NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with unipolar motility.^[1] An opportunistic human pathogen, P. aeruginosa is also an opportunistic pathogen of plants^[2]. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. aeruginosa has been placed in the P. aeruginosa group^[3]. The type strain is ATCC 10145. Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... // A Flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, composed of microtubules and surrounded by the plasma membrane. ... Opportunistic infections are infections caused by organisms and usually do not cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system, but can affect people with a poorly functioning or suppressed immune system. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ...

Like other poops, P. aeruginosa secretes a variety of pigments, including pyocyanin (blue-green), fluorescein (yellow-green and fluorescent, now also known as pyoverdin), and pyorubin (red-brown). King, Ward, and Raney developed Pseudomonas Agar P (aka King A media) for enhancing pyocyanin and pyorubin production and Pseudomonas Agar F (aka King B media) for enhancing fluorescein production.^[4] Fluorescein in dropper used for eye examination. ...

P. aeruginosa is often preliminarily identified by its pearlescent appearance and grape-like odor in vitro. Definitive clinical identification of P. aeruginosa often includes identifying the production of both pyocyanin and fluorescein as well as its ability to grow at 42°C. P. aeruginosa is capable of growth in diesel and jet fuel, where it is known as a hydrocarbon utilizing microorganism (or "HUM bug"), causing microbial corrosion. It creates dark gellish mats sometimes improperly called "algae". Wiktionary has a definition of: In vitro In vitro (Latin: within glass) means within a test tube, or, more generally, outside a living organism or cell. ... Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858-1913), inventor of the diesel engine. ... Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. ... Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... Microbial corrosion, or bacterial corrosion, is a corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms, usually chemoautotrophs. ...

The name

The word Pseudomonas means 'false unit', from the Greek pseudo, meaning 'false', and monas, meaning a single unit. The word was used early in the history of microbiology to refer to germs. Aeruginosa is the Latin word for verdigris or 'copper rust'. This describes the blue-green bacterial pigment seen in laboratory cultures of P. aeruginosa. Pyocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by quorum sensing as in the biofilms associated with P. aeruginosa's colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ... Germ can mean: Microorganism, especially a pathogenic one; see Germ theory of disease. ... Verdigris is the common name for the chemical Cu(CH3COO)2. ... Quorum sensing is the ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules. ... Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on an indwelling catheter. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...

Pathogenesis

An opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised individuals, P. aeruginosa typically infects the pulmonary tract, urinary tract, burns, wounds, and also causes other blood infections.^[5] Pseudomonas can cause community acquired pneumonias albeit it is uncommon^[6], as well as ventilator-associated pneumonias, being one of the most common agents isolated in several studies ^[7]. Pyocyanin is a virulence factor of the bacteria and has been known to cause death in C. elegans by oxidative stress. However, research indicates that salicylic acid can inhibit pyocyanin production^[8] One in ten hospital-acquired infections are from Pseudomonas. Cystic fibrosis patients are also predisposed to P. aeruginosa infection of the lungs. P. aeruginosa is also the typical cause of "hot-tub rash" (dermatitis), caused by lack of proper, periodic attention to water quality. The most common cause of burn infections is P. aeruginosa. In medicine, immune deficiency (or immunodeficiency) is a state where the immune system is incapable of defending the organism from infectious disease. ... A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Superficial bullet wounds In medicine, a wound is a type of physical trauma wherein the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). ... Sepsis (in Greek Î£Î®ÏˆÎ¹Ï‚, putrefaction) is a serious medical condition, resulting from the immune response to a severe infection. ... Ambulance ventilation equipment A medical ventilator is a device designed to provide mechanical ventilation to a patient. ... Virulence factors are molecules produced by a pathogen that specifically influence their hosts function to allow the pathogen to thrive. ... Binomial name Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 Caenorhabditis elegans (IPA: ) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. ... Oxidative stress is a medical term for damage to animal or plant cells (and thereby the organs and tissues composed of those cells) caused by reactive oxygen species, which include (but are not limited to) superoxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide. ... Salicylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4(OH)CO2H, where the OH group is adjacent to the carboxylic acid group. ... Dermatitis is a blanket term literally meaning inflammation of the skin. It is usually used to refer to eczema, which is also known as Dermatitis eczema. ...

P. aeruginosa uses the virulence factor exotoxin A to ADP-ribosylate eukaryotic elongation factor 2 in the host cell, much as the diphtheria toxin does. Without elongation factor 2, eukaryotic cells cannot synthesis proteins and necrose. The release of intracellular contents induces an immunologic response in immunocompetent patients. Virulence factors are molecules produced by a pathogen that specifically influence their hosts function to allow the pathogen to thrive. ... Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogen bacterium that causes diphtheria. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista A eukaryote (also spelled eucaryote) is an organism with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Necrose is the name of a Brazilian band who play music from the genre Grindcore. // Biography Necrose was founded in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, in May - 1992. ... persons with functioning immune system This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...

With plants, P. aeruginosa induces symptoms of soft rot with Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress) and Letuca sativa (Lettuce) ^[9],^[10]. It is a powerful pathogen with Arabidopsis^[11] and with some animals: Caenorhabditis elegans^[12],^[13], Drosophila^[14] and Galleria mellonella^[15]. The associations of virulence factors are the same for vegetal and animal infections^[9],^[16]. Species See text. ... Binomial name Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 Caenorhabditis elegans (IPA: ) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. ... Type Species Musca funebris Fabricius, 1787 Drosophila is a genus of small flies whose members are often called small fruit flies, or more appropriately vinegar flies, wine flies, pomace flies, grape flies, and picked fruit-flies. ... Galleria (Italian for gallery or arcade), or The Galleria, is a common name for a shopping mall, ultimately deriving from the 19th-century Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan. ...

Walker et al have demonstrated in 2001 that upon root colonization, P. aeruginosa forms a biofilm that confers resistance against root-secreted antibiotics. Pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14 cause plant mortality 7 d postinoculation in Arabidopsis and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). P. aeruginosa forms the biofilm before mortality around the roots. Upon infection, sweet basil roots secrete rosmarinic acid, a multifunctional caffeic acid ester that exhibits in vitro antibacterial activity against planktonic cells of both P. aeruginosa strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3 µg mL-1. However, in our studies rosmarinic acid did not attain minimum inhibitory concentration levels in sweet basil's root exudates before P. aeruginosa formed a biofilm that resisted the microbicidal effects of rosmarinic acid and ultimately caused plant mortality. Induction of rosmarinic acid secretion by supplying sweet basil roots and exogenous supplementation of Arabidopsis root exudates with rosmarinic acid before infection, conferred resistance to P. aeruginosa. Under the latter conditions and with a confocal scanning laser microscopy, large clusters of dead P. aeruginosa were seen on the root surface of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and biofilm formation was not observed. Studies with quorum-sensing mutants PAO210 (rhlI), PAO214 (lasI), and PAO216 (lasI rhlI) demonstrated that all of the strains were pathogenic to Arabidopsis, which does not naturally secrete rosmarinic acid as a root exudate. However, PAO214 was the only pathogenic strain toward sweet basil, and PAO214 biofilm appeared comparable with biofilms formed by wild-type strains of P. aeruginosa.^[11] This article is about basil the plant and herb. ...

Treatment

P. aeruginosa is frequently isolated from non-sterile sites (mouth swabs, sputum, and so forth) and under these circumstances, it often represents colonisation and not infection. The isolation of P. aeruginosa from non-sterile specimens should therefore be interpreted cautiously and the advice of a microbiologist or infectious diseases physician should be sought prior to starting treatment. Often no treatment is needed. Sputum is matter that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, such as mucus or phlegm, mixed with saliva and then expectorated from the mouth. ... An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ...

When P. aeruginosa is isolated from a sterile site (blood, bone, deep collections), it should be taken seriously and almost always requires treatment.

P. aeruginosa is naturally resistant to a large range of antibiotics. It should usually be possible to guide treatment according to laboratory sensitivities, rather than choosing an antibiotic empirically. If antibiotics are started empirically, then every effort should be made to obtain cultures and the choice of antibiotic used should be reviewed when the culture results are available. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ...

These antibiotics must all be given by injection^{[citation needed]}, with the exception of fluoroquinolones. For this reason, in some hospitals, fluoroquinolone use is severely restricted in order to avoid the development of resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria. ... Gentamicin (also gentamycin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, and can treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infection. ... Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. ... Tobramycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections. ... Quinolones and fluoroquinolones form a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics. ... Ciprofloxacin is the generic international name for the synthetic antibiotic manufactured and sold by Bayer Pharmaceutical under the brand names Cipro and Ciproxin (and other brand names in other markets, e. ... Levofloxacin is relatively new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, marketed by Ortho-McNeil under the brand name Levaquin. ... Moxifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic agent. ... The cephalosporins, are a class of Î²-lactam antibiotics. ... Ceftazidime is an antibiotic which eliminates bacteria that cause many kinds of infections, including lung, skin, bone, joint, stomach, blood, gynecological, and urinary tract infections. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has been widely available in the USA since 1977. ... Ceftriaxone (trade name RocephinÂ®) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. ... Cefotaxime (INN) (IPA: ) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. ... The ureidopenicillins are a group of penicillins which are also active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ... Piperacillin is an extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the ureidopenicillin class. ... Ticarcillin, almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin, is a Beta-lactam antibiotic similar to penicillin. ... Penicillin nucleus Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) refers to a group of Î²-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ... Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. ... Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. ... Imipenem is an intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic developed in 1985. ... Ertapenem is an carbapenem antibiotic marketed under the name INVANZ. It is similar to the earlier imipenem, but has a longer half-life. ... Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. ... Polymyxin B (also referred to as PMB) are antibiotics primary used for resistant gram negative infections. ... Colistin (polymyxin E) is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. ... Aztreonam. ... Categories: Stub | Monobactam antibiotics ... An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin long enough for the material to be forced into the body. ...

References

^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Iglewski BH (1996). Pseudomonas. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al, eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Anzai, et al. (2000, Jul). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50 (Pt 4): 1563-89. PMID 10939664.
^ King EO, Ward MK, Raney DE (1954). "Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin.". J Lab Clin Med 44 (2): 301-7. PMID 13184240.
^ Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology
^ Fine et al, JAMA 1996: 275: 134
^ Diekema DJ et al. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:595
^ Prithiviraj B, Bais H, Weir T, Suresh B, Najarro E, Dayakar B, Schweizer H, Vivanco J (2005). "Down regulation of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by salicylic acid attenuates its virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans.". Infect Immun 73 (9): 5319-28. PMID 16113247.
^ ^a ^b Rahme, L., E. Stevens, S. Wolfort, J. Shao, R. Tompkins, and F. M. Ausubel. 1995. Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals. Science 268:1899-1902
^ Rahme, L. G., M-W. Tan, L. Le, S. M. Wong, R. G. Tompkins, S. B. Calderwood, and F. M. Ausubel, 1997, Use of model plant hosts to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13245-13250
^ ^a ^b Walker, T. S., H. P. Bais, E. Déziel, H. P. Schweizer, L. G. Rahme, R. Fall, and J. M. Vivanco. 2004. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation. Plant Physiol. 134:320-331
^ Mahajan-Miklos, S., M. W. Tan, L. G. Rahme, and F. M. Ausubel. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence elucidated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Caenorhabdititis elegans pathogenesis model. Cell 96:47-56
^ Martinez, C., E. Pons, G. Prats, and J. Leon. 2004. Salicylic acid regulates flowering time and links defense responses and reproductive development. Plant J. 37:209-217
^ D'Argenio, D. A., L. A. Gallagher, C. A. Berg, and C. Manoil. 2001. Drosophila as a model host for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J. Bacteriol. 183:1466-1471
^ Miyata, S., M. Casey, D. W. Frank, F. M. Ausubel, and E. Drenkard.,2003, Use of the Galleria mellonella caterpillar as a model host to study the role of the type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 71:2404-2413
^ Rahme, L. G., F. M. Ausubel, H. Cao, E. Drenkard, B. C. Goumnerov, G. W. Lau, S. Mahajan-Miklos, J. Plotnikova, M. W. Tan, J. Tsongalis, C. L. Walendziewicz, and R. G. Tompkins, 2000, Plants and animals share functionally common bacterial virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:8815-8821

Contents

The name GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Pathogenesis

Treatment

References

The name