Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius (61/63 - ca. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, a remarkable writer, an author, and natural philosopher of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th, 79 AD. This article is about the year 61. ... [edit] Events [edit] By place [edit] Roman Empire Vespasian becomes governor of Africa Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia, he invaded Armenia and defeated Tiridates II, who accepted Roman sovereignty, Parthia withdrew from the war. ... Events Trajan starts an expedition against Armenia. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... For other uses, see Author (disambiguation). ... Natural philosophy is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe before the development of modern science. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... Mount Vesuvius (Italian: Monte Vesuvio) is a volcano east of Naples, Italy, located at 40°49′N 14°26′ E. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland, although it is not currently erupting. ...

Background

City and Lago of Como, painted by Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, 1834.

Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. No contemporary depiction of Pliny has survived.

Born in Como, northern Italy, the son either of a Lucius Caecilius or a landowner named Gaius Caecilius (born in Como ca. 30 AD, son of Gaius Caecilius, born in Como ca. 1 AD) and his wife Plinia Marcella (born in Verona), Pliny the Younger was also a maternal nephew of Pliny the Elder. It seems, however, since Gaius Caecilius was the name of his mother's grandfather, that his father was Lucius Caecilius, perhaps the Lucius Caecilius born ca. 15 BC who was a great-grandson of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio.^[1] He revered his uncle, Pliny the Elder, and provides pencil sketches of how his uncle worked on the Naturalis Historia. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1430, 256 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Como User:Rl/Images ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1430, 256 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Como User:Rl/Images ... Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (portrait by Nadar) Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (July 26, 1796 – February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter. ... Pliny the Elder from [1] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see Como (disambiguation). ... Northern Italy comprises of two areas belonging to NUTS level 1: North-West (Nord-Ovest): Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria North-East (Nord-Est): Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Aosta Valley are regions with a... Events The Sermon on the Mount (according to proponents of the 33 theory) April 7 - Crucifixion of Jesus (suggested date, but it is also suggested that he died on April 3, AD 33) Births Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian Deaths April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus... (Redirected from 1 AD) For other uses, see One (disambiguation), for the number, see Number 1. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Vienna becomes a frontier city guarding the Roman Empire against the German tribes to the north. ... Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ...

Pliny's father died at an early age when his son was still young; as a result, Pliny probably lived with his mother. His guardian and preceptor in charge of his education is known to have been Lucius Verginius Rufus, famed for quelling a revolt against Nero. After being first tutored at home, Pliny later travelled to Rome where he furthered his education and was taught rhetoric by the great teacher and author Quintilian and Nicetes Sacerdos of Smyrna. It was at this time that Pliny became closer to his uncle Pliny the Elder, and when the elder Pliny died during the Vesuvian eruption, the terms of the will passed the estate to the younger Pliny. In the same document he was adopted by his uncle, changing his name from Gaius Plinius Caecilius to Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, a common practice in Roman culture. Lucius Verginius Rufus was a Roman commander of upper Germany during the late 1st century. ... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral, visual, or written language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. ... Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. ... Mount Vesuvius (Italian: Monte Vesuvio) is a volcano east of Naples, Italy, located at 40°49′N 14°26′ E. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland, although it is not currently erupting. ... For other uses, see Adoption (disambiguation). ...

Pliny was considered an honest and moderate man and rose through a series of Imperial civil and military offices, the cursus honorum (see below). He was a friend of the historian Tacitus and employed the biographer Suetonius in his staff. Pliny also came into contact with many other well-known men of the period, including the philosophers Artemidorus and Euphrates during his time in Syria. Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The cursus honorum (Latin: course of honours) was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus ( 69/75 - after 130), also known as Suetonius, was a prominent Roman historian and biographer. ... Artemidorus Daldianus or Ephesius was a professional diviner and author known for an extant five-volume Greek work Oneirocritica, (English: The Interpretation of Dreams). ...

He married three times, firstly when he was very young, about eighteen, to a stepdaughter of Veccius Proculus, of whom he became a widower at age 37, secondly to the daughter of Pompeia Celerina, at an unknown date and thirdly to Calpurnia, daughter of Calpurnius and granddaughter of Calpurnus Fabatus of Comum. Letters survive in which Pliny records this latter marriage taking place, as well as his attachment to Calpurnia and his sadness when they were unable to have children. For other uses, see Como (disambiguation). ...

Pliny is thought to have died suddenly during his appointment in Bithynia-Pontus, around 112 AD, since no events referred to in his letters date later than that. Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... 112 is also the standard emergency phone number in the European Union, analog to 911 in the US. Events Imp. ...

Career

Pliny's career began at the age of eighteen and followed a normal route through the cursus honorum (see Career summary below). Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The cursus honorum (Latin: course of honours) was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. ...

Pliny was active in the Roman legal system, especially in the sphere of the Roman centumviral court, which dealt with inheritance cases. Later, he was well-known for prosecuting (and defending) at the trials of a series of provincial governors, including Baebius Massa, governor of Baetica, Marius Priscus, the governor of Africa, Gaius Caecilius Classicus, governor of Baetica and most ironically in light of his later appointment to this province, Gaius Julius Bassus and Varenus Rufus, both governors of Bithynia-Pontus. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with centumviri. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 AD In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 AD In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ...

Pliny's career is commonly considered as a summary of the main Roman public charges and is the best-documented example from this period, offering proof for many aspects of imperial culture. Effectively, Pliny crossed all the principal fields of the organization of the early Roman Empire. It is no mean achievement for a man to have not only survived the reigns of several disparate emperors, especially the much-detested Domitian, but also to have risen in rank throughout. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ...

Career summary

Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Events Domitian succeeds his brother Titus Flavius as emperor of the Roman Empire. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with centumviri. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Events Domitian succeeds his brother Titus Flavius as emperor of the Roman Empire. ... Legio III Gallica was a Roman legion levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s - 130s 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Note: Sometimes 80s is used as shorthand for the 1980s, the 1880s, or other such decades in different centuries. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s - 130s 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Note: Sometimes 80s is used as shorthand for the 1980s, the 1880s, or other such decades in different centuries. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Events Pope Clement I succeeded Pope Anacletus I Han Hedi succeeded Han Zhangdi as emperor of... This article is about the year 89. ... Quaestores were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. ... An emperorrefers to Nick Herringshaw, a title, empress may only indicate the wife of an emperor (empress consort. ... Pliny the Younger was named a tribunus plebis. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by 2-3 elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ... Note: Sometimes the 93 is used as shorthand for the 1993. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected... For other uses, see number 94. ... For other uses, see number 96. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... Events Roman emperor Nerva succeeded by Trajan Tacitus finished his Germania (approximate date) Births Deaths January 27: Nerva, Roman emperor Apollonius of Tyana, Greek/Roman philosopher and mathematician (b. ... Pliny the Younger advances to consulship. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... Pliny the Younger advances to consulship. ... This article is about the Roman rank. ... For other uses, see number 103. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... For other uses, see number 103. ... Events Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augurs (103-104). ... The Augur was a priest or official in ancient Rome. ... Events Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augurs (103-104). ... For other uses, see number 106. ... Tiber River in Rome. ... Events Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augurs (103-104). ... For other uses, see number 107. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... For other uses, see number 110. ... An emperorrefers to Nick Herringshaw, a title, empress may only indicate the wife of an emperor (empress consort. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ...

Writings

As a literateur, Pliny started writing at the age of fourteen, penning a tragedy in Greek.^{[citation needed]} In the course of his life he wrote a quantity of poetry, most of which was lost despite the great affection he had for it. Also known as a notable orator, he professed himself a follower of Cicero, but his prose was certainly more magniloquent and less direct than Cicero's. The only oration that now survives is the Panegyricus Trajani. This was pronounced in the Senate in 100 and is a description of Trajan's figure and actions in an adulatory and emphatic form, especially contrasting him with the Emperor Domitian. It is, however, a relevant document that allows us to know many details about the Emperor's actions in several fields of his administrative power such as taxes, justice, military discipline, and commerce. Pliny defined it as an essay about the optimus princeps (the perfect ruler).^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Tragedy (disambiguation). ... This article is about the art form. ... Look up orator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... Pliny the Younger advances to consulship. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... For other uses, see Essay (disambiguation). ...

Epistulae

Eruption of Vesuvius. Painting by Norwegian painter I.C. Dahl (1826)

However, the largest body of Pliny's work which survives is his Letters (Epistulae), a series of personal missives directed to his friends and associates. These letters are a unique testimony of Roman administrative history and everyday life in the 1st century. The style is very different from that in the Panegyricus and some commentators affirm that Pliny was the initiator of a new particular genre: the letter written for publication.^{[citation needed]} This genre offers a different type of record than the more usual history; one which dispenses with objectivity but is no less valuable for it. Especially noteworthy among the letters are two in which he describes the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in August of AD 79 during which his uncle Pliny the Elder died (6.16; 6.20), and one in which he asks the Emperor for instructions regarding official policy concerning Christians (10.96). Pliny's attention to detail in the letters about Vesuvius is so keen that vulcanologists today describe that type of eruption as a Plinian.^{[citation needed]} In his letter he relates the first warning of the eruption: Image File history File links Dahl-Vesuvius. ... Image File history File links Dahl-Vesuvius. ... I.C. Dahl, Outbreak of the Vesuvius (1826), Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... HIStory – Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by American singer Michael Jackson released in June 1995 and remains Jacksons most conflicting and controversial release. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and related geological phenomena. ... Eruption of Vesuvius in 1822. ...

On the 24th of August, about one in the afternoon, my mother desired him to observe a cloud which appeared of a very unusual size and shape. He had just taken a turn in the sun and, after bathing himself in cold water, and making a light luncheon, gone back to his books: he immediately arose and went out upon a rising ground from whence he might get a better sight of this very uncommon appearance. A cloud, from which mountain was uncertain, at this distance (but it was found afterwards to come from Mount Vesuvius), was ascending, the appearance of which I cannot give you a more exact description of than by likening it to that of a pine tree, for it shot up to a great height in the form of a very tall trunk, which spread itself out at the top into a sort of branches; occasioned, I imagine, either by a sudden gust of air that impelled it, the force of which decreased as it advanced upwards, or the cloud itself being pressed back again by its own weight, expanded in the manner I have mentioned; it appeared sometimes bright and sometimes dark and spotted, according as it was either more or less impregnated with earth and cinders. This phenomenon seemed to a man of such learning and research as my uncle extraordinary and worth further looking into.^{[citation needed]}

Naturalis Historia, 1669 edition.

Tacitus

The letters about Vesuvius were written to the historian Tacitus, a long-time friend of Pliny's. Other major literary figures of the late first century A. D. appear in the collection as friends of Pliny's, e. g., the poet Martial and the biographer Suetonius. But the most famous literary figure to appear in his letters is his uncle, Pliny the Elder. His nephew provides details of how his uncle worked tirelessly to finish his magnum opus, the Naturalis Historiae.^{[citation needed]} Since Pliny the Younger was heir to to his uncle's estate, he inherited his uncle's large library, and benefited by the acquisition. Front page of Plinys Naturalis Historia from [1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Front page of Plinys Naturalis Historia from [1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... Tacitus Source: [1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Tacitus Source: [1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... Marcus Valerius Martialis, known in English as Martial, was a Latin poet from Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. ... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus ( 69/75 - after 130), also known as Suetonius, was a prominent Roman historian and biographer. ... Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum, plural magna opera), from the Latin meaning great work,[1] refers to the best, most popular, or most renowned achievement of an author, artist, or composer, and most commonly one who has contributed a very large amount of material. ... Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ...

The Epistulae are usually treated as two halves: those in Books 1 to 9, which Pliny prepared for publication, and those in Book 10, all of which were written to or by the Emperor Trajan during Pliny's governorship of Bithynia-Pontus. This final book was, significantly, not intended for publication. This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ...

Books 1-9

Reconstruction of the roman garden of the House of the Vettii in Pompeii

As already mentioned above, highlights of these books include Pliny's description of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and the death of his uncle and mentor, Pliny the Elder. The first letter (1.1), directed to Gaius Septicius Clarus, is also notable for giving Pliny's reasons for collecting his letters. Those which give details of Pliny's life at his country villas are important documents in the history of garden design. They are the world's oldest sources of the information on how gardens were used in the ancient world and the considerations which went into their design. In Pompeii one of the most famous of the luxurious residences is the so-called House of the Vettii, preserved, like the rest of the Roman city, by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE. The house is named for its owners, two successful freedmen: Aulus Vettius Conviva and Aulus... For other uses, see Pompeii (disambiguation). ... A Roman villa is a villa that was built or lived in during the Roman Empire. ... See also subsistence gardening, the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individual agriculture. ...

The content of this section of the letters evolves over time. Pliny's career as a young man is very fully described in the earlier letters, which include tributes to notable figures such as Marcus Valerius Martialis, Pliny's protege (3.21). Advice is offered to friends, references are given, political support is discussed and Pliny comments on many other aspects of Roman life, using established literary style. However, by the last two books the subject matter is more contemplative. Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist, was born in one of the years AD 38–41, for, in book x. ... Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral, visual, or written language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. ...

Chronologically, it is suggested that Books 1 to 3 were written between 97 and 102, Books 4 to 7 were composed between 103 and 107 and Books 8 and 9 cover 108 and 109. These books were probably intermittently published between 99 and 109.^{[citation needed]} Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Events Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I Tacitus advanced to consulship. ... For other uses, see number 102. ... For other uses, see number 103. ... For other uses, see number 107. ... For other uses, see number 108. ... Events Tacitus completes The Annales of Imperial Rome. ... For other uses, see number 99. ... Events Tacitus completes The Annales of Imperial Rome. ...

Book 10

The emperor Trajan

As already mentioned, the letters of Book 10 are addressed to or from the Emperor Trajan in their entirety, and it is generally assumed that we have received them verbatim. As such, they offer a unique insight into the administrative functions of a Roman province of the time, as well as the machinations of the Roman system of patronage and wider cultural mores of Rome itself. In addition, the corruption and apathy which occurred at various levels of the provinicial system can be seen clearly. Of especial significance is X.96, which is the earliest external account of Christian worship and reasons for the execution of Christians. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 417 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1683 × 2420 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 417 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1683 × 2420 pixel, file size: 1. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... Execution is a synonym for the actioning of something, of putting something into effect. ...

The letter regarding Christians deserves mention because its contents were, in the view of many historians, to become the standard policy toward Christians for the rest of the pagan era. Taken together, Pliny's letter and Trajan's response constituted a fairly loose policy toward Christians. Christians were not to be sought out, but executed if brought before a magistrate by a reputable means of accusation (no anonymous charges were permitted) and they were to be given the opportunity to recant. While some persecutions represent a departure from this policy, many historians have concluded that these precedents were nominal for the Empire across time.^{[citation needed]}

Fortunately, Trajan's replies to Pliny's queries and requests were also collected for publication, making the anthology even more valuable. The letters thus allow us a wonderful glimpse of the personalities of both Pliny and Trajan. This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ...

Stylistically, Book 10 is much simpler than its precursors because it was not intended for publication by Pliny. It is generally assumed that this book was published after Pliny's death, and Suetonius, as a member of Pliny's staff, has been suggested as one possible editor.^{[citation needed]}

Manuscripts

In France Giovanni Giocondo discovered a manuscript of Pliny the Younger's letters containing his correspondence with Trajan. He published it in Paris dedicating the work to Louis XII. Two Italian editions of Pliny's Epistles were published by Giocondo, one printed in Bologna in 1498 and one from the press of Aldus Manutius in 1508. Fra Giovanni Giocondo (c. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Louis XII Louis XII the Father of the People (French: Louis XII le Père du Peuple) (June 27, 1462 - January 1, 1515) was King of France from 1498-January 1, 1515. ... For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ... Aldus Manutius (1449/50 - February 6, 1515), the Latin form of Aldo Manuzio (born Teobaldo Mannucci) was the founder of the Aldine Press. ...

See also

• Herculaneum
• Misenum
• Pompeii
• Stabiae

Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) is an ancient Roman town, located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. ... Misemen is the site of an ancient port in Campania, in southern Italy. ... For other uses, see Pompeii (disambiguation). ... The city of Stabiae was at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, and therefore was one of the communities damaged by its eruption in 79 AD. Some few people got away from the initial lava, and told others of the coming erruption, but succumbed to the ash as it started to...

References

1. ^ Manuel Dejante Pinto de Magalhães Arnao Metello and João Carlos Metello de Nápoles, "Metellos de Portugal, Brasil e Roma", Torres Novas, 1998

Bibliography

• [1949] (2003) in Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth (eds.): Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1198. ISBN 0-19-860641-9. 
• Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus [1963] (1969). The Letters of the Younger Pliny, trans. Betty Radice, London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044127-1. 

The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) is the standard one-volume encyclopedia in English of topics relating to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... It has been suggested that Penguin Modern Poets, Penguin Great Ideas be merged into this article or section. ...

Further reading

• Albert A. Bell, Jr., "A Note on Revision and Authenticity in Pliny's Letters," American Journal of Philology 1989, pp. 460-466.

• Albert A. Bell, Jr., "Pliny the Younger: The Kinder, Gentler Roman," Classical Bulletin 1990, pp. 37-41.

• Albert A. Bell, Jr., All Roads Lead to Murder: A Case from the Notebooks of Pliny the Younger. Ingalls Publishing Group, 2002. A novel featuring Pliny and Tacitus as sleuths.

• Manuel Dejante Pinto de Magalhães Arnao Metello and João Carlos Metello de Nápoles, "Metellos de Portugal, Brasil e Roma", Torres Novas, 1998.

• E. S. Dobson, "Pliny the Younger's Depiction of Women," Classical Bulletin 1982, pp. 81-85.

• Betty Radice, "Pliny and the Panegyricus," Greece & Rome 1968, 166-172.

• A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Social and Historical Commentary, Oxford, 1966.

• A. N. Sherwin-White, "Pliny, the Man and his Letters," Greece & Rome 1969, pp. 76-89.

• Ronald Syme, "People in Pliny," Journal of Roman Studies 1968, pp. 135-151.

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Pliny the Younger

• Works by Pliny the Younger at Project Gutenberg
• The younger Pliny's works at the Latin Library (Latin)
• Livius.org: Pliny the Younger