NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Python (programming language)

Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.^[2] Python's core syntax and semantics are minimalist, while the standard library is large and comprehensive. Image File history File links Python_logo. ... A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Guido van Rossum Guido van Rossum is a Dutch computer programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. ... For other uses, see Software developer (disambiguation). ... The Python Software Foundation (PSF), is a non-profit organization devoted to the Python programming language. ... A software release refers to the creation and availability of a new version of a computer software product. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ... Duck typing is a style of dynamic typing in which an objects current set of methods and properties determines the valid semantics, rather than its inheritance from a particular class. ... Look up Implementation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... CPython is the default implementation of the Python programming language. ... Jython, formerly known as JPython, is an implementation of the Python programming language written in Java. ... IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language, targeting . ... PyPy is a self-hosting interpreter for the Python programming language. ... A dialect of a programming language is a (relatively small) variation or extension of the language that does not change its intrinsic nature. ... Stackless Python is a kind of programing language, it an experimental implementation of Python that supports continuations, generators, microthreads, and coroutines similar to Python syntax. ... RPython is a subset of Python programing language, able to be statically compiled. ... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ... ALGOL 68 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and a more rigorously defined syntax and semantics. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal directed execution and excellent facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Java language redirects here. ... Boo is an object oriented, statically typed programming language developed starting in 2003, which seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure support for Unicode, globalization and web style applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... This article is about the Cobra programming language from Cobra Language LLC. For the the Cobra programming language from the Squeaky Duck Design Company, see Cobra (programming language from Squeaky Duck). ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... A cross-platform (or platform independent) programming language, software application or hardware device works on more than one system platform (e. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... The Python Software Foundation License is a free software license which is compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL). ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... A high-level programming language is a programming language that, in comparison to low-level programming languages, may be more abstract, easier to use, or more portable across platforms. ... In C++, the Standard Library is a collection of classes and functions, which are written in the core language. ...

Python supports multiple programming paradigms (primarily functional, object oriented and imperative), and features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management; it is thus similar to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, and Tcl. A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. ... In computer science, imperative programming, as opposed to declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of a program state and statements that change the program state. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ...

Python was first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991.^[3] The language has an open, community-based development model managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation. While various parts of the language have formal specifications and standards, the language as a whole is not formally specified. The de facto standard for the language is the CPython implementation. Guido van Rossum Guido van Rossum is a Dutch computer programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. ... The Python Software Foundation (PSF), is a non-profit organization devoted to the Python programming language. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... CPython is the default implementation of the Python programming language. ...

History

Python was conceived in the late 1980s^[4] by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor of the ABC programming language capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.^[5] van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is acknowledged by referring to him as its Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL). Image File history File links PythonProgLogo. ... Image File history File links PythonProgLogo. ... The National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science (Dutch: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica or CWI) is located at the Science Park Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and was founded in 1946 by J. G. van der Corput, D. van Dantzig, J. F. Koksma, H. A. Kramers, M. G. J... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ... Exception handling is a programming language construct or computer hardware mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of some condition that changes the normal flow of execution. ... The Amoeba distributed operating system is a microkernel-based research operating system written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum at Vrije Universiteit. ... The benevolent dictator is a more modern version of the classical enlightened despot, being an undemocratic or authoritarian leader who exercises his or her political power for the benefit of the people rather than exclusively for his or her own self-interest or benefit, or for the benefit of only...

In 1991, van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to alt.sources.^[3] Already present at this stage in development were classes with inheritance, exception handling, functions, and the core datatypes of list, dict, str and so on. Also in this initial release was a module system borrowed from Modula-3; van Rossum describes the module as "one of Python's major programming units".^[4] Python's exception model also resembles Modula-3's, with the addition of an else clause.^[5] In 1994 comp.lang.python, the primary discussion forum for Python, was formed, marking a milestone in the growth of Python's userbase. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Modularity (programming). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Python reached version 1.0 in January 1994. A major set of features included in this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce. van Rossum states that "Python acquired lambda, reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of (I believe) a Lisp hacker who missed them and submitted working patches."^[6] The actual contributor was Amrit Prem; no specific mention of any Lisp heritage is mentioned in the release notes at the time. The lambda calculus is a formal system designed to investigate function definition, function application, and recursion. ... In functional programming, fold (or reduce) is a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value. ... â€œLISPâ€ redirects here. ...

The last version released from CWI was Python 1.2. In 1995, van Rossum continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. The Corporation For National Research Initiatives is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn. ... A view of the Reston Town Center Reston is an internationally known planned community whose goal was to revolutionize post-World War II concepts of land use and residential/corporate development in American suburbia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

By version 1.4, Python had acquired several new features. Notable among these are the Modula-3 inspired keyword arguments (which are also similar to Common Lisp's keyword arguments), and built-in support for complex numbers. Also included is a basic form of data hiding by name mangling, though this is easily bypassed.^[7] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard X3. ... In mathematics, a complex number is a number which is often formally defined to consist of an ordered pair of real numbers , often written: In mathematics, the adjective complex means that the underlying number field is complex numbers, for example complex analysis, complex matrix, complex polynomial and complex Lie algebra. ... In computer science, the principle of information hiding is the hiding of design decisions in a computer program that are most likely to change, thus protecting the program if the design decision is changed. ... In software compiler engineering, name mangling (more properly called name decoration, although this term is less commonly used) is a technique used to solve various problems caused by the need to resolve unique names for programming entities in many modern programming languages. ...

During van Rossum's stay at CNRI, he launched the Computer Programming for Everybody (CP4E) initiative, intending to make programming more accessible to more people, with a basic 'literacy' in programming languages, similar to the basic English literacy and mathematics skills required by most employers. Python served a central role in this: because of its focus on clean syntax, it was already suitable, and CP4E's goals bore similarities to its predecessor, ABC. The project was funded by DARPA.^[8] As of 2007, the CP4E project is inactive, and while Python attempts to be easily learnable and not too arcane in its syntax and semantics, reaching out to non-programmers is not an active concern.^[9] The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 2000, the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. CNRI requested that a version 1.6 be released, summarizing Python's development up to the point where the development team left CNRI. Consequently, the release schedules for 1.6 and 2.0 had a significant amount of overlap.^[10] Python 2.0 was the first and only release from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was released by BeOpen.com, Guido van Rossum and the other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations.

Python 2.0 borrowed a major feature from the functional programming languages SETL and Haskell: list comprehensions. Python's syntax for this construct is very similar to Haskell's, apart from Haskell's preference for punctuation characters and Python's preference for alphabetic keywords. Python 2.0 also introduced a garbage collection system capable of collecting reference cycles.^[10] Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... SETL is a very-high level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets. ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... In some programming languages, list comprehension is a syntactic construct for creating a list based on existing lists, analogous to the set-builder notation (set comprehension), that is, the mathematical notation such as the following: For an example, in Haskells list comprehension syntax, the example set-builder construct above... In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. ...

The Python 1.6 release included a new CNRI license that was substantially longer than the CWI license that had been used for earlier releases. The new license included a clause stating that the license was governed by the laws of the State of Virginia. The Free Software Foundation argued that the choice-of-law clause was incompatible with the GNU GPL. BeOpen, CNRI, and the FSF negotiated a change to Python's free software license that would make it GPL-compatible. Python 1.6.1 is essentially the same as Python 1.6, with a few minor bug fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible license.^[11] Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area Ranked 35th - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 7. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... GPL redirects here. ... Free software is software which grants recipients the freedom to modify and redistribute the software. ...

Python 2.1 was a derivative work of Python 1.6.1, as well as of Python 2.0. Its license was renamed Python Software Foundation License. All code, documentation and specifications added, from the time of Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a non-profit organization formed in 2001, modeled after the Apache Software Foundation.^[11] This release included a change to the language design to support nested scopes, like other statically scoped languages.^[12] (The feature was off by default and not required until Python 2.2.) The Python Software Foundation License is a free software license which is compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL). ... The Python Software Foundation (PSF), is a non-profit organization devoted to the Python programming language. ... Apache Software Foundation Logo The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is a non-profit corporation (classified as 501(c)(3) in the United States) to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. ... This article or section should be merged with scope (programming) In computer science, static scoping, as opposed to dynamic scoping, is a way that the scope (programming) of free variables is determined according to its position in program code. ...

A major innovation in Python 2.2 was the unification of Python's types (types written in C), and classes (types written in Python) into one hierarchy. This single unification made Python's object model purely and consistently object oriented.^[13] Also added were generators which were inspired by Icon.^[14] In computer science, a generator is a special routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop. ... Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal directed execution and excellent facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. ...

Python's standard library additions and syntactical choices were strongly influenced by Java in some cases: the logging package,^[15] introduced in version 2.3,^[16] the SAX parser, introduced in 2.0, and the decorator syntax that uses @,^[17] added in version 2.4^[18] Java language redirects here. ... Look up sax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). ...

Future development

A Python Enhancement Proposal (or "PEP") is a standardized design document providing general information related to Python, including proposals, descriptions, and explanations for language features. PEPs are intended as the primary channel for proposing new features, and for documenting the underlying design rationale for all major elements of Python.^[19] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented by the BDFL.^[20]

Python 3000

There are plans for a future version, to be called Python 3.0 (the project is called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") that will break backwards compatibility with the 2.x series in order to repair perceived flaws in the language. The guiding principle is to "reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things". Python 3.0a1, the first alpha release, was released on August 31, 2007,^[21] and a PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal) that details planned changes exists.^[22] The latest alpha release, 3.0a4, was released on April 02, 2008.^[23] is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Philosophy

Python 3.0 is being developed with the same philosophy as in prior versions, so any reference to Python philosophy will apply to Python 3.0 as well. However, as Python has accumulated new and redundant ways to program the same task, Python 3.0 has an emphasis on removing duplicative constructs and modules, in keeping with "There should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it".

Nonetheless, Python 3.0 will remain a multi-paradigm language. Coders will still have options among object orientation, structured programming, functional programming, and aspect-oriented programming and other paradigms; but within such broad choices, the details are intended to be more obvious in Python 3.0 than they have become in Python 2.x. This does not cite any references or sources. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... Structured programming can be seen as a subset or subdiscipline of procedural programming, one of the major programming paradigms. ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Separation of concerns entails breaking down a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ...

Timeline and compatibility

Python 3.0a1, the first alpha release of Python 3.0, was released on August 31, 2007.^[21] A final release is, as of March 2008, planned for September 3, 2008.^[24] The Python 2.x and Python 3.x series will coexist for several releases in parallel, where the 2.x series exists largely for compatibility and with some new features being backported from the 3.x series. PEP 3000 contains more information about the release schedule. is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Like Perl 6, Python 3.0 will break backward compatibility. There is no requirement that Python 2.x code will run unmodified on Python 3.0. There are basic changes such as changing the print statement into a print function (so any use of the print statement will cause the program to fail), and switching to Unicode for all text strings. Python's dynamic typing combined with the plans to change the semantics of certain methods of dictionaries, for example, makes perfect mechanical translation from Python 2.x to Python 3.0 very difficult. However, a tool called "2to3" does most of the job of translation, pointing out areas where it wasn't sure using comments or warnings. Even in an alpha stage 2to3 appears to be fairly successful at performing the translation.^[25] PEP 3000 recommends keeping one source (for the 2.x series), and producing releases for the Python 3.x platform using 2to3. The resulting code should not be edited until the program no longer needs to run on Python 2.x. Perl 6 is a planned major revision to the Perl programming language. ... In technology, especially computing (irrespective of platform), a product is said to be backward compatible (or upward compatible) when it is able to take the place of an older product, by interoperating with other products that were designed for the older product. ... In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ... A Source-to-source compiler is a type of compiler that takes a high level language as its input and outputs a high level language. ...

Python 2.6 will include forward compatibility features, as well as a "warnings" mode that will warn of potential transition problems. Warnings will be reported for builtins which will no longer exist in 3.0, as well as various old Python 2.x features that Python 3.0 will remove (see PEP 361 for more information).

Features

Usage

Some of the largest projects that use Python are the Zope application server, the Mnet distributed file store, YouTube, and the original BitTorrent client. Large organizations that make use of Python include Google^[30] and NASA.^[31] Air Canada's reservation management system also uses Python for some of its components.^[32] The Python programming language is actively used by many people, both in industry and academia for a wide variety of purposes. ... Zope management interface in a web browser window. ... M-Net (originally an abbreviation for Electronic Media Network) is a subscription-funded television channel in South Africa, established in 1986 by a consortium of newspaper companies. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... This article is about the corporation. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... Air Canada (TSX: AC.A, TSX: AC.B) is Canadas largest airline and flag carrier. ...

Python has also seen extensive use in the information security industry. Notably, in several of the tools offered by Immunity Security,^[33]^[34] in several of the tools offered by Core Security,^[35] in the Web application security scanner Wapiti,^[36] and in the fuzzer TAOF.^[37] Python is commonly used in exploit development.^[38]^[39] Information Security Components: whereas information is transmitted, stored, encrypted, or processed, its value derives from three main attributes or qualities, i. ... Application Security encompasses measures taken to prevent exceptions in the applications or the underlying systems security policy (vulnerabilities) through flaws in the applicationâ€™s design, development, or deployment. ... Fuzz testing or fuzzing is a software testing technique that provides random data (fuzz) to the inputs of a program. ...

Python has been successfully embedded in a number of software products as a scripting language. It is commonly used in 3D animation packages, as in Maya, Softimage XSI,TrueSpace, Modo, Nuke and Blender. It is also used in GIMP, Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro.^[40] ESRI is now promoting Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS.^[41] It is also used in Civilization IV as the control language for modding and event interaction.^[42] Eve Online, an MMORPG, is also built using Python.^[43] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... trueSpace is 3D computer graphics and animation software developed by Caligari Corporation. ... modo is an advanced polygon, subdivision surface, modeling, sculpting, 3D painting, animation and rendering package developed by Luxology, LLC. The program incorporates advanced features such as n-gons, 3D painting and edge weighting, and runs on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows platforms. ... Nuke is the Academy Award-winning compositing software used by Digital Domain. ... Blender is a free software 3D animation program. ... For other uses, see Gimp (disambiguation). ... Inkscape is a vector graphics editor application. ... Scribus is a free, open source desktop publishing (DTP) application. ... Paint Shop Pro (PSP) is a bitmap graphics editor and vector graphics editor for computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system that was originally published by Minneapolis-based Jasc Software. ... For the Irish research group, see Economic and Social Research Institute. ... ArcGIS is the name of a group of Geographic Information System software product lines produced by ESRI. At the desktop GIS level, ArcGIS can include: ArcReader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other Arc products; ArcView, which allows one to view spatial data, create maps... Sid Meiers Civilization IV (Civilization IV or Civ4) is a turn-based strategy computer game released in 2005 and developed by lead designer Soren Johnson under the direction of Sid Meier and Meiers studio Firaxis Games. ... EVE Online is a persistent world multiplayer online game set in space. ... An image from World of Warcraft, one of the largest commercial MMORPGs as of 2004, based on active subscriptions. ...

For many operating systems, Python is a standard component; it ships with most Linux distributions, with NetBSD, and OpenBSD, and with Mac OS X. Red Hat Linux and Fedora use the pythonic Anaconda. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage, and the standard tool to access it, emerge. Pardus uses it for administration and during system boot.^[44] Red Hat Linux was a popular Linux distribution assembled by Red Hat until the early 2000s, when it was discontinued. ... Fedora (previously called Fedora Core) is an RPM-based, general purpose Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. ... Anacondas installation type selection screen for Fedora Core 2. ... The Gentoo Linux operating system (pronounced ) is a Linux distribution named after the Gentoo penguin. ... A package management system is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages from a computer. ... Portage is an advanced package management system. ... Portage is an advanced package management system. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Syntax and semantics

Python was designed to be a highly readable language. It aims toward an uncluttered visual layout, using English keywords frequently where other languages use punctuation. Python requires less boilerplate than traditional statically-typed structured languages such as C or Pascal, and has a smaller number of syntactic exceptions and special cases than either of these.^[45] Python uses indentation/whitespace, rather than curly braces or keywords, to delimit statement blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block. Python's statements include: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... HTML syntax highlighting Syntax highlighting is a feature of some text editors that displays textâ€”especially source codeâ€”in different colors and fonts according to the category of terms. ... The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). ... Boilerplate refers to any text that is or can be reused in new contexts or applications without being changed much from the original. ... Curly brace or bracket programming languages are those which use balanced brackets ({ and }, also known as brace brackets or simply braces) to make blocks in their syntax or formal grammar, mainly due to being C-influenced. ... In computer programming, a statement block (or code block) is a section of code which is grouped together, much like a paragraph; such blocks consist of one, or more, statements. ...

Each statement has its own semantics: for example, the def statement does not execute its block immediately, unlike most other statements. by The Gathering Track Listing Rollercoaster (4:45) Shot to Pieces (4:10) Amity (5:57) Bad Movie Scene (3:49) Colorado Incident (4:53) Beautiful War (2:52) Analog Park (6:05) Herbal Movement (4:10) Saturnine (5:11) Morphias Waltz (6:37) Pathfinder (4:38) ... In computer science a for loop is a programming language statement which allows code to be repeatedly executed. ... In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct used to group related fields and methods. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... In computer science, a subroutine (function, procedure, or subprogram) is a sequence of code which performs a specific task, as part of a larger program, and is grouped as one or more statement blocks; such code is sometimes collected into software libraries. ... In computer science, a lock is a synchronization mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource in an environment where there are many threads of execution. ...

CPython does not support continuations, and according to Guido van Rossum, never will.^[46] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided in 2.5, by extending Python's generators.^[47] Prior to 2.5, generators were lazy iterators — information was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. As of Python 2.5, it is possible to pass information back into a generator function. In computing, a continuation is a representation of some of the execution state of a program (often the call stack and the current Instruction pointer) at a certain point. ... In computer science, coroutines are program components that generalize subroutines to allow multiple entry points and suspending and resuming of execution at certain locations. ... In computer science, a generator is a special routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop. ... In computer programming, lazy evaluation is a technique that attempts to delay computation of expressions until the results of the computation are known to be needed. ... In computer science, an iterator is an object which allows a programmer to traverse through all the elements of a collection, regardless of its specific implementation. ...

Python uses duck typing, also known as latent typing. Type constraints are not checked at compile time; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that the given object is not of a suitable type. Despite not enforcing static typing, Python is strongly typed, forbidding operations which make little sense (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them. Duck typing is a style of dynamic typing in which an objects current set of methods and properties determines the valid semantics, rather than its inheritance from a particular class. ... Latent typing, as opposed to eager typing or manifest typing, is when a programming languages type system does not require (or, in some cases, even offer) explicit type declarations for it to compile correctly, or in the case of interpreted languages, just to run. ... In computer science, compile time, as opposed to runtime, is the time when a compiler compiles code written in a programming language into an executable form. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... In computing, strongly-typed, when applied to a programming language, is used to describe how the language handles datatypes. ...

Python also allows programmers to define their own types. This is in the form of classes, most often used for an object-oriented style of programming. New instances of classes are constructed by calling the class (ie, like FooClass()), and the classes themselves are instances of class type (itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and reflection. In computer science, an immutable object, as opposed to a mutable object, is a kind of object whose internal states cannot be modified after it is created. ... In computer science, an immutable object, as opposed to a mutable object, is a kind of object whose internal states cannot be modified after it is created. ... In computer science, an immutable object, as opposed to a mutable object, is a kind of object whose internal states cannot be modified after it is created. ... See also fixed point (mathematics). ... A floating-point number is a digital representation for a number in a certain subset of the rational numbers, and is often used to approximate an arbitrary real number on a computer. ... In mathematics, a complex number is a number which is often formally defined to consist of an ordered pair of real numbers , often written: In mathematics, the adjective complex means that the underlying number field is complex numbers, for example complex analysis, complex matrix, complex polynomial and complex Lie algebra. ... In logic, a truth value, or truth-value, is a value indicating to what extent a statement is true. ... In object-oriented programming, a class is a programming language construct used to group related fields and methods. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... In object-oriented programming, an instance is an object that belongs to a class. ... Metaprogramming is the writing of computer programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work during compile time that is otherwise done at run time. ... In computer science, reflection is the process by which a computer program of the appropriate type can be modified in the process of being executed, in a manner that depends on abstract features of its code and its runtime behavior. ...

Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax instance.method(argument) is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for Class.method(instance, argument). Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self in some other object-oriented programming languages (for example, Java, C++ or Ruby).^[48] Used mainly in object-oriented programming, the term method refers to a piece of code that is exclusively associated either with a class (called class methods or static methods) or with an object (called instance methods). ... In computer science, a subroutine (function, procedure, or subprogram) is a sequence of code which performs a specific task, as part of a larger program, and is grouped as one, or more, statement blocks; such code is sometimes collected into software libraries. ... Syntactic sugar is a term coined by Peter J. Landin for additions to the syntax of a computer language that do not affect its functionality but make it sweeter for humans to use. ... In many object-oriented programming languages, this (or self) is a keyword which is used to refer to the object on which the currently executing method has been invoked. ... In computer science, data that has several parts can be divided into fields. ... Java language redirects here. ... C++ (pronounced ) is a general-purpose programming language. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ...

Implementations

The mainstream Python implementation, also known as CPython, is written in C compliant to the C89 standard,^[49] and is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and Python. CPython ships for a large number of supported platforms, including Microsoft Windows and most modern Unix-like systems. CPython was intended from almost its very conception to be cross-platform; its use and development on esoteric platforms such as Amoeba alongside more conventional ones like Unix or Macintosh has greatly helped in this regard.^[50] CPython is the default implementation of the Python programming language. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the original edition that served for many years as an informal specification of the language The C programming language is a low_level standardized programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX... Windows redirects here. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ...

Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads. It can be expected to run on approximately the same platforms that CPython runs on. Stackless Python is a kind of programing language, it an experimental implementation of Python that supports continuations, generators, microthreads, and coroutines similar to Python syntax. ... Microthreads are small code fragments that can be run concurrently to gain increased performance in microprocessors. ...

There are two other major implementations: Jython for the Java platform, and IronPython for the .NET platform. PyPy is an experimental self-hosting implementation of Python, in Python, that can output a variety of types of bytecode, object code and intermediate languages. Jython, formerly known as JPython, is an implementation of the Python programming language written in Java. ... The Java platform is the name for a bundle of related programs, or platform, from Sun Microsystems which allow for developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. ... IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language, targeting . ... Microsoft . ... PyPy is a self-hosting interpreter for the Python programming language. ... Self-hosting refers to the use of a computer program as part of the toolchain or operating system that produces new versions of that same programâ€”for example, a compiler that can compile its own source code. ... Bytecode is a binary representation of an executable program designed to be executed by a virtual machine rather than by dedicated hardware. ... In computer science, object file or object code is an intermediate representation of code generated by a compiler after it processes a source code file. ... In computer science, an intermediate language is the language of an abstract machine designed to aid in the analysis of computer programs. ...

Several programs exist to bundle the Python interpreter with scripts as standalone Windows or Mac OS X executables, including py2exe, PyInstaller, cx_Freeze and py2app.

Many Python programs can run on different Python implementations, on disparate operating systems and execution environments, without change. In the case of the implementations running on top of the Java virtual machine or the Common Language Runtime, the platform-independence of these systems is harnessed by their respective Python implementation. In computing, an operating system (OS) is the system software responsible for the direct control and management of hardware and basic system operations. ... A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which implements a specific virtual machine model. ... The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of Microsofts . ...

Many third-party libraries for Python (and even some first-party ones) are only available on Windows, Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X.

In 2005 Nokia released a Python interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones called PyS60. This includes many of the modules from the regular implementations but also some additional modules for integration with the Symbian operating system. This project has been kept up to date to run on all variants of the S60 platform and there are several third party modules available such as Miso and uitricks. This article is about the telecommunications corporation. ... This article or section should be merged with Nokia Series 60 Series 60 is a user interface for mobile phones that is developed and marketed by Nokia. ... Symbian OS is an operating system with associated libraries, user interface frameworks and reference implementations of common tools, produced by Symbian. ...

ChinesePython (中蟒) is a Python programming language using Chinese language lexicon. Besides reserved words and variable names, most data type operations can be coded in Chinese as well.

Interpretational semantics

Most Python implementations (including CPython, the dominant implementation) can function as a command line interpreter, where the user enters statements sequentially and receives the results immediately; in short, acting as a shell. While the semantics of the other modes of execution (bytecode compilation, or compilation to native code) preserve the sequential semantics, they offer a speed boost at the cost of interactivity, so they are only used outside of a command-line interaction (for example, importing a module). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Command line interface. ... In computing, a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users (command line interpreter). ...

Other shells add capabilities beyond those in the basic interpreter, including IDLE and IPython. While generally following the visual style of the Python shell, they implement features like auto-completion, retention of session state, and syntax highlighting. IDLE is an Integrated DeveLopment Environment for python, which is bundled in each release of the programming tool since 2. ... IPython is an interactive shell for the Python programming language that offers enhanced introspection compared with the standard shell, additional shell syntax, code-highlighting, and tab-completion. ...

Some implementations are able to compile to not only bytecode, but to turn Python code into machine code. So far, this has only been done for restricted subsets of Python. PyPy takes this approach, naming its restricted compilable version of Python RPython. Shed Skin is a similar experimental compiler. Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data directly executed by a computers central processing unit. ... RPython is a subset of Python programing language, able to be statically compiled. ... Shed Skin is an experimental compiler that translates pure but implicitly statically typed Python programs into optimized C++. Programs often must be modified to satisfy the typing restriction, but remain valid Python after modification. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ...

Psyco is a specialising just in time compiler which transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The produced code is specialised for certain data types. Psyco is compatible with all Python code, not only a subset.^[51] Psyco is a specializing compiler / just-in-time compiler for Python. ... In computer science, run-time algorithm specialisation is a methodology for creating efficient algorithms for costly computation tasks of certain kinds. ... In computing, just-in-time compilation (JIT), also known as dynamic translation, is a technique for improving the runtime performance of a computer program. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ...

Standard library

Python has a large standard library, commonly cited as one of Python's greatest strengths,^[52] providing tools suited to many disparate tasks. This comes from a so-called "batteries included" philosophy for Python modules. The modules of the standard library can be augmented with custom modules written in either C or Python. Recently, Boost C++ Libraries includes a library, python, to enable interoperability between C++ and Python. Because of the wide variety of tools provided by the standard library combined with the ability to use a lower-level language such as C and C++, which is already capable of interfacing between other libraries, Python can be a powerful glue language between languages and tools. The Boost C++ Libraries are a collection of peer-reviewed, open source libraries that extend the functionality of C++. Most of the libraries are licensed under the Boost Software License, designed to allow Boost to be used with both open and closed source projects. ... A glue language is a programming language used for connecting software components together. ...

The standard library is particularly well tailored to writing Internet-facing applications, with a large number of standard formats and protocols (such as MIME and HTTP) supported. Modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, arithmetic with arbitrarily precise decimals, and manipulating regular expressions are also included.^[53] Python also includes a unit testing framework for creating exhaustive test suites. For mime as an art form, see mime artist. ... Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on intranets and the World Wide Web. ... GUI redirects here. ... A relational database is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema (the databases structure of how that data is arranged). ... In computing, a regular expression is a string that is used to describe or match a set of strings, according to certain syntax rules. ... In computer programming, a unit test is a method of testing the correctness of a particular module of source code. ...

Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications (for example, the WSGI implementation wsgiref follows PEP 333), but the majority of modules are defined by nothing other than their code, documentation and test suite. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, there are only a small number of modules which must be altered or completely rewritten by alternative implementations. The Web Server Gateway Interface defines a simple and universal interface between web servers and web applications or frameworks for the Python programming language. ...

Programming philosophy

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. This means that, rather than forcing programmers to adopt a particular style of programming, it permits several styles: object oriented and structured programming are fully supported, and there are a number of language features which support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming. Many other paradigms are supported using extensions, such as pyDBC and Contracts for Python which allow Design by Contract. Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle detecting garbage collector for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution, which binds method and variable names during program execution (also known as late binding). This does not cite any references or sources. ... In computer science, object-oriented programming, OOP for short, is a computer programming paradigm. ... Structured programming can be seen as a subset or subdiscipline of procedural programming, one of the major programming paradigms. ... Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Separation of concerns entails breaking down a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ... Design by contract, DBC or Programming by contract is a methodology for designing computer software. ... In computer science, a type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into types, how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. ... In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an object or block of memory. ... In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... In computer science, name resolution (also called name lookup) is the process of finding the entity that an identifier used in a certain context refers to. ... In computer science, binding is associating objects and implementations with names in programming language so that those objects and implementations can be accessed by the names. ...

Another target of the language's design is ease of extensibility, rather than having everything built into the language core. New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python can also be used as an extension language for existing modules and applications that need a programmable interface. This design, of a small core language with a large standard library and an easily-extensible interpreter, was intended by van Rossum from the very start, due to his frustrations with ABC, which espoused the opposite mindset.^[4] C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... C++ (pronounced ) is a general-purpose programming language. ... ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. ...

The design of Python offers limited support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. However, there are significant parallels between the philosophy of Python and that of minimalist Lisp-family languages such as Scheme. The library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement proven functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.^[54] Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Scheme is a multi-paradigm programming language. ... Haskell is a standardized purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics, named after the logician Haskell Curry. ... Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. ...

While offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less cluttered one. As with Perl, Python's developers expressly promote a particular "culture" or ideology based on what they want the language to be, favoring language forms they see as "beautiful", "explicit" and "simple". As Alex Martelli put it in his Python Cookbook (2nd ed., p.230): "To describe something as clever is NOT considered a compliment in the Python culture." Python's philosophy rejects the Perl "there is more than one way to do it" approach to language design in favor of "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it".^[55] Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Alex Martelli is a member of the Python Software Foundation and works, as of 2006, as Ãœber Tech Lead for Google, Inc. ... There is more than one way to do it (TIMTOWTDI, usually pronounced Tim Toady) is a Perl motto. ...

Python eschews premature optimization, and moreover, rejects patches to non-critical parts of CPython which would offer a marginal increase in speed at the cost of clarity.^[56] It is sometimes described as 'slow',^[57] but its speed is rarely a problem since most code is not speed critical; bottlenecks can often be optimized greatly either by improvements to algorithms or data structures, or by implementing small portions in "closer to the metal" languages.^[58] In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. ... In engineering, bottleneck is a phenomenon where the performance or capacity of an entire system is severely limited by a single component. ...

Neologisms

A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that a piece of code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well; that it is natural or shows fluency in the language. Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms; that its use meshes well with the rest of the language. A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (or coined), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ...

In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to "write C++ (or Lisp, or Perl) code in Python"—that is, provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic translation of forms from another language. The concept of pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of readability. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are unpythonic.

Users and admirers of Python—most especially those considered knowledgeable or experienced—are often referred to as Pythonists, Pythonistas, and Pythoneers.

The prefix Py can be used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to Python (commonly used to create games); PyS60, an implementation for the Symbian Series 60 Operating System; PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK, respectively, to Python; and PyPy, a Python implementation written in Python. The prefix is also used outside of naming software packages: the major Python conference is named PyCon. Pygame is a cross-platform computer graphics library designed to be used with the Python programming language. ... In computing, a binding from a language to a library or OS service is an API providing that service in the language. ... Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) is a cross-platform multimedia free software library written in C that creates an abstraction over various platforms graphics, sound, and input APIs, allowing a developer to write a computer game or other multimedia application once and run it on many operating systems including GNU/Linux... PyQt is the Python binding of the GUI toolkit Qt. ... Screenshot of WingIDE which is written using PyGTK. More screenshots PyGTK is a set of Python wrappers for the GTK+ GUI library. ... For other uses, see Qt. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... PyPy is a self-hosting interpreter for the Python programming language. ... Medicament assisted rehabilitation conference in Oslo An academic conference is a conference for researchers (not always academics) to present and discuss their work. ...

An important goal of the Python developers is making Python fun to use. This is reflected in the origin of the name (after the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus), in the common practice of using Monty Python references in example code, and in an occasionally playful approach to tutorials and reference materials.^[59] For example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, instead of the traditional foo and bar. This article is about the television series. ... A metasyntactic variable is a placeholder name, or an alias term, commonly used to denote the subject matter under discussion, or an arbitrary member of a class of things under discussion. ... This article is about the television comedy skit. ... For other uses, see Foobar (disambiguation). ...

Influences on other languages

Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. The system of requiring a document describing the rationale for and issues surrounding a change to the language (ie, a PEP) is also used in Tcl directly due to Python's influence.^[64] Boo is an object oriented, statically typed programming language developed starting in 2003, which seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure support for Unicode, internationalization and web style applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. ... On computer science, a datatype (often simply type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which can be performed on that set of values. ... The Microsoft . ... This article is about the Cobra programming language from Cobra Language LLC. For the the Cobra programming language from the Squeaky Duck Design Company, see Cobra (programming language from Squeaky Duck). ... ECMAScript is a scripting programming language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification. ... In computer science, an iterator is an object which allows a programmer to traverse through all the elements of a collection, regardless of its specific implementation. ... In computer science, a generator is a special routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop. ... In some programming languages, list comprehension is a syntactic construct for creating a list based on existing lists, analogous to the set-builder notation (set comprehension), that is, the mathematical notation such as the following: For an example, in Haskells list comprehension syntax, the example set-builder construct above... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... Java language redirects here. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ...

References

^ Interview with Guido van Rossum (July 1998). Retrieved on 29, 2007.
^ What is Python? Executive Summary. Python documentation. Python Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ ^a ^b HISTORY. Python source distribution. Python Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Making of Python. Artima Developer. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b Why was Python created in the first place?. Python FAQ. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Guido van Rossum. The fate of reduce() in Python 3000. Artima Developer. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ LJ #37: Python 1.4 Update. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
^ Guido van Rossum. Computer Programming for Everybody. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Computer Programming for Everybody. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b A.M. Kuchling and Moshe Zadka. What's New in Python 2.0. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b History of the software. Python Library Reference. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Jeremy Hylton. Statically Nested Scopes. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ 2 PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
^ 4 PEP 255: Simple Generators
^ PEP 282 - A Logging System
^ 8 PEP 282: The logging Package
^ PEP 318 - Decorators for Functions and Methods
^ 5 PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
^ python.org
^ Parade of the PEPs
^ ^a ^b Python 3.0a1 Release
^ PEP 3000 - Python 3000
^ Python 3.0a4 Release
^ PEP 361
^ Sam Ruby, 2to3, September 1, 2007
^ PEP 3105
^ Thread on Artima programmer blog
^ PEP 3197
^ PEP 3137: Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer
^ Quotes about Python
^ Python Success Stories
^ Python Slithers into Systems by Darryl K. Taft
^ IMMUNITY : Knowing You're Secure
^ IMMUNITY : Knowing You're Secure
^ CORE Security Technologies' open source software repository
^ Wapiti - Web application security auditor
^ TAOF - theartoffuzzing.com - Home
^ Core Security | Home
^ [Dailydave] RE: Network Exploitation Tools aka Exploitation Engines
^ Documentation of the PSP Scripting API can be found at Jasc® Paint Shop Pro™ 9: Additional Download Resources
^ About getting started with writing geoprocessing scripts (Nov 2006).
^ Civilization IV
^ EVE Online | EVE Insider | Dev Blog
^ :: Pardus :: TÜBİTAK/UEKAE ::
^ Is Python a good language for beginning programmers?. General Python FAQ. Python Foundation (7 March 2005). Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ van Rossum, Guido (9 February 2006). Language Design Is Not Just Solving Puzzles. Artima forums. Artima. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ van Rossum, Guido; Phillip J. Eby (21 April 2006). Coroutines via Enhanced Generators. Python Enhancement Proposals. Python Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
^ Why must 'self' be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?. Python FAQ. Python Foundation.
^ PEP 7 - Style Guide for C Code
^ O'Reilly - An Interview with Guido van Rossum
^ Introduction to Psyco
^ http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/piotrowski-pythoncore.html
^ PEP 327 - Decimal Data Type
^ 6.5 itertools - Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
^ PEP 20 - The Zen of Python
^ Python Culture
^ Python is... slow? — Peter Bowyer’s weblog
^ Python Patterns - An Optimization Anecdote
^ Python Tutorial
^ BOO - Gotchas for Python Users
^ Comparison to Python, cobra-language.com
^ proposals:iterators_and_generators [ES4 Wiki]
^ James Strachan (2003-08-29). Groovy - the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform.
^ TIP #3: TIP Format

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Contents

History

Future development

Python 3000

Philosophy

Timeline and compatibility

Features

Usage

Syntax and semantics

Implementations

Interpretational semantics

Standard library

Programming philosophy

Neologisms

Influences on other languages

References

See also

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Future development

Python 3000

Philosophy

Timeline and compatibility

Features

Usage

Syntax and semantics

Implementations

Interpretational semantics

Standard library

Programming philosophy

Neologisms

Influences on other languages

References

See also

External links

History