschal II, né Ranierius (born in Bleda, near Forlì, Romagna - d. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official language(s) Spanish and Catalan Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th  4,992 km²  1. ... For other uses, see moor. ... Location Location of Mallorca in Balearic Islands Coordinates : 39° 30’N , 3°0E Time Zone : CET (UTC+1) - summer: CEST (UTC+2) General information Native name Mallorca (Catalan) Spanish name Mallorca Postal code 07001-07691 Area code 34 (Spain) + 971 (Illes Balears) Website http://www. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون al-Murabitun, sing. ... The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ...

In the following years the mighty Pisan fleet, led by archbishop Pietro Moriconi, drove away the Saracens after ferocious combats. Though short-lived, this success of Pisa in Spain increased the rivalry with Genoa. Pisa's trade with the Languedoc and Provence (Noli, Savona, Fréjus and Montpellier) were an obstacle to the Genoese interests in cities like Hyerés, Fos, Antibes and Marseille. Saracens was a term used in the Middle Ages for those who professed the religion of Islam. ... For the language called Langue doc, see Occitan language. ... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... Noli is a coast commune of Liguria, Italy, in the Province of Savona, it is anout 50 km (36 miles) SW of Genoa by rail, about 4 m (13 feet) above sea-level. ... Savona (Sàn-na in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a seaport and comune in the northern Italian region of Liguria, capital of the Province of Savona, in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea, at sea-level. ... Roman ruins, aquaduct Fréjus is a coastal town and commune, in the Var département, in southern France. ... Montpellier (Occitan Montpelhièr) is a city in the south of France. ... A square in Hyeres. ... FOS can stands for: Faint Object Spectrograph as done by the Hubble Space Telescope. ... Antibes (Provençal Occitan: Antíbol in classical norm or Antibo in Mistralian norm) is a resort town of southeastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea in the Côte dAzur, located between Cannes and Nice. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines The Old Port of Marseille Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Bouches-du-Rhône (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban...

The war began in 1119 when the Genoese attacked several galleys on their way to the motherland, and lasted until 1133. The two cities fought each other on land and at sea, but hostilities were limited to raids and pirate-like assaults.

In June 1135, Bernard of Clairvaux took a leading part in the Council of Pisa, asserting the claims of pope Innocent II against those of pope Anacletus II, who had been elected pope in 1130 with Norman support but was not recognized outside Rome. Innocent II resolved the conflict with Genoa, establishing the sphere of influence of Pisa and Genoa. Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king Roger II of Sicily. Amalfi, one of the Maritime Republics ((though already declining under Norman rule), was conquered on August 6, 1136: the Pisans destroyed the ships in the port, assaulted the castles in the surrounding areas and drove back an army sent by Roger from Aversa. This victory brought Pisa to the peak of its power and to a standing equal to Venice. Two years later its soldiers sacked Salerno. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–August 21, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. ... Innocent II, né Gregory Papareschi (d. ... Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierloni, (died January 25, 1138) was an Antipope that ruled between 1131 to his death, in a schism against the contested hasty election of Pope Innocent II. Pietro was born in a powerful Roman family and, as second son, was destined to the church. ... Norman conquests in red. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Roger II, from Liber ad honorem Augusti of Petrus de Ebulo, 1196. ... Amalfi is a town and commune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno, 24 miles southeast of Naples. ... is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... This article needs cleanup. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ...

In the following years Pisa was one of the staunchest supporters of the Ghibelline party. This was much appreciated by Frederick I. He issued in 1162 and 1165 two important documents, with the following grants: apart from the jurisdiction over the Pisan countryside, the Pisans were granted freedom of trade in the whole Empire, the coast from Civitavecchia to Portovenere, a half of Palermo, Messina, Salerno and Naples, the whole Gaeta, Mazzarri and Trapani, and a street with houses for its merchants in every city of the Kingdom of Sicily. Some of these grants were later confirmed by Henry VI, Otto IV and Frederick II. They marked the apex of Pisa's power, but also spurred the resentment of cities like Lucca, Massa, Volterra and Florence, who saw their aim to expand towards the sea thwarted. The clash with Lucca also concerned the possession of the castle of Montignoso and mainly the control of the Via Francigena, the main trade route between Rome and France. Last but not least, such a sudden and large increase of power of Pisa could only lead to another war with Genoa. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I (German: Friedrich I. von Hohenstaufen)(1122 – June 10, 1190), also known as Friedrich Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ... Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio, a sea port on the Tyrrhenian sea, 50 miles WNW of Rome, 42°06N 11°47E. According to the 2003 census, its population was 50,100. ... Portovenere is a village in Liguria, Italy located 12km from La Spezia. ... Location of the city of Palermo (red dot) within Italy. ... Messina, Italy Strait of Messina, Italy. ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Gaeta (ancient Latin name Caieta) is a city in Province of Latina, in Lazio, Italy. ... Trapani is a city on the west coast of Sicily in Italy. ... Flag The Kingdom of Sicily as it existed at the death of its founder, Roger II of Sicily, in 1154. ... Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... For the Chrono Trigger character, see Lucca (Chrono Trigger). ... Country Italy Region Tuscany Province Massa-Carrara (MS) Mayor Fabrizio Neri (since May 2003) Elevation 65 m Area 94 km² Population  - Total 66,097  - Density 703/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Massesi Dialing code 0585 Postal code 54100 Patron St. ... A view of Volterra. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... For the Chrono Trigger character, see Lucca (Chrono Trigger). ... Country Italy Region Tuscany Province Province of Massa-Carrara (MS) Mayor Elevation 130 m Area 16. ... Route of the Via Francigena The Via Francigena is an ancient road to Rome for those coming from France. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...

Genoa had acquired a largely dominant position in the markets of the Southern France. The war began presumably in 1165 on the Rhône, when an attack on a convoy, directed to some Pisan trade centres on the river, by the Genoese and their ally, the count of Toulouse failed. Pisa on the other hand was allied to the Provence. The war continued until 1175 without significant victories. Another point of attrition was Sicily, where both the cities had privileges granted by Henry VI. In 1192 Pisa managed to conquer Messina. This episode was followed by a series of battles culminating in the Genoese conquest of Syracuse in 1204. Later the trading posts in Sicily were lost when the new Pope Innocent III, though removing the excommunication, cast over Pisa by his predecessor Celestine III, allied himself with the Guelph League of Tuscany, led by Florence. Soon he stipulated a pact with Genoa too, further weaking the Pisa presence in Southern Italy. The Rhône River, or the Rhône (French Rhône, Arpitan Rôno, Occitan Ròse, standard German Rhone, Valais German Rotten), is one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-Pyrénées Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc  (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... Coat of arms of Provence Provence (Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) was a Roman province and now is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Italy. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197. ... Messina, Italy Strait of Messina, Italy. ... Syracuse (Italian, Siracusa, ancient Syracusa - see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a city on the eastern coast of Sicily and the capital of the province of Syracuse, Italy. ... Pope Innocent III (c. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... Pope Celestine III (Rome, c. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ...

To counter the Genoese predominance in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Pisa strengthened its relationship with their Spanish and French traditional bases (Marseille, Narbonne, Barcelona, etc.) and tried to defy the Venetian rule of the Adriatic Sea. In 1180 the two cities had agreed to a non-aggression treaty in the Tyrrhenian and the Adriatic, but the death of Emperor Manuel Comnenus in Constantinople changed the situation. Soon there were attacks on Venetian convoys. Pisa signed trade and political pacts with Ancona, Pula, Zara, Split and Brindisi: in 1195 a Pisan fleet reached Pola to defend its independence from Venice, but the Serenissima managed soon to reconquer the rebel sea town. City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines The Old Port of Marseille Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Department Bouches-du-Rhône (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban... Narbonne (Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, commonly Narbo especially when referring to the Ancient Rome era) is a town and commune of southwestern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon région. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ... Fresco of Manuel I Manuel I Comnenus Megas (November 28, 1118? - September 24, 1180) was Byzantine Emperor from 1143 to 1180. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ... Pula (Latin Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola; Italian Pola (the city has an official Croatian-Italian bilingualism [1]); Istriot Pula, German Polei) is the largest city in Istria, situated at the southern tip of the peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006). ... For other uses, see Zadar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Split (disambiguation). ... Brindisi is an ancient city in the Italian region of Puglia, the capital of the province of Brindisi. ... 1961 Ferrari 250 TR modified by Giotto Bizzarrini for Volpis Scuderia Serenissima Scuderia Serenissima was a successful auto racing team in the early 1960s. ...

One year later the two cities signed a peace treaty which resulted in favourable conditions for Pisa. But in 1199 the Pisans violated it by blockading the port of Brindisi in Puglia. But in the following naval battle they were defeated by the Venetians. The war that followed ended in 1206 with a treaty in which Pisa gave up all its hopes to expand in the Adriatic, though it maintained the trading posts it had established in the area. From that point on the two cities were united against the rising power of Genoa and sometimes collaborated to increase the trading benefits in Constantinople. Brindisi is an ancient city in the Italian region of Puglia, the capital of the province of Brindisi. ... Apulia is a region of Italy (called Puglia in Italian), bordering on Molise to the north-west, Campania to the south-west, Basilicata to the south, the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the south-east. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

13th century

In 1209 and 1217 there were in Lerici two councils for a final resolution of the rivalry with Genoa. A twenty-year peace treaty was signed. But when in 1220 the emperor Frederick II confirmed his supremacy over the Tyrrhenian coast from Civitavecchia to Portovenere, the Genoese and Tuscanian resentment against Pisa grew again. In the following years Pisa clashed with Lucca in Garfagnana and was defeated by the Florentine at Castel del Bosco. The strong Ghibelline position of Pisa brought this town diametricallty against the Pope, who was in a strong dispute with the Empire. And indeed the pope tried to deprive the town of its dominions in Northern Sardinia. Lerici is a commune in the province of La Spezia in Liguria. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Tyrrhenian Sea. ... Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio, a sea port on the Tyrrhenian sea, 50 miles WNW of Rome, 42°06N 11°47E. According to the 2003 census, its population was 50,100. ... Portovenere is a village in Liguria, Italy located 12km from La Spezia. ... For the Chrono Trigger character, see Lucca (Chrono Trigger). ... Garfagnana is an historical region of Italy, today part of the province of Lucca in the Apennines, in northwest Tuscany, but before the unification of Italy it belonged to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, ruled by the Este family. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ...

In 1238 Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against the Empire, and consequently against Pisa too. One year later he excommunicated Frederick II and called for an anti-Empire council to be held in Rome in 1241. On May 3, 1241, a combined fleet of Pisan and Sicilian ships, led by the Emperor's son Enzo, attacked a Genoese convoy carrying prelates from Northern Italy and France, next to the Isola del Giglio, in front of Tuscany: the Genoese lost 25 ships, while about thousand sailors, two cardinals and one bishop were taken prisoner. After this outstanding victory the council in Rome failed, but Pisa was excommunicated. This extreme measure was only removed in 1257. Anyway, the Tuscan city tried to take advantage of the favourable situation to conquer the Corsican city of Aleria and even lay siege to Genoa itself in 1243. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino dei Conti, was pope from 1227 to August 22, 1241. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Enzo is an Italian given name. ... Isola del Giglio is a commune site on the omonymous island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto. ... For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ... Corsica (Corsican: Corsica, French: Corse) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). ... Aleria, Corsica (Greek and Roman Alalia), is a commune in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ...

The Ligurian republic of Genoa, however, recovered fast from this blow and won back Lerici, conquered by the Pisans some years earlier, in 1256. Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. ... Lerici is a commune in the province of La Spezia in Liguria. ...

The great expansion in the Mediterranean and the prominence of the merchant class urged a modification in the city's institutes. The system with consuls was abandoned and in 1230 the new city rulers named a Capitano del Popolo ("People's Chieftain") as civil and military leader. In spite of these reforms, the conquered lands and the city itself were harassed by the rivalry between the two families of Della Gherardesca and Visconti. In 1237 the archbishop and the Emperor Frederick II intervened to reconcile the two rivals, but the strains did not cease. In 1254 the people rebelled and imposed twelve Anziani del Popolo ("People's Elders") as their political representatives in the Commune. They also supplemented the legislative councils, formed of noblemen, with new People's Councils, composed by the main guilds and by the chiefs of the People's Companies. These had the power to ratify the laws of the Major General Council and the Senate. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. ... Visconti was a noble family that ruled Milan during the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance period. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ...

Decline

The decline began on August 6, 1284, when the numerically superior fleet of Pisa, under the command of Albertino Morosini, was defeated by the brilliant tactics of the Genoese fleet, under the command of Benedetto Zaccaria and Oberto Doria, in the dramatic naval Battle of Meloria. This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered: in 1290 the Genoese destroyed forever the Porto Pisano (Pisa's Port), and covered with salt like Carthage at Scipio's times. The region around Pisa did not permit the city to recover from the loss of thousands of sailors from the Meloria, while Liguria guaranteed enough sailors to Genoa. Goods continued to be traded, albeit in reduced quantity, but the end came when the Arno started to change course, preventing the galleys from reaching the city's port up the river. It seems also that nearby area became infested with malaria. Within 1324 also Sardinia was entirely lost in favour of the Aragonese. is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events War and politics King Charles II of Naples is captured in a naval battle off Naples by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon. ... Benedetto Zaccaria (c. ... Combatants Genoa Pisa Commanders Oberto Doria Benedetto Zaccaria Alberto Morosini Ugolino della Gherardesca Andreotto Saraceno Strength 78 galleys and 8 panfili Unknown Casualties The Battle of Meloria was fought on Sunday August 6, 1284 near the Meloria islet, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... Storybook illustration depicting Scipio as the reluctant servant of the Senate as he orchestrated the genocide of the Carthaginians. ... Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. ... Arno River in Florence, Italy The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ...

Always Ghibelline, Pisa tried to build up its power in the course of the 14th century and even managed to defeat Florence in the Battle of Montecatini (1315), under the command of Uguccione della Faggiuola. Eventually, however, divided by internal struggles and weakened by the loss of its mercantile strength, Pisa was conquered by Florence in 1406. In 1409 Pisa was the seat of a council trying to set the question of the Great Schism. Furthermore in the 15th century, access to the sea became more and more difficult, as the port was silting up and was cut off from the sea. When in 1494 Charles VIII of France invaded the Italian states to claim the Kingdom of Naples, Pisa grabbed the opportunity to reclaim its independence as the Second Pisan Republic. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... Florence (Italian, Firenze) is a city in the center of Tuscany, in central Italy, on the Arno River, with a population of around 400,000, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000. ... The Battle of Montecatini was fought on August 29, 1315 between the city of Pisa, and the forces of both Naples and Florence. ... Uguccione della Faggiuola (born ~1250, Massa Trabaria, Tuscany (Italy); died November 1, 1319, Vicenza) was chief magistrate of Pisa, Lucca and Forlì (1297). ... This article incorporates text from the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia Preliminaries The Great Schism of the West had lasted thirty years (since 1378), and none of the means employed to bring it to an end had been successful. ... The term Great Schism may refer to: The East-West Schism, in 1054 between Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity. ... Charles VIII, called the Affable (French: ; 30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was King of France from 1483 to his death. ... Capital Naples Government Monarchy King  - 1285-1309 Charles II  - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History  - Established 1285  - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession...

But the new freedom did not last long. After fifteen years of battles and sieges, Pisa was reconquered in 1509 by the Florentine troops led by Antonio da Filicaja, Averardo Salviati and Niccolò Capponi. Its role of major port of Tuscany went to Livorno. Pisa acquired a mainly, though secondary, cultural role spurred by the presence of the University of Pisa, created in 1343. Its decline is clearly shown by its population, which has remained almost constant since the Middle Ages. For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ... Livorno (archaic English: ) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ... The University of Pisa (Italian Università di Pisa) is one of the most renowned Italian universities. ...

Pisa was the birthplace of the important early physicist, Galileo Galilei. It's still the seat of an archbishopric; it has become a light industrial centre and a railway hub. It suffered repeated destruction during World War II. Galileo redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

View of the Piazza dei Miracoli.

Another view of the Piazza dei Miracoli.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (6221x1477, 1466 KB) Summary Pisa, Italy : Campo dei Miracoli - panoramic view Own work - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Campo dei Miracoli ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (6221x1477, 1466 KB) Summary Pisa, Italy : Campo dei Miracoli - panoramic view Own work - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Campo dei Miracoli ... Panoramic view The Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Square) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ...

Main sights

The Monumental Camposanto in the Piazza del Duomo

Façade of Santa Maria della Spina

St' Francis' church

Palazzo della Carovana or dei Cavalieri

Cittadella

While the Leaning Tower is the most famous image of the city, it is one of many works of art and architecture in the city's Piazza dei Miracoli or "Square of Miracles", to the north of the old town center. The Piazza dei Miracoli also houses the Duomo (the Cathedral), the Baptistry and the Camposanto (the monumental cemetery). Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 900 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pisa Santa Maria della Spina Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 900 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pisa Santa Maria della Spina Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Santa Maria della Spina is a small Gothic church in the Italian city of Pisa. ... Image File history File links Pisa-san_francesco. ... Image File history File links Pisa-san_francesco. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 462 KB) Summary Palazzo dei Cavalieri ; Pisa, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Knights Square (Pisa) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 462 KB) Summary Palazzo dei Cavalieri ; Pisa, Italy Own photo - photo taken by Georges Jansoone on 10 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Knights Square (Pisa) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Palazzo della Carovana. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 562 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1224 × 1306 pixel, file size: 624 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 562 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1224 × 1306 pixel, file size: 624 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: ) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. ... The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a wide, walled area at the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. ... The Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is the heart of the city of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. ... The Baptistry of the Cathedral Built in Pisa, Italy. ...

Other interesting sights include:

• Knights' Square (Piazza dei Cavalieri), where the Palazzo della Carovana, with its impressive façade designed by Giorgio Vasari may be seen.
• In the same place is the church of Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, also by Vasari. It had originally a single nave; two more were added in the 17th century. It houses a bust by Donatello, and paintings by Vasari, Jacopo Ligozzi, Alessandro Fei, and Jacopo Chimenti da Empoli. It also contains spoils from the many naval battles between the Cavalieri (Knights of St. Stephan) and the Turks between the 16–18th century, including the Turkish battle pennant hoisted from Ali Pacha's flagship at the 1571 Battle of Lepanto.
• Also close to the square is the small church of St. Sixtus. It was formally consecrated in 1133, but previously used as a seat of the most important notarial deeds of the town , also hosting the Council of Elders. It is today one of the best preserved early Romanesque buildings in town.
• The church of St. Francis, designed by Giovanni di Simone, built after 1276. In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated. It has a single nave and a notable belfry, as well as a 15th‑century cloister. It houses works by Jacopo da Empoli, Taddeo Gaddi and Santi di Tito. In the Gherardesca Chapel are buried Ugolino della Gherardesca and his sons.
• Church of San Frediano, built by 1061, has a basilica interior with three aisles, with a crucifix from the 12th century. Sixteenth century paintings were added during a restoration, including works by Ventura Salimbeni, Domenico Passignano, Aurelio Lomi, and Rutilio Manetti.
• Church of San Nicola, built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313 by the Augustinians, perhaps by the design of Giovanni Pisano. The octagonal belfry is from the second half of the 13th century. The paintings include the Madonna with Child by Francesco Traini (14th century) and St. Nicholas Saving Pisa from the Plague (15th century). Noteworthy are also the wood sculptures by Giovanni and Nino Pisano, and the Annunciation by Francesco di Valdambrino.
• The small church of Santa Maria della Spina, attributed to Giovanni Pisano (1230), is another excellent Gothic building.
• The church of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno, founded around 952 and enlarged in the mid-12th century along lines similar to those of the Cathedral. It is annexed to the Romanesque Chapel of St. Agatha, with an unusual pyramidal cusp or peak.
• The Borgo Stretto, a neighborhood where one can stroll beneath medieval arcades and the Lungarno, the avenues along the river Arno. It includes the Gothic-Romanesque church of San Michele in Borgo (990). Remarkably, there are at least two other leaning towers in the city, one at the southern end of central Via Santa Maria, the other halfway through the Piagge riverside promenade.
• The Medici Palace, once a possession of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398. In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and Lorenzo de' Medici sojourned here.
• The Orto botanico di Pisa is Europe's oldest university botanical garden.
• The Palazzo Reale ("Royal Palace"), once of the Caetani patrician family. Here Galileo Galilei showed to Grand Duke of Tuscany the planets he had discovered with his telescope. The edifice was erected in 1559 by Baccio Bandinelli for Cosimo I de Medici, and was later enlarged including other palaces.
• Palazzo Gambacorti, a Gothic building of the 14th century, is now the town hall. The interior shows frescoes boasting Pisa's sea victories.
• Palazzo Agostini, a Gothic building also known as Palazzo dell'Ussero, with its 15th century façade and remains of the ancient city walls dating back to before 1155. The name of the building comes from the coffee rooms of Caffè dell’Ussero, historic meeting place founded on 1st September 1775.
• The mural Tuttomondo, the last public work of Keith Haring, on the rear wall of the convent of the Church of Sant'Antonio, painted in June 1989.

Pisa boasts several museums: The Knights’ Square (Piazza dei Cavalieri) in Pisa, Italy, is located at the same place as the forum of the antique Portus Pisanus, as Pisa was called in Roman times. ... Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing. ... Bust of Richard Bently by Roubiliac A bust is a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Statue of Habacuc (popularly known as Zuccone) for the Giottos Bell Tower. ... Jacopo Ligozzi, 1547-1627, born in Verona, the son of the artist Giovanni Ermanno Ligozzi, was part of a clan of painters and artisans. ... ... Also, Ali Pasha - Commander of Ottoman Turkish naval forces at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). ... // Combatants Holy League: Spain  Republic of Venice Papal States Republic of Genoa Duchy of Savoy Knights of Malta Ottoman Empire Commanders Don John of Austria Ali Pasha † Strength 206 galleys, 6 galleasses 230 galleys, 56 galliots Casualties 8,000 dead or wounded, 12 galleys lost 20,000 dead or wounded... Saint Sisto may refer to: any Saint named Sixtus, in English generally meant as as a person, including Pope St. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... Saint Francis of Assisi, St. ... Jacopo da Empoli (Florence, 1551 - 1640) was a prominent late- mannerist painter active in Florence. ... The Angelic Announcement to the Shepherds (1328-30) Fresco in Cappella Baroncelli Santa Croce, Florence Taddeo Gaddi (c. ... Categories: Stub ... Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. ... Look up basilica in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Saint Hyacinth healing the blind twins Ventura di Archangelo Salimbeni (also later called Bevilacqua) (20 January 1568 - 1613) was an Italian Mannerist painter and the last represntative of this style in Siena after Beccafumi. ... Galileo portrait by Passignano Domenico Passignano (born Cresti or Crespi) (Florence 1559 - 1636) was an Italian painter. ... Aurelio Lomi (1556 - 1622) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance and early-Baroque periods, active mainly in Tuscany. ... Rutilio Manetti (c. ... Remains of the façade. ... The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430), are several Roman Catholic monastic orders and congregations of both men and women living according to a guide to religious life known as the Rule of Saint Augustine. ... Giovanni Pisano (c. ... Francesco Traini was an Italian Painter who was demonstrably active from 1321 to approx. ... Euclid, panel from Giottos Bell Tower, now in the Museo dellOpera del Duomo of Florence. ... For other uses, see Annunciation (disambiguation). ... Santa Maria della Spina is a small Gothic church in the Italian city of Pisa. ... Façade. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... For other uses, see Lorenzo de Medici (disambiguation). ... Orto botanico di Pisa, general view. ... Inside the United States Botanic Garden Washington, D.C. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes. ... Gaetani, or Caetani, the name of the oldest of the Roman princely families which played a great part in the history of the city and of the papacy. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Unofficial Medici Rulers of Florence, 1434_1531 Cosimo de Medici 1434_1464 Piero I de Medici 1464-1469 (The Gouty) Lorenzo I de Medici 1469-1492 (The Magnificent) Giuliano de Medici 1469-1478 Piero II de Medici 1492-1494 Republic restored 1494-1512 Cardinal Giovanni de Medici 1512_1513 Lorenzo II de Medici... Bartolommeo (or Baccio) Bandinelli (November 12, 1493 - February 7, 1560), Florentine sculptor, was the son of an eminent goldsmith, and from him Bandinelli obtained the first elements of drawing. ... Cosimo I de Medici in Armour by Agnolo Bronzino Cosimo I de Medici (June 12, 1519 - April 21, 1574) was the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1537 to 1574, during the waning days of the Renaissance. ... City Hall is a 1996 film directed by Harold Becker. ... Harings Radiant Baby Keith Haring (May 4, 1958 - February 16, 1990) was a pre-eminent artist and social activist whose work responded to the New York street culture of the 1980s. ...

• Museo dell'Opera del Duomo: exhibiting among others the original sculptures of Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano and the treasures of the cathedral.
• Museo delle Sinopie: showing the sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery. These are red ocher underdrawings for frescoes, made with reddish, greenish or brownish earth colour with water.
• Museo Nazionale di S. Matteo: exhibiting sculptures and painting from 12th century–15th century, among them the masterworks of Giovanni and Andrea Pisano, the Master of San Martino, Simone Martini, Nino Pisano and Masaccio.

Pisa hosts the University of Pisa, especially renowned in the fields of Physics, Mathematics, Engineering and Computer Science, the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and the Scuola Normale Superiore, the Italian academic élite institutions, mostly for research and the education of graduate students. Nicola Pisano (c. ... Giovanni Pisano (c. ... Sinopia is a reddish-brown ocher-like earth color pigment used in traditional oil painting. ... Underdrawing is the drawing done on a painting ground before paint is applied, for example, an imprimatura or an underpainting. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Giovanni Pisano (c. ... Andrea Pisano (c. ... Petrachs Virgil (title page) (c. ... Euclid, panel from Giottos Bell Tower, now in the Museo dellOpera del Duomo of Florence. ... Masaccio (born Tommaso Cassai or in some accounts Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone; December 21, 1401 – autumn 1428), was the first great painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. ... The University of Pisa (Italian Università di Pisa) is one of the most renowned Italian universities. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge of design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, also known in Italian language as Scuola Normale (English: Normal High School College of Pisa or Normal School), is with no doubt the most elitary college in the whole Italian universities world. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Construction of a new leaning tower of glass and steel 57 meters tall, containing offices and apartments was scheduled to start in summer 2004 and take 4 years. It was designed by Dante Oscar Benini and raised criticism. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notable people associated with Pisa

For people born in Pisa, see People from the Province of Pisa; among notable non-natives long resident in the city:

• Enrico Fermi and Carlo Rubbia, physicists & Nobel prize winners
• Galileo Galilei, physicist
• Antonio Pacinotti, physicist, inventor of the dynamo
• Bruno Pontecorvo, physicist
• Leonardo Fibonacci, mathematician.
• Giosuè Carducci, poet & Nobel prize winner
• Antonio Tabucchi, writer
• Orazio Gentileschi, painter.
• Leo Ortolani, comic writer.
• Gillo Pontecorvo, filmmaker
• Andrea Bocelli, one of the most famous Italian singers in the world.
• Titta Ruffo, maybe the greatest baritone.
• Jason Acuña, appears in Jackass.
• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and Giovanni Gronchi, politicians, former Presidents of the Republic of Italy
• Giuliano Amato, politician, former Premier and current Minister of Interior Affairs
• Giovanni Gentile, philosopher & politician
• Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, noble.

Fermi redirects here. ... Carlo Rubbia (born March 31, 1934) is an Italian physicist. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Antonio Pacinotti (Pisa, June 7, 1841 - Pisa, May 22, 1912) was a Professor of Physics at the University of Pisa. ... Dynamo, or Dinamo, may refer to: Dynamo, an electrical generator Dynamo (sports society) of the Soviet Union Operation Dynamo, the 1940 mass evacuation at Dunkirk Dynamo, the rock band based in Belfast Dynamo theory, a theory relating to magnetic fields of celestial bodies Dynamo Open Air, annual heavy metal music... Bruno Pontecorvo Bruno Pontecorvo (Pisa, Italy 1913 - Dubna, Russia 1993) was an Italian atomic physicist, early assistant of Enrico Fermi then author of numerous studies in high energy physics, especially on neutrinos. ... For the number sequence, see Fibonacci number. ... Giosuè Carducci. ... Antonio Tabucchi, born in Pisa on September 23, 1943, is an Italian writer and academic. ... Orazio Gentileschi was an Italian painter. ... Leonardo Ortolani, better konown as Leo, is an Italian comics author, creator of the popular comic strip series Rat-Man and Venerdì 12. ... Gillo Pontecorvo (November 19, 1919 — October 12, 2006) was an Italian filmmaker, best known for La battaglia di Algeri (The Battle of Algiers), but directed several movies before its release in 1966, such as the drama Kapò (1960), which takes place in a World War II concentration camp. ... Andrea Bocelli (born 22 September 1958) is an Italian singer. ... Titta Ruffo, Italian opera singer (Pisa, June 9, 1877 - Florence, July 5, 1953), was generally regarded as the greatest Italian baritone of his generation - or any generation since. ... Jason Bryant Acuña (born May 16, 1973 in Pisa, Italy[1]), better known as Wee-Man, is one of the stars of Jackass on MTV and the host of NESNs skateboarding show 54321. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 9 December 1920 in Livorno) is an Italian politician and banker who has been both Prime Minister of Italy and President of the Italian Republic. ... Giovanni Gronchi (September 10, 1887–October 17, 1978) was an Italian politician who became the second President of the Italian Republic in 1955, after Luigi Einaudi. ... Giuliano Amato (born May 13, 1938) is an Italian politician. ... Giovanni Gentile (IPA:) (May 30, 1875 - April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. ... The Pisan Cannibal Count Ugolino Gherardesca was a historical personage best known from Dantes fictional depiction of him in Inferno. ...

Transportation

Airport

Pisa is home to the Galileo Galilei Airport. The centre can be reached in 10 minutes by city bus — the bus line L.A.M. Rossa (Linea ad Alta Mobilità) connects the airport, the central train station and Piazza dei Miracoli. Otherwise the centre can be reached in 5 minutes by train. Galileo Galilei International Airport (IATA: PSA, ICAO: LIRP) is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. ...

Buses

Local bus service in Pisa is managed by Compagnia Pisana Trasporti (CPT). Intercity buses depart from the main bus station in Piazza Sant'Antonio.

Terravision operates an express coach service from Pisa Airport to Florence's Santa Maria Novella train station.

Trains

The city is served by three train stations: Pisa Centrale, Pisa Aeroporto and Pisa San Rossore.

Pisa Centrale is the main train station and is located along the Tyrrhenic railway line. It connects directly Pisa with several other important Italian cities such as Rome, Genoa, Turin, Naples, Livorno, Grosseto, and Florence. For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Livorno (archaic English: ) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ... Grosseto is a town and comune in the central Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of the Province of Grosseto. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ...

Pisa San Rossore links the city with Lucca (25 minutes from Pisa) and Pistoia, and is also reachable from Pisa Centrale. It is a minor railway station located near the Leaning Tower zone.

Pisa Aeroporto connects the airport to the central train station, as well as the city of Florence. It is located next to the Galileo Galilei International Airport. Galileo Galilei International Airport (IATA: PSA, ICAO: LIRP) is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. ...

Automobile

Pisa has two exits on the A11 Genova-Livorno highway, Pisa Nord and Pisa Centro-aeroporto.

Pisa Centro leads visitors to the city centre.

Sports

Football is the main sport in Pisa; the local team, Pisa Calcio, currently plays in the Italian Serie B (second-highest division), and has had a top flight history throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, featuring several world class players such as Diego Simeone and Dunga during this time. Soccer redirects here. ... Pisa Calcio is an Italian football club, based in Pisa, Tuscany. ... Serie B is the name of the second highest football league in Italy. ... Diego Pablo Simeone (born April 28, 1970 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football midfielder, he is the most capped player ever for Argentina. ... Dunga (born Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri on October 31, 1963 in Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul) is a Brazilian former football defensive midfielder, of Italian and German descent, and a World Champion for Brazil in the 1994 World Cup. ...

Twin cities

• Kolding, Denmark
• Angers, France
• Acre, Israel
• Niles, United States
• Coral Gables, United States
• Unna, Germany
• Corumbá, Brazil
• Cagliari, Italy

Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... Evangelical Lutheran church in Kolding Kolding is a Danish seaport located at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (Region of Southern Denmark). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Maison dAdam, House of Adam, the oldest house of Angers. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... For other uses, see Akko (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Niles is a village located in Cook County, Illinois. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Coral Gables is a city located in Miami-Dade County, Florida, southwest of Miami. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Unna is a town which is the seat of the Unna district. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Nickname: Location in Brazil Coordinates: , Country Brazil Region Center-West State Mato Grosso do Sul Founded 1778 Government  - Mayor Ruiter Cunha de Oliveira (Workers Party) Area  - City 65,000 km²  (25,096. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Carales redirects here. ...

Sources

• Renouard, Yves (1969). Les Villes d'Italie de la fin du Xe siècle au début du XIVe siècle. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Pisa

• Wikitravel: Guide to Pisa
• Official site, including webcams
• Università di Pisa
• Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna — School of Advanced Studies St.Anna, Pisa
• Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa
• Free pictures Pisa
• Pisan residents Shelley and Byron, The Romantic Movement

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