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Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state, or international authority, forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, most frequently on the basis of their ethnicity or religion. By contrast, individuals and smaller groups may be banished or exiled for their political sympathies or for other reasons. See Exile (disambiguation) for other meanings. ...
EXILE is a 6-member Japanese pop music band. ...
Often, the affected population would be transferred to a region not adjacent or even suited to their way of life, the transfer would be forced, and would cause them substantial harm.
When two populations are transferred in opposite directions at about the same time, the process has been called a population exchange. Such exchanges have taken place several times in the 20th century, e.g. as part of agreements between post-Ottoman Turkey and Greece, and during the partition of India and Pakistan. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
Issues arising from population transfer
According to political scientist Norman Finkelstein transfer was considered as an almost humanist solution to the problems of ethnic conflict, up until around World War II and even a little afterward, in certain cases. Transfer was considered a drastic but 'often necessary' means to end an ethnic conflict or ethnic civil war [1]. The feasibility of population transfer was hugely increased by the creation of railroad networks from the mid-19th century. Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is a professor of political science and controversial American author. ...
Humanism is a system of thought that defines a socio-political doctrine (-ism) whose bounds exceed those of locally developed cultures, to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead...
This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ...
Population transfer differs more than simply technically from individually-motivated migration, though at times of war, the act of fleeing from danger or famine often blurs the differences. If a state can preserve the fiction that migrations are the result of innumerable "personal" decisions, then the state may be able to justify its stand that it has not been culpably involved. Jews who had actually signed over properties in Germany and Austria during Nazism found it nearly impossible to be reimbursed after World War II. Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, often over long distances or in large groups. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Changing legal opinions The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. Prior to World War II, a number of major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties and had the support of international bodies such as the League of Nations. The tide started to turn when the Charter of the Nuremberg Trials of German Nazi leaders declared forced deportation of civilian populations to be both a war crime and a crime against humanity, and this opinion was progressively adopted and extended through the remainder of the century. Underlying the change was the trend to assign rights to individuals, thereby limiting the rights of states to make agreements which adversely affect them. Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead...
The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ...
The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ...
There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers: Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law. (Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Spring 2001, p116). No legal distinction is made between one-way and two-transfers, since the rights of each individual are regarded as independent of the experience of others.
An interim report of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1993) says:
- Historical cases reflect a now-foregone belief that population transfer may serve as an option for resolving various types of conflict, within a country or between countries. The agreement of recognized States may provide one criterion for the authorization of the final terms of conflict resolution. However, the cardinal principle of "voluntariness" is seldom satisfied, regardless of the objective of the transfer. For the transfer to comply with human rights standards as developed, prospective transferees must have an option to remain in their homes if they prefer.
The same report warned of the difficulty of ensuring true voluntariness: some historical transfers did not call for forced or compulsory transfers, but included options for the affected populations. Nonetheless, the conditions attending the relevant treaties created strong moral, psychological and economic pressures to move.
The final report of the Sub-Commission (1997) invoked a large number of legal conventions and treaties to support the position that population transfers contravene international law unless they have the consent of both the moved population and the host population; moreover, that consent must be given free of direct or indirect negative pressure.
"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" is defined as a crime against humanity by the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court (Article 7). [1] The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has put on trial, and in some cases has convicted, a number of politicians and military commanders indicted for forced deportations in that region. A crime against humanity is a term in international law that refers to acts of murderous persecution against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...
Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ...
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), is a body of the United Nations (UN) established to...
Given the logistics of a forced "transfer," it is widely thought of as a euphemism for ethnic cleansing. In its most idealistic connotation, "transfer" is the mildest form of ethnic cleansing — a peaceful relocation of a compliant people from one area to another. Nationalist agitation and its supportive propaganda are typical political tools by which public support is cultivated in favor of population transfer as a solution to conflict. Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ...
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Cases of population transfer
United States: Native American relocations In the nineteenth century, the United States government removed a number of Native American nations to federally owned and designated Indian reservations. In the 1830's, the policy known as Indian Removal relocated many nations living east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in the west, a process that resulted in the "Trail of Tears" for the Cherokees. Resistance to Indian Removal led to several violent conflicts, including the Second Seminole War in Florida. Later in the century, the establishment of reservations for the Plains Indians led to numerous Indian Wars. An Aani (Atsina) named Assiniboin Boy. ...
In the United States, an Indian reservation is land which is managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interiors Bureau of Indian Affairs. ...
Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate American Indian (or Native American) tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ...
The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the longest river in the United States; the second-longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ...
Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Territory in 1891 Indian Country redirects here. ...
This monument at the New Echota Historic Site honors Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears. ...
For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ...
Osceola, Seminole leader, detail from an 1838 lithograph The Seminole Wars were three wars or conflicts in Florida between the Seminole Native American tribe and the United States. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Combatants Native Americans USA Indian Wars is the name used by historians in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the United States and Native American peoples (Indians) of North America. ...
Expulsion of Jews and Gypsies Expulsions of Jews and of Roma people have been a tool of state control for centuries. The most famous such event was the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain in 1492. See Jewish refugees, History of anti-Semitism, and [2] for more details. This article is becoming very long. ...
1492 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In the course of history, Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Anti-Semitism numerous times. ...
This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. ...
Also in 1609 and after more than a century of Catholic trials, segregation, and religious restrictions, the final transfer of 300,000 Muslim colonialists out of Spain. Most of the Spanish Muslims went to North Africa and to areas of Ottoman Empire control. [3] // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ...
France Two famous transfers connected with the history of France are the expulsion of the Muslims in the 13th century, and of the Huguenots who were declared illegal by the Edict of Fontainebleau, 1685. In both cases, the population was not forced out but rather declared illegal. The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the template to the right. ...
(12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists. ...
The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France. ...
Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ...
Other kinds of transfer A penal colony such as Georgia, Botany Bay or Devil's Island is a case-by-case transfer that may finally add up to a sizable population, but does not come under this heading. The movement of military POWs can be a case of transfer in cases where the numbers are large. (See forced march, Bataan Death March.) A Penal Colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than the prison farm. ...
For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ...
Devils Island (French ÃŽle du Diable) is the smallest island of the three ÃŽles du Salut located off the coast of French Guiana at . ...
The Bataan Death March (aka The Death March of Bataan) was a war crime involving the forcible transfer of prisoners of war, with wide-ranging abuse and high fatalities, by Japanese forces in the Philippines, in 1942, after the three-month Battle of Bataan, which was part of the Battle...
Ancient World In the ancient world, population transfer was the more humane alternative to putting all the males of a conquered territory to death and enslaving the women and children. The Babylonian captivity of the elite of Jerusalem on three occasions in the 6th century BCE was a population transfer. Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite) · Beta Israel Jewish populations Germany · France · Latin America Britain · Famous Jews by country Jewish languages Hebrew: (Biblical / Modern...
(7th century BC - 6th century BCE - 5th century BCE - other centuries) (600s BCE - 590s BCE - 580s BCE - 570s BCE - 560s BCE - 550s BCE - 540s BCE - 530s BCE - 520s BCE - 510s BCE - 500s BCE - other decades) (2nd millennium BCE - 1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium) The 5th and 6th centuries BCE were...
Ottoman Empire
Balkan population exchanges, 1913 After the exchanges in the Balkans, forced population transfer was used by the Great Powers and later the League of Nations as a mechanism for increasing homogeneity in post-Ottoman Balkan states. A Norwegian diplomat working with the League of Nations as a High Commissioner for refugees beginning 1919, proposed the idea of a forced population transfer modeled on the earlier post Balkan-war Greek-Bulgarian mandatory population transfer of Greeks in Bulgaria to Greece, and Bulgarians in Greece to Bulgaria. The outcome as of April 1913 Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912-1913) Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York (The map does not reflect the results of the 1923...
The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ...
The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ...
The Armenian population The event known as the Armenian Genocide involved large scale one way population transfer, thus it must be mentioned here, but it involved and culminated in ethnic cleansing and Genocide. For more information see Armenian Genocide. Armenian Genocide photo. ...
Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ...
Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Armenian Genocide photo. ...
The Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was deported and transferred in the years from 1915-1919. It was organised by the Young Turk Ottoman government and officially codenamed "tehcir" (meaning immigration or emigration, but it was translated into English as deportation or banishment- effectively what "tehcir" was in this context). These deportations led to the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians, many of whom were deported to the Syrian deserts in inhumane death marches with atrocious conditions. Consequently the Transfer of the Armenian population and associated events are considered Genocide. Thus the "population transfer" was not the actual goal of the deportations (this was the elimination of the Armenians), but it was the means of achieving this goal.
Republic of Turkey
Greece and Turkey: population exchanges, 1923 -
The League of Nations moving the defined those to be mutually expelled as the "Muslim inhabitants of Greece" to Turkey and moving "the Greek inhabitants of Turkey" to Greece. The plan met with fierce opposition in both countries and was condemned vigorously by a large number of countries. Undeterred, Nansen worked with both Greece and Turkey to gain their acceptance of the proposed population exchange. About 1.5 million Greeks and half a million Muslims were moved from one side of the international border to the other. Cartoon depicting a Turk and a Greek arguing over the exchange. ...
Population transfer prevented further attacks on minorities in the respective states while Nansen was awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace. As a result of the transfers, the Muslim minority in Greece and the Greek minority in Turkey were much reduced. Cyprus was not included in the Greco-Turkish population transfer of 1923 because it was under direct British control.
Central Europe After the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact divided Poland during World War II, Germans deported Poles and Jews from Polish territories annexed by Nazi Germany, while the Soviet Union deported Germans and Poles from areas of Eastern Poland, Kresy. Later on Jews were transferred by Nazis to ghettoes and eventually to death camps. Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead...
After long discussion, Germany decided to re-annex not only all the German lands it was forced to surrender to Poland in 1919–1922, under the Treaty of Versailles (including the Polish Corridor, West Prussia, the Province of Posen and Upper Silesia), but also other territories. ...
The name Kresy (Polish for borderlands, or more correctly Kresy Wschodnie, Eastern Borderlands) is used by Poles, mostly in historical context, to refer to the eastern part of Poland before the II World War. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ...
A death camp is either a concentration camp, the important (though not necessarily single) function of which is to facilitate mass murder of the people deported into such a camp (such as the Nazis Auschwitz and Majdanek, which acquired their murderous functions only some time after they had been...
After World War II, when the Curzon line was implemented, members of all ethnic groups were transferred to their respective new territories (Poles to Poland, Ukrainians to Ukraine). The same applied to the Oder-Neisse line, where German citizens were transferred to Germany. Germans were expelled from areas annexed by the Soviet Union as well as territories such as the so-called Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ...
The Oder-Neisse line (German: , Polish: ) is the border between Germany and Poland. ...
The German exodus from Eastern Europe refers to the exodus of the German populations to the east of Germanys and Austrias post-World War II borders. ...
Map of the Sudetenland Gau. ...
Soviet Union - Main article: Population transfer in the Soviet Union.
Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. Over 1.5 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet rule and collaboration with the invading Germans were cited as the main official reasons for the deportations, although an ambition to ethnically cleanse the regions may have also been a factor. After the WWII, the population of East Prussia was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by Russians. Not by Their Own Will. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead...
Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Siberia (Russian: , Sibir’; Tatar: Seber) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ...
Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead...
East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ...
South East Europe In September 1940 with the return of Southern Dobruja (the Cadrilater) by Romania to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova, 80,000 Romanians were compelled to move north of the border, while 65,000 Bulgarians living in Northern Dobruja moved into Bulgaria. Dobruja, or sometimes Dobrudja (Dobrogea in Romanian, Добруджа—transliterated Dobrudzha—in Bulgarian, Dobruca in Turkish), is the territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, including the Danube Delta, Romanian coast and the northernmost part of the Bulgarian coast. ...
Southern Dobruja (Dobrudzha in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Bulgaria comprising the two former administrative districts named for its two principal cities of Dobrich and Silistra. ...
The Treaty of Craiova was signed on September 7, 1940 between Romania and Bulgaria. ...
Dobruja, or sometimes Dobrudja (Dobrogea in Romanian, Добруджа—transliterated Dobrudzha—in Bulgarian, Dobruca in Turkish), is the territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, including the Danube Delta, Romanian coast and the northernmost part of the Bulgarian coast. ...
During the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, the breakup of Yugoslavia caused large population transfers, mostly involuntary. Because it was a conflict fueled by ethnic nationalism, people of minority ethnicity generally fled towards regions where their ethnicity was in a majority. The Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that took place between 1991 and 2001. ...
See also 1990s, the band The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, sometimes informally including popular culture from the very late 1980s and from 2000 and beyond. ...
It has been suggested that Democratic Federal Yugoslavia be merged into this article or section. ...
Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. ...
The phenomenon of "ethnic cleansing" was first seen in Croatia but soon spread to Bosnia. Since the Bosnian Muslims had no immediate refuge, they were arguably hardest hit by the ethnic violence. United Nations tried to create safe areas for Muslim populations of eastern Bosnia but in cases such as the Srebrenica massacre, the peacekeeping troops failed to protect the safe areas resulting in the massacre of thousands of Muslims. Motto: none Anthem: Intermeco Capital Sarajevo Largest city Sarajevo Official language(s) Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Government Republic - Presidency members Sulejman Tihić1 (Bosniak) Borislav Paravac (Serb) Ivo Miro Jović (Croat) - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan Terzić Independence From Yugoslavia - Recognized 6 April 1992 Area - Total 51,197 km...
The Bosniaks (Bosnian: Bošnjaci, IPA: ) are a South Slav people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sandžak region of Serbia and Montenegro, with a smaller autochthonous population also present in Kosovo. ...
Identified victims of Srebrenica Massacre Map of military operations during the Srebrenica massacre Srebrenica Genocide Memorial A Bosniak woman prays above a marble stone engraved with 8,370 names of Srebrenica massacre victims at the Srebrenica Genocide Memorial in Potocari near Srebrenica, July 6, 2006. ...
The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, fixating the borders between the two warring parties roughly to the ones established by the autumn of 1995. One immediate result of the population transfer following the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region. The Dayton Agreement or Dayton Accords is the name given to the agreement at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio to end the war in the former Yugoslavia that had gone on for the previous three years, in particular the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
See Washington Post Balkan Report for a summary of the conflict, and FAS analysis of former Yugoslavia for population ethnic distribution maps.
A massive and systematic deportation of Serbia's Albanians took place during the Kosovo War of 1999, with around 800,000 Albanians (out of a population of about 1.5 million) forced to flee Kosovo. This was quickly reversed at the war's end, but thousands of Serbs were in turn forced to flee into Serbia proper. Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
For other uses of the name Kosovo, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...
The term Serbia proper is often used in English to refer to the part of Serbia that lies outside the northern and southern autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. ...
A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia's former president Slobodan Milošević, have been put on trial by the United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for a variety of war crimes, including deportations and genocide. Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević (IPA Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић) (20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), is a body of the United Nations (UN) established to...
In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...
Caucasus In the Caucasian region of the former Soviet Union the phenomenon of population transfer along ethnic lines has affected many thousands of individuals in Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper; from Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Georgia proper; as well as from Chechnya and adjacent areas within Russia. The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...
Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ...
This page needs revision Abkhazia, Apsny, is an independent republic. ...
Official language Ossetian Capital Tskhinvali President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Igor Viktorovich Sanakoyev Area – Total – % water 3,900 km² n/a Population – Total – Density (2004) 70,000 (approx) 18/km² Independence – Declared – Recognition From Georgia – November 28, 1991 – none Currency Russian ruble, Georgian lari Time zone UTC +3 Detailed...
Capital Grozny Area - total - % water Ranked 80th - 15,300 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 49th - est. ...
South Asia When British India became independent after the Second World War its Muslim inhabitants formed their own state consisting of two non-contiguous territorial entities: East and West Pakistan. In order to facilitate the creation of new states along religious lines (as opposed to racial or linguistic lines) population exchanges between India and Pakistan were implemented, at the expense of significant human suffering in the process. More than 5 million Hindus moved from present-day Pakistan into present-day India, and more than 6 million Muslims moved in the other direction. A large number of people (more than a million by some estimates) died in the accompanying violence. The British Empire at its zenith in 1919. ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
Independent (as part of Pakistan) from British Empire - August 14, 1947 Separated from East Pakistan as Pakistan - March 26, 1971 Capital Karachi Language Urdu, English West Pakistan consisted of the western part of Pakistan from 1947 until 1971, when East Pakistan became Bangladesh and West Pakistan became the present-day...
Various religious symbols Religion is a system of social coherence based on a common group of beliefs or attitudes concerning an object, person, unseen being, or system of thought considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine or highest truth, and the moral codes, practices, values, institutions, and rituals associated with such...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
A language is a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures or written symbols, that encode or decode information. ...
Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ...
On the Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed 2000 Ilois islanders to make way for a military base. Despite court judgments in their favour, they have not been allowed to return from their exile in Mauritius, although there are signs that financial compensation along with an official apology is being considered by the British government. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...
Flag of the Ilois (Chagossian) people Ilois (also known as Chagossians) are a group of Creole-speaking people, mostly of Indian descent (along with populations from Madagascar, Mauritius, and Mozambique), who dwelled on the island of Diego Garcia and other parts of the Chagos Archipelago for a more than a...
Middle East As the focus of all three of the major Abrahamic religions — Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — which have frequently been mutually antagonistic, the Middle East has suffered periodic population transfers motivated by religious beliefs. map showing the prevalence of Abrahamic (purple) and Dharmic (yellow) religions in each country. ...
Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...
For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Kuwait expelled 500,000 Palestinian Arabs during the Gulf War because of their support for Saddam Hussein's invasion. Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam Hussein Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War (1990–1991) (also called the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, or Operation Desert Storm) was a conflict between...
Muslim In the year 20 of the Muslim era, corresponding to 641 CE, the Caliph Umar decreed that Jews and the Arabs of Christian faith should be removed from all but the southern and eastern fringes of Arabia, allegedly in accordance with a deathbed command of Muhammad: "Let there not be two religions in Arabia." [4] [5] [6]. However, this was against the Muslims Prophet's example of religious tolerance.[2] The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days. ...
Events Founding of the city of Fostat, later Cairo, in Egypt. ...
Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...
For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ...
The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ...
For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...
During that time, Jews were mainly concentrated in Khaybar in northern Arabia and Christian Arabs mostly at Najran in southern Arabia. The Arab Jews were relocated to Syria and Palestine, while the Christian Arabs were relocated to the territories that comprise modern-day Iraq. For some time after the decree there were reports of some remnant Arab Jews still living in their previous places of residence, as well as remnant Christian Arabs also still remaining in theirs. Although many shorter wars and expulsion have occurred throughout the Caliphates, usually the emigration of non-assimilated dhimmi populations from conquered lands was gradual and steady. Ruins of a Jewish Fortress at Khaybar Khaybar (خيبر) is the name of an oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib), Saudi Arabia. ...
Arab Christians are people who are ethnically Arab or culturally and linguistically Arabized and who follow the religion of Christianity. ...
Najran is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen. ...
Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph ( listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...
A dhimmi (also zimmi, Arabic: ‎, plural: اهل الذمۃ, ahl al-dhimma) was a free (i. ...
Israel/Palestine Although not part of an officially orchestrated population transfer, a parallel of population movements in opposite directions occurred at the time of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and during the following years. The majority of the Arab population of the area of what is now the State of Israel fled or was forced to leave in 1948-50. After the war, there was a large influx of Jewish refugees as well as a smaller number of voluntary Zionist immigrants into the newly established state. The 420,000 Palestinian exodus during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, was subsequently followed by the Jewish exodus from Arab lands numbering 900,000. While two thirds of these "Arab Jewish" refugees settled in Israel, the bulk of the Palestinian Arab refugees from the former British Mandate of Palestine ended up in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. The role of governments and official institutions as instigators or in support of these population movements is hotly contested. Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Hasan Salama. ...
This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...
A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ...
The Palestinian exodus (Arabic: الهجرة الÙلسطينية al-Hijra al-Filasteeniya) refers to the refugee flight of Palestinian Arabs during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. ...
Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Hasan Salama. ...
The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century emigration of Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from majority Arab lands. ...
This article deals with those Jewish communities indigenous to the Middle East. ...
Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Although an actual population exchange between the Jews and the Arabs only took place around the period of the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the idea of the transfer of Arabs from Palestine, usually to Iraq, had been on both the Zionist and non-Jewish agenda for about half a century beforehand. Zionist leaders such as Theodor Herzl, David Ben-Gurion, Chaim Weizmann and many others would repeatedly put forward such transfer proposals, and they were often of a compulsory nature. The American Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover likewise made such proposals. Even Arab leaders and pro-Arab personalities came out in favour of such a transfer. One of the recommendations in the Report of the British Peel Commission in 1937 was for a transfer of Arabs from the area of the proposed Jewish state, and this even included a compulsory transfer from the Plains of Palestine. This recommendation was initially not objected to by the British Government. Nearly a decade later, the British Labour Party almost unanimously passed a Resolution to "encourage" the Arabs to move out of Palestine.
Africa There have been numerous population transfers in Africa.
Notes Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is a professor of political science and controversial American author. ...
References - Sonn, Tamara (2004). A Brief History of Islam. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-4051-0900-9.
See also Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory. ...
Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ...
Power lines leading to a trash dump hover just overhead in El Carpio, a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her...
Political migration is any migration motivated primarily by political interests. ...
Not by Their Own Will. ...
Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu (æ˜¯æ¾ è±Šä¸‰éƒŽ, January 30, 1919 – March 30, 2005) was one of the many Japanese-American citizens living on the West Coast during World War II. Shortly after the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the Secretary of War to require...
External links - UN Report giving many details of historical population transfers and exchanges (continues at bottom of page)
- Freedom of Movement - Human rights and population transfer - UN report on legal status of population transfers
- Medieval Jewish expulsions from French territories
- conceptwizard.com "History in a Nutshell", the source of population transfer statistics in the Middle East
Other sources - A. De Zayas, International Law and Mass Population Transfers, Harvard International Law Journal 207 (1975).
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