Politics of Mongolia
Politics of Mongolia Political parties in Mongolia Elections in Mongolia Large flag of Mongolia Image originally derived from the public domain flags of the CIA World Factbook. ... Political parties in Mongolia lists political parties in Mongolia. ... Politics of Mongolia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Mongolia ...

Until 1990, the Mongolian Government was modeled on the Soviet system; only the communist party--the MPRP--officially was permitted to function. After some instability during the first two decades of communist rule in Mongolia, there was no significant popular unrest until December 1989. Collectivization of animal husbandry, introduction of agriculture, and the extension of fixed abodes were all carried out without perceptible popular opposition. Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgatt Nam, Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам) is a political party in Mongolia. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ...

The birth of perestroika in the former Soviet Union and the democracy movement in eastern Europe were mirrored in Mongolia. The dramatic shift toward reform started in early 1990 when the first organized opposition group, the Mongolian Democratic Union, appeared. In the face of extended street protests in subzero weather and popular demands for faster reform, the politburo of the MPRP resigned in March 1990. In May, the constitution was amended, deleting reference to the MPRP's role as the guiding force in the country, legalizing opposition parties, creating a standing legislative body, and establishing the office of president. Perestroika   listen? (Перестро́йка) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... The Mongolian Democratic Union was a coalition of political parties in Mongolia. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ...

Mongolia's first multi-party elections for a People's Great Hural were held on 29 July 1990. The MPRP won 85% of the seats. The People's Great Hural first met on 3 September and elected a president (MPRP), vice president (SDP--Social Democrats), prime minister (MPRP), and 50 members to the Baga Hural (small Hural). The vice president also was chairman of the Baga Hural. In November 1991, the People's Great Hural began discussion on a new constitution, which entered into force February 12. In addition to establishing Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural (SGH). July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The State Great Hural is the legislature of Mongolia. ...

The 1992 constitution provided that the president would be elected by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before. In June 1993, incumbent Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat won the first popular presidential election running as the candidate of the democratic opposition. Punsalmaagin Ochirbat (Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat) (born 1942) was a Mongolian Communist political figure. ...

As the supreme government organ, the SGH is empowered to enact and amend laws, determine domestic and foreign policy, ratify international agreements, and declare a state of emergency. The SGH meets semiannually. SGH members elect a chairman and vice chairman who serve 4-year terms. SGH members are popularly elected by district for 4-year terms.

The president is the head of state, commander in chief of the armed forces, and head of the national security council. He is popularly elected by a national majority for a 4-year term and limited to two terms. The constitution empowers the president to propose a prime minister, call for the government's dissolution, initiate legislation, veto all or parts of legislation (the SGH can override the veto with a two-thirds majority), and issue decrees, which become effective with the prime minister's signature. In the absence, incapacity, or resignation of the president, the SGH chairman exercises presidential power until inauguration of a newly elected president.

The government, headed by the prime minister, has a 4-year term. The prime minister is nominated by the president and confirmed by the SGH. The prime minister chooses a cabinet, subject to SGH approval. Dissolution of the government occurs upon the prime minister's resignation, simultaneous resignation of half the cabinet, or after an SGH vote for dissolution.

Local hurals are elected by the 18 aimags (provinces) plus the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and cities of Darhan and Erdenet. On the next lower administrative level, they are elected by provincial subdivisions and urban subdistricts in Ulaanbaatar and the municipalities, Darhan and Erdenet. Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар) or Ulan Bator is the capital of Mongolia. ... Darhan (Дархан) is the third-largest city in Mongolia. ... Erdenet (Эpдэнэт) is the third-largest city in Mongolia. ...

Legal System

The new constitution empowered a General Council of Courts (GCC) to select all judges and protect their rights. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body. Justices are nominated by the GCC and confirmed by the SGH and president. The court is constitutionally empowered to examine all lower court decisions--excluding specialized court rulings--upon appeal and provide official interpretations on all laws except the constitution.

Specialized civil, criminal, and administrative courts exist at all levels and are not subject to Supreme Court supervision. Local authorities--district and city governors--ensure that these courts abide by presidential decrees and SGH decisions. At the apex of the judicial system is the Constitutional Court, which consists of nine members, including a chairman, appointed for 6-year terms, whose jurisdiction extends solely over the interpretation of the constitution. A Constitutional Court is a high court found in many countries which deals primary with constitutional law. ...

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia

Data code: MG

Government type: republic

Capital: Ulaanbaatar

Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China) March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921) July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ...

Constitution: 12 February 1992 February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary and presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nambyrn Enhkbayar (since 28 June 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj (since 30 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president
elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 18 May 2001 (next to be held summer 2009); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held July 2004 2004.
election results for 1996: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI elected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn Bagabandi (MPRP) 60.8%, Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat (MNDP and MSDP) 29.8%, Jambyn Gombojav 6.6%; Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural in 2004. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... Elbegdorj Tsakhia (Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж) (born March 30, 1963 in Zereg, Hovd province, Mongolia) is the Prime Minister of Mongolia. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: July 2004 in sports Deaths in July • 31 David B. Haight • 29 Francis Crick • 29 Nafisa Joseph • 23 Joe Cahill • 23 Mehmood • 23 Illinois Jacquet • 23 Carlos Paredes • 22 Sacha Distel • 21 Jerry Goldsmith • 21... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Natsagiyn Bagabandi Natsagiyn Bagabandi (Mongolian: Нацагийн Багабанди) (born April 22, 1950) was the president of Mongolia, and a member of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party. ... Punsalmaagin Ochirbat (Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat) (born 1942) was a Mongolian Communist political figure. ... Elbegdorj Tsakhia (Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж) (born March 30, 1963 in Zereg, Hovd province, Mongolia) is the Prime Minister of Mongolia. ...

Legislative branch: unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held July 2004 (next to be held NA June 2008)
election results for 1996: percent of vote by party - DUC 66%, MPRP 33%, MCP 1%; seats by party - DUC 50 (MNDP 34, MSDP 13, independents 3), MPRP 25, MCP 1 Results for 2000 and 2004 to be added. The MPRP and a coalition of opposition parties currently rule in a national unity coalition after they both got the same number of seats in 2004. In July 2005 the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) announced a unilateral end to the Grand Coalition Government, and that it was assuming the full power of government. After a series of negotiations, the MPRP elected to allow the government of Prime Minister Ts. Elbegdorj to remain in power until August 2006, when Deputy Prime Minister Ulaan is schedule to take the Prime Ministership for the remaining two years of the term. Judicial branch: Supreme Court, serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts, judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the State Great Hural July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political parties and leaders:

• Democratic Union Coalition or DUC (includes the MNDP and the MSDP)
• Civil-Will Party S. OYUN
• Independence Party [leader NA]
• Mongolian Conservative Party or MCP [JARGALSAIHAN]
• Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT, chairman]
• Mongolian Democratic Renaissance Party or MDRP [BYAMBASUREN, chairman]
• Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [R. AMARJARGAL, chairman, B. DELGERMAA, general secretary]
• Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [N. ENKHBAYAR, chairman, L. ENEBISH, general secretary]
• Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
• Mongolian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ, chairman *N. ALTANKHUYAG, general secretary]
• Mongolian United Heritage Party or UHP [B. JAMTSAI] (includes the United Party of Herdsman and Farmers, Independence Party, Traditional United Conservative Party, and Mongolian United Private Property Owners Party)
• Mongolian United Private Property Owners Party [leader NA])
• United Party of Herdsman and Farmers [leader NA]
• Traditional United Conservative Party [leader NA]
• Workers' Party [leader NA]

See also

• Foreign relations of Mongolia
• Flag of Mongolia