The word prognathism derives from Greek pro (forward) and ganathos (jaw). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14) Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws (K00) Disorders of tooth development and eruption (K01) Embedded and impacted teeth (K02) Dental caries (K03) Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth (K04) Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K040) Pulpitis (K05... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Diseases Database is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Image File history File links Prognathism3. ... Image File history File links Prognathism3. ...

Prognathism is a term used to describe the positional relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the sagittal plane of the skull. In dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics this is assessed clinically or radiographically (cephalometrics). It has been suggested that Human Anatomical Terms be merged into this article or section. ...

Clinical determinants include soft tissue analysis where the clinician assesses nasolabial angle the relationship of the soft tissue portion of the chin to the nose and the relationship between the upper and lower lips; also used is dental arch relationship assessment such as Angle's classification. A malocclusion refers to the misalignment of teeth and/or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. ...

Cephalometric analysis is the most accurate way of determining all types of prognathism as it includes assessments of skeletal base, occlusal plane angulation, facial height, soft tissue assessment and anterior dental angulation. Various calculations and assessments of the information in a cephalometric radiograph allow the clinician to objectively determine dental and skeletal relationships and determine a treatment plan.

Maxillary prognathism is a protrusion of the maxilla, and is also a common feature of many populations. It affects the middle third of the face, causing it to jut out, thereby increasing the facial area. Mandibular prognathism is a protrusion of the mandible. It affects the lower third of the face. Alveolar prognathism is a protrusion of that portion of the maxilla where the teeth are located, in the dental lining of the upper jaw. Prognathism also can be used to describe ways that the maxillary and mandibular dental arches can relate to one another. When there is maxillary and/or alveolar prognathism which causes an alignment of the incisors significantly beyond the lower teeth, the condition is called an overbite. When the reverse is the case and the lower jaw extends beyond the upper, the condition commonly is called an underbite.

The vast majority of prognathism in humans is due to normal variation among phenotypes. In human populations where prognathism is not the norm, it may be a malformation, the result of injury, a disease state or a hereditary condition.[1] Prognathism is only a disease if it affects mastication, speech or social function as a byproduct of severely affected aesthetics of the face. Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is torn and/or crushed by teeth. ... Look up Speech in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Description

Alveolar prognathism, caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrust in a 7 yr old girl.

Image File history File links Alveolprog. ... Image File history File links Alveolprog. ...

Alveolar prognathism

Harmful habits, such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting can result in or exaggerate an alveolar prognathism, causing teeth to misalign. Functional appliances can be used in growing children to help modify bad habits and neuro-muscular function, with the aim of correcting this condition.

Alveolar prognathism can be easily corrected also with fixed orthodontic therapy. However, relapse is quite common, unless the cause is removed or a long term retention is used.

Maxillary prognathism

10-year-old boy with false maxillary prognathism

In disease states, maxillary prognathism is associated with de Lange Syndrome[2]; however so-called false maxillary prognathism, where there is a lack of growth of the mandible, is by far a more common condition. Prognathism, if not extremely severe, can be treated in growing patients with orthodontic functional or orthopaedic appliances. In adult patients this condition can be corrected by means of a combined surgical/orthodontic treatment, where most of the time a mandibular advancement is performed. The same can be said for mandibular prognathism. Image File history File links Class2profile. ... Image File history File links Class2profile. ...

Philip IV of Spain displaying the prominent Habsburg lip and jaw.

Download high resolution version (716x900, 73 KB)Portrait of Philip IV 1652-53 Oil on canvas, 47 x 37,5 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna http://www. ... Download high resolution version (716x900, 73 KB)Portrait of Philip IV 1652-53 Oil on canvas, 47 x 37,5 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna http://www. ...

Mandibular prognathism (progenism)

Pathologic mandibular prognathism is a disfiguring, genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper, resulting in an extended chin. The mandible (inferior maxillary bone) (together with the maxilla) is the largest and strongest bone of the face. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with mandible. ...

The condition colloquially is known as Habsburg jaw, Habsburg lip or Austrian Lip (see Habsburg) due to its prevalence in that bloodline. The trait is easily traceable in portraits of Habsburg family members. This has provided tools for people interested in studying genetics and pedigree analysis. Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to genetics. ... A pedigree is a list of ancestors (usually implying distinguished), a list of ancestors of the same breed (usually in the case of animals), the purity of a breed, individual, or strain, or a document proving any of these things. ...

It is alleged to have been derived through a female from the princely Polish family of Piasts, its Masovian branch. The deformation of lips is clearly visible on tomb sculptures of Mazovian Piasts in Warsaw. However this may be, there exists evidence that the trait is longstanding. It is perhaps first observed in Maximilian I (1459-1519). The Piast dynasty is a line of Kings and dukes that ruled Poland from its beginnings as an independent state up to 1370. ... Historical division of Masovia Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital at Warsaw. ... Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1519 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). ...

Traits such as these that were common to royal families are believed to have been passed on and exaggerated over time through royal intermarriage which caused acute inbreeding. Due to the large amount of politically motivated intermarriage among Habsburgs, the dynasty was virtually unparalleled in the degree of its inbreeding. Charles II of Spain is said to have had the most pronounced case of the Habsburg jaw on record. His jaw was so deformed that he was unable to chew). Royal Intermarriage is the common practice of members of royal families marrying into other royal families. ... Inbreeding is breeding between close relatives, whether plant or animal. ... Charles II of Spain. ...

Many dog breeds have underbite, particularly those with short faces. These can get caught in their jowls.

Racial or ethnic anthropology

Most types of prognathism in humans as well as orthognathous profiles are normal variations among phenotypes and occur frequently in various populations with a greater number of intra-group variations (differences between sub-groups within the groups) than inter-group variations (physical differences between groups). ^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, a number of anthropologists of the nineteenth-century believed that a classification in racial categories and their social development could be determined by measuring the facial angle, jaw structure and the shape of the head of humans, and claimed that people with a more orthognathous profile were superior to other cultures because they had "evolved" more than other races.

After Darwin popularized the idea that humans are descended from apes, the prognathous (protruding) jaw became a sign of lower development and of a closer relationship to primitive man. It also became the basis of much racial stereotyping of the Irish, and racial anthropologists argued that working class people were more prognathous than their social superiors- who were- self-flatteringly described as also biologically superior. In his very influential book, The Races of Man (1862), John Beddoe, the future president of the Anthropological Institute, emphasized the vast difference between the prognathous (protruding) and orthognathous (less prominent) jawed people of Britain. These were terms originally The Irish, Welsh, and significantly, the lower class people, were among the prognathous, whereas all men of genius were orthognathous. (Beddoe also developed an Index of Nigressence, from which he argued that the Irish were close to Cro-Magnon man and thus had links with the "Africinoid" races!) These activities were reminiscent of Pieter Camper's theory of a 'facial angle'. One should emphasize, however, that such craniological and anthropometric studies "always represented a minority" of the papers presented at the Anthropological Institute, 1871-1899. These late nineteenth-century anatomical and anthropological descriptions of 'races' and their characteristics, measurements etc. were later the inspiration for the sort of mid twentieth-century racial anthropology as promulgated in Nazi Germany. (Anthony S. Wohl [3]) John Beddoe (1826-1911) was one of the most prominent Victorian ethnologists in the United Kingdom. ...

Humankind historically has been grouped into racial categories based on sets of phenotypical characteristics^{[citation needed]}. While the concept of race has fallen into disfavor, certain clusters of phenotypical characteristics historically assigned to closely related human populations remain useful today in various archaeological and forensic disciplines. The degree to which prognathism is, or is not, present commonly is used today to help establish the relatedness of human populations, living and dead; their likely geographic origins; and, still, to assign racial classification. It is also one of many commonly utilized metrics in the identification of human remains, including in the field of forensic reconstruction.^[1][2][3] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Broadly speaking, prognathism is most common among virtually all black peoples indigenous to Africa, the Australoid peoples of Australia and New Guinea, various sundadont, usually darker-skinned Southeast Asian populations, and the Sudroid (sometimes called Veddoid) and Australoid peoples of the Indian subcontinent ^{[citation needed]}. It also occurs frequently in indigenous peoples of the Americas^{[citation needed]}, thought by some to be traceable to a very early Australoid presence in the Americas.^[4]. Alveolar, maxillary and mandibular prognathism are most common in these populations. ^{[citation needed]} Caucasoid peoples, generally considered indigenous to Europe and nearby regions, commonly have an orthognathous, or flat profile^{[citation needed]}. East Asians, generally of the Mongoloid phenotype, are sinodont populations and typically are without prognathism^{[citation needed]}. There are, however, frequent exceptions to these broad categories, which defy narrow racial and/or ethnic classifications. ^{[citation needed]} A Kenyan man This article is about the different definitions of the term black people. For other terms related to black people, see Black people (terminology). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Australoid is a broad racial sub-classification of Australasian peoples having generally dark skin and hair which can be curly, straight, or kinky, defined by the anthropologist Carleton S. Coon. ... Anthropologist Christy Turner identified what he termed the Mongoloid dental complex for East Asia, consisting of two patterns: Sinodonty and Sundadonty. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Wanniyala-Aetto, or forest beings, perhaps more commonly known as Veddas or Veddahs (transliteration of වැද්දා in Sinhalese, IPA væððɑː) are an indigenous people of Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. ... Australoid is a broad racial sub-classification of Australasian peoples having generally dark skin and hair which can be curly, straight, or kinky, defined by the anthropologist Carleton S. Coon. ... A Hupa man. ... Typical Caucasoid skull Caucasoid is a racial classification usually used as part of a phenotypal system, also including other classifications such as Australoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and sometimes others such as Capoid. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Typical Mongoloid Skull A portrait of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan; the Mongolians, for which the term Mongoloid was named after, are an example of the prototype Northern Mongoloid. ... Anthropologist Christy Turner identified what he termed the Mongoloid dental complex for East Asia, consisting of two patterns: Sinodonty and Sundadonty. ...

Notable people with the condition

^{[citation needed]}

• Charles II of Spain suffered from the condition and was unable to chew as a result.
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Charles I of Spain)
• Bill Cowher
• Cymburgis of Masovia, Piast princess through whom the condition was brought into the Habsburg family
• Bruce Forsyth
• Jimmy Hill
• Jay Leno
• Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Philip II of Spain
• Philip IV of Spain
• Michael Schumacher
• Brian Thompson
• Kiera Knightley
• Bruce Springsteen
• H.P. Lovecraft