Part of the series on Jewish Christians

Figures Jesus John the Baptist Simon Peter Pillars of the Church Twelve Apostles James the Just Simeon of Jerusalem Jude Paul of Tarsus Desposyni Patriarchs of Jerusalem Symmachus the Ebionite This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... St. ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... Pillars of the Church, in the first Christian century, seems to have referred to the leaders of the Nazarenes, as the Jerusalem Jesus movement was called, principally, the Family of Jesus, later known as the Desposyni, including his bothers James, Joses or Joseph, Simon or Simeon, and Jude or Judas... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      For other... Saint James the Just (יעקב Holder of the heel; supplanter; Standard Hebrew YaÊ¿aqov, Tiberian Hebrew Yaʿăqōḇ, Greek Iάκωβος), also called James Adelphotheos, James, 1st Bishop of Jerusalem, or James, the Brother of the Lord[1] and sometimes identified with James the Less, (died AD 62) was an important figure... Simeon of Jerusalem, son of Cleophas was the leader of the church of Jerusalem, sometimes called the Jewish Christians, and according to most Christian traditions the second Bishop of Jerusalem. ... Jude (alternatively Judas or Judah) is the third of the brothers of Jesus appearing in the New Testament. ... Paul of Tarsus (b. ... The Desposyni (from Greek (desposunos) of or belonging to the master or lord[1]) was a sacred name reserved only for Jesus blood relatives. ... The Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem is the head bishop of the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Symmachus the Ebionite (late 2nd century CE), was the author of one of the Greek versions of the Old Testament that were included by Origen in his Hexapla and Tetrapla, which compared various versions of the old Testament side by side with the Septuagint. ...

Ancient sects Cerinthians Ebionites Elcesaites Nasoraeans Nazarenes Nazoraeans Cerinthus was the leader of a late first-century or early 2nd century sect, an offshoot of the Ebionites yet similar to Gnosticism in some respects, interesting in that it demonstrates the wide range of conclusions that could be drawn from the life and teachings of Jesus. ... The Ebionites (Greek: Ebionaioi from Hebrew; , , the Poor Ones) were an early Jewish Christian sect that lived in and around the land of Israel in the 1st to the 5th century CE.[1] Without authenticated archaeological evidence for the existence of the Ebionites, their views and practices can only be... This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia The Elcesaites, Elkasites, or Helkesaites were a sect of followers of Jesus, whose religion was a syncretism of Gnosticism and Jewish Christianity. ... Nasoraean or Nasaraean (Grk: Nasaraioi) is the name of a pre-christian Jewish sect described by Epiphanius. ... The Nazarenes (Hebrew: Netzarim, נצרים) were a group of early followers of Jesus of Nazareth who, like the Ebionites, were noteworthy for refusing to follow Christianity in its complete break with Judaism. ... Nazoraean is the designation given to a first century offshoot of Nazarene Judaism by Epiphanius. ...

Modern sects Ebionite Jewish Community Messianic Jews Nasranis This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Messianic Judaism is any of a group of loosely related religious movements, all claiming a connection with Judaism but predominantly evangelical Christian in their beliefs, believing Jesus to be the Messiah, and using the New Testament as scripture. ... Nestorianism is the Christian doctrine that Jesus existed as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, rather than as a unified person. ...

Adversity Antinomianism Christian anti-semitism Bar Kokhba Revolt Aelia Capitolina Emperor Constantine Antinomianism (from the Greek αντι, against + νομος, law), or lawlessness (in the Greek Bible: ανομια, which is unlawful), in theology, is the idea that members of a particular religious group are under no obligation to obey the laws of ethics or morality as presented by religious authorities. ... This article is about the history of Christianity and anti-Semitism. ... Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132-135 CE) against the Roman Empire, also known as The Second Jewish-Roman War or The Second Jewish Revolt, was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea. ... Aelia Capitolina was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Syrian dominions. ... Constantine. ...

Writings Clementine literature Didache Gospel of Matthew Epistle of James Gospel of the Ebionites Gospel of the Hebrews Gospel of the Nazoraeans Liturgy of St James Clementine literature (also called Clementia, Pseudo-Clementine Writings, The Preaching of Peter etc. ... The Didache (, Koine Greek for Teaching[1]) is the common name of a brief early Christian treatise ( 70–160), containing instructions for Christian communities. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον, Kata Maththaion or Kata Matthaion) is a synoptic gospel in the New Testament, one of four canonical gospels. ... The Epistle of James is a book in the Christian New Testament. ... The Gospel of the Ebionites is a text sharing an affinity with the Gospel of the Hebrews and the Gospel of the Nazarenes. ... The Gospel of the Hebrews (see About titles below), is a lost gospel that is only preserved in a few quotations in the Panarion of Epiphanius, a church writer who lived at the end of the 4th century AD, who goes on to say that. ... The Gospel of the Nazarenes is a book of the New Testament Apocrypha. ... // Overview The Liturgy of Saint James is based on the traditions of the ancient rite of the Early Christian Church at Jerusalem, as the Mystagogic Catecheses of St Cyril of Jerusalem imply. ...

Issues Aramaic of Jesus Aramaic name of Jesus Background of Jesus Christian Torah-submission Council of Jerusalem Early Christianity Expounding of the Law Sabbath Quartodecimanism Sermon on the Mount Seven Laws of Noah Most scholars believe that Jesus primarily spoke Aramaic, with some Hebrew and Greek, although there is some debate in academia as to what degree. ... For the article on the person, teaching, and acts of Jesus Christ, see the Jesus article. ... This article — a part of the Jesus and history series of articles — discusses the cultural and historical background of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, without regard to his divinity, or to his existence as an actual historical figure. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Ten Commandments on... This article is about the 1st century Council of Jerusalem in Christianity. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      The term Early Christianity... The Expounding of the Law (KJV:Matthew 5:17-48), sometimes called the Antithesis of the Law, is a less well known but highly structured (Ye have heard . ... For other uses, see Sabbath. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      The Sermon... The Rainbow is the modern symbol of the Noahide Movement reminiscing the rainbow that appeared after the Great Flood of the Bible. ...

Pejoratives Judaizers Legalists Judaizers is a pejorative term used by Pauline Christianity, particularly after the third century, to describe Jewish Christian groups like the Ebionites and Nazarenes who believed that followers of Jesus needed to keep the Law of Moses. ... Legalism, in Christian theology, is a term referring to an improper fixation on law or codes of conduct, or legal ideas, usually implying an allegation of pride and the neglect of mercy, and ignorance of the grace of God. ... This box: view • talk • edit

See also: Easter controversy and Easter

Quartodecimanism (derived from the Vulgate Latin: quarta decima^[1], meaning fourteen) refers to the custom of Christians celebrating Passover on the 14th day of Nisan in the Old Testament's Hebrew Calendar (Lev 23:5). This was the original method of fixing the date of the Passover, which was said to be a "perpetual ordinance" (Exodus 12:14). The Easter controversy was a series of controversies about the proper date to celebrate Easter. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century version in Latin, partly revised and partly translated by Jerome on the orders of Pope Damasus I in 382. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about a holiday celebrated by a small number of Christians. ... Nisan (Hebrew: נִיסָן, Standard Nisan Tiberian Nîsān ; from Akkadian , from Sumerian nisag First fruits) is the first month of the civil year and the seventh month (eighth, in leap year) of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: ‎) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. ...

According to the Gospel of John (for example John 19:14), this was the Friday that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem, the Synoptic Gospels place the Friday on 15 Nisan. A controversy arose concerning whether it should also be a resurrection holiday, and thus whether it should instead be celebrated on one particular Sunday each year, which is now the floating holiday that is commonly called Easter Sunday. For other uses, see Gospel of John (disambiguation). ... Good Friday is the Friday before Easter (Easter always falls on a Sunday). ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... For other uses, see Crucifixion (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... In the New Testament of the Christian Bible, gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke are so similar that they are called the synoptic gospels (from Greek, συν, syn, together, and οψις, opsis, seeing). ... The Easter controversy was a series of controversies about the proper date to celebrate Easter. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which God raised him from the dead[1] after his death by crucifixion. ... In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day — a feast or a fast — whose date is not fixed to a particular day of the calendar year but moves in response to the date of Easter, the date of which varies according to a complex formula. ... Easter (also called Pascha) is generally accounted the most important holiday of the Christian year, observed March or April each year to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus from the dead (after his death by crucifixion; see Good Friday), which Christians believe happened at about this time of year, almost two...

Background

Very early in the life of the Church, disputes arose as to which date Pascha (Easter) should be celebrated. This dispute came to be known as the Paschal/Easter or Quartodecimanism controversy.

Early in the Church it was accepted by all sides of the debate that the Lord's Supper was the custom of the disciples and the tradition passed down. The Lords Supper is a variation of the name and the service of The Last Supper or Eucharist. ... In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry. ...

The dispute involved the computation of the date on which Pascha should be celebrated. The practice in the East at the time was that the fast ended on the 14th day of Nisan, strictly in accordance with the Old Testament's Hebrew calendar. The Eastern custom became known as Quartodecimanism among the Latins. The Roman practice was to continue the fast until the Sunday following. A complaint against the 14th of Nisan was that it could fall on any day of the week and the Roman Church wished to associate Pascha with Sunday (regardless of the day of the calendar) and to sever its association to Jewish practices. Based on the writings of Irenaeus, the Roman Church had celebrated Passover on a Sunday at least since the time of Bishop Xystus or Sixtus I, 115-125 A.D.^[2] Nisan (Hebrew: נִיסָן, Standard Nisan Tiberian Nîsān ; from Akkadian , from Sumerian nisag First fruits) is the first month of the civil year and the seventh month (eighth, in leap year) of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. ... The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: ‎) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. ... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ... Judaizers is a term used by orthodox Christianity, particularly after the third century, to describe Jewish Christian groups like the Ebionites and Nazarenes who believed that followers of Jesus needed to keep the Law of Moses. ... Irenaeus (Greek: Εἰρηναῖος), (b. ... Sixtus I was pope for about ten years, from 115 to 125. ...

According to a rather confused account by the early church historian Sozomen, both sides could claim Apostolic authority for their traditions. A number of ecclesiastical historians, primarily Eusebius, claim bishop Polycarp of Smyrna in Asia Minor, a disciple of John the Evangelist observed Pascha on 14 Nisan. He disputed the computation of the date with bishop Anicetus of Rome as to when the pre-Pascha fast should end. Shortly after Anicetus became bishop of Rome in about AD 155, Polycarp visited Rome and among the topics discussed was this divergence of custom. Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus was able to persuade the other to his position, but neither did they consider the matter of sufficient importance to justify a schism, so they parted in peace leaving the question unsettled.^[3] Salminius Hermias Sozomen (c. ... The Apostolic Age is, to some church historians, the period in early church history during which some of Christs original apostles were still alive and helping to influence church doctrine, polity, and the like. ... Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (c. ... For other uses, see Polycarp (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Names of John. ... Anicetus was pope from about 154 to about 167 (the Vaticans list cites 150 or 157 to 153 or 168). ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ...

Irenaeus, who observed the "first Sunday" rule, notes of Polycarp: "For Anicetus could not persuade Polycarp to forgo the observance [of his Nisan 14 practice] inasmuch as these things had been always observed by John the disciple of the Lord, and by other apostles with whom he had been conversant." (c. AD 180; 1.569 "Ante-Nicene Church Fathers"). Irenaeus also notes that this was not only Polycarp's practice, but was the practice of John the disciple and the other apostles that Polycarp knew.

Polycrates of Ephesus (c. AD 190) emphatically notes this is the tradition passed down to him, that Passover and Unleavened Bread were kept on 14 Nisan in accord with the local interpretation of the dating of Passover: "As for us, then, we scrupulously observe the exact day, neither adding nor taking away.^[4][5] For in Asia great luminaries have gone to their rest who will rise again on the day of the coming of the Lord.... These all kept Pascha (Easter) on the 14th day, in accordance with the Gospel.... Seven of my relatives were bishops, and I am the eighth, and my relatives always observed the day when the people put away the leaven" (8.773, 8.744 "Ante-Nicene Church Fathers"). Polycrates of Ephesus was a bishop (chief pastor) in Ephesus in the late 2nd century. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... For other uses, see Second Coming (disambiguation). ... Gospel, from the Old English good tidings is a calque of Greek () used in the New Testament (see Etymology below). ... Leaven is a raising agent for bread. ...

An early example of this tension is found written by Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea (c. AD 180; 8.774 Ante-Nicene Fathers) when he stated - Saint Theophilus (†195) was bishop of Caesarea Palaestina. ... The Ante-Nicene Fathers, subtitled , is a selected set of books containing English translations of the major early Christian writings. ...

"Endeavor also to send abroad copies of our epistle among all the churches, so that those who easily deceive their own souls may not be able to lay the blame on us. We would have you know, too, that in Alexandria also they observe the festival on the same day as ourselves. For the Paschal letters are sent from us to them, and from them to us - so that we observe the holy day in unison and together."

The 14 Nisan practice, which was strong among the churches of Asia Minor, becomes less common as the desire for Church unity on the question came to favor the majority Roman practice. By the 3rd century the Church, which had become gentile-dominated and wishing to further distinguish itself from Jewish practices, began a tone of rhetoric against 14 Nisan/Passover (e.g. Anatolius of Laodicea, c. AD 270; 6.148,6.149 "Ante-Nicene Church Fathers"). The tradition that Pascha was to be celebrated "not with the Jews" meant that Pascha was not to be celebrated on 14 Nisan.^[6] Anatolius, Bishop of Laodicea in Syria, was one of the foremost scholars of his day in the physical sciences and in Aristotelean philosophy. ...

The aged Apostolic Father Polycarp visited Rome circa 154 A.D., at which time he discussed the difference in Paschal calculation with Bishop Anicetus and reached an amicable compromise. In addition Polycrates of Ephesus and Irenaeus wrote in support of the Quartodecimans. Irenaeus also noted that "Anicetus conceded to Polycarp in the Church the celebration of the Eucharist, by way of showing him respect". (Eusebius H.E. 5.24.17) The Apostolic Fathers were a small collection of Christian authors who lived and wrote in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries who are acknowledged as leaders in the early church, but whose writings were not included in the collection of Chirstian scripture, the New Testament Biblical canon. ... Anicetus was pope from about 154 to about 167 (the Vaticans list cites 150 or 157 to 153 or 168. ... Polycrates of Ephesus was a bishop (chief pastor) in Ephesus in the late 2nd century. ... Irenaeus (Greek: Εἰρηναῖος), (b. ...

In the end, a uniform method of computing the date of Pascha (Easter) was not formally addressed until the First Council of Nicaea in 325 (see below), although by that time the Roman Church position had spread to most churches. The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day Iznik in Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first Ecumenical council[1] of the early Christian Church, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. ...

Pope Victor I excommunicates the Quartodecimans

However, one of Anicetus' successors, bishop Victor I of Rome, excommunicated the Quartodecimans (then apparently led by Polycrates of Ephesus) for not adhering to the Paschal practices of the majority of Christians. In a response to Victor I, Polycrates wrote, Pope Saint Victor I was an African Bishop of Rome (controversially called Pope) from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201). ... Polycrates of Ephesus was a bishop (chief pastor) in Ephesus in the late 2nd century. ...

"As for us, then, we scrupulously observe the exact day, neither adding nor taking away. For in Asia great luminaries such as Philip and his daughters, John, Polycarp, Sagaris, Papirius, and Melito have gone to their rest...These all kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month, in accordance with the Gospel, without ever deviating from it, but keeping to the rule of faith. Moreover I also, Polycrates, (who am the least of you all, in accordance with the tradition of my relatives, some of whom I have succeeded—seven of my relatives were bishops, and I am the eighth, and my relatives) have always observed the day when the people put away the leaven—I myself, brethren, I say, who am sixty-five years old in the Lord, and have fallen in with the brethren in all parts of the world, and have read through all Holy Scripture, am not afraid of threats. For those who are greater than I have said, We ought to obey God rather than men." ^[7]

Despite this schism, several Quartodecimans who died prior to the excommunication under Victor I, including Melito of Sardis and Polycarp, are recognized as Saints by both the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Saint Melito of Sardis (died c. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... ...

Another recognized Catholic saint, Apollinaris, wrote,

"There are, then, some who through ignorance raise disputes about these things (though their conduct is pardonable: for ignorance is no subject for blame -- it rather needs further instruction...)...The fourteenth day, the true Passover of the Lord; the great sacrifice, the Son of God instead of the lamb, who was bound, who bound the strong, and who was judged, though Judge of living and dead, and who was delivered into the hands of sinners to be crucified, who was lifted up on the horns of the unicorn, and who was pierced in His holy side, who poured forth from His side the two purifying elements, water and blood, word and spirit, and who was buried on the day of the passover, the stone being placed upon the tomb."^[8]

The excommunication was rescinded^{[citation needed]} and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus of Lyons, who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent that had been established earlier. Irenaeus (Greek: Εἰρηναῖος), (b. ...

Council of Nicaea and attempts to standardize Easter

In 325 A.D., the First Council of Nicaea came to a decision that Christendom as a whole should use a unified system, which was the Roman one. The Catholic Epiphanius wrote in the mid-4th Century: The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day Iznik in Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first Ecumenical council[1] of the early Christian Church, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. ... This T-and-O map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ... Epiphanius (ca 310–20 – 403) was a Church Father, a heresiologist who was a strong defender of orthodoxy, known for tracking down deviant teachings (heresies) wherever they could be traced, during the troubled era in the Christian Church following the Council of Nicaea. ...

"...the emperor...convened a council of 318 bishops...in the city of Nicea...They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides, and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God's holy and supremely excellent day. For it was variously observed by people..."^[9]

A Sunday date was selected (regardless of the day of the calendar), instead of Nisan 14 (which can fall on any day of the week). Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Canon law is the term used for...

Eusebius' Life of Constantine, Book 3 chapter 18 records Constantine the Great as writing: Eusebius is the name of several significant historical people: Pope Eusebius - Pope in AD 309 - 310. ... Constantine. ...

"... it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the Jews, who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin, and are, therefore, deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul. ... Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd; for we have received from our Saviour a different way."

Theodoret's Ecclesiastical History 1.9 records The Epistle of the Emperor Constantine, concerning the matters transacted at the Council, addressed to those Bishops who were not present: Theodoret (393 – c. ...

"It was, in the first place, declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded. ... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."

Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church, volume 3, section 79, The Time of the Easter Festival states: This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Philip Schaff (January 1, 1819-1893), was a Swiss-born, German-educated theologian and a historian of the Christian church, who, after his education, lived and taught in the United States. ...

Current practices

The majority of Christians abide by this decision and observe Easter (Pascha, that is, Passover) on a Sunday, although the method for calculating which Sunday varies. See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter. Computus (Latin for computation) is the calculation of the date of Easter in the Christian calendar. ... The current system for determining the date of Easter has two problems: (1) its date varies from year to year (not considered a problem by many Christians), and (2) Eastern and Western churches use different methods of determining its date, and hence in most years it is celebrated on a...

There also exist Christian groups such as Torah-submissive Christians that adhere to Quartodeciman observance and celebrate a Christian Passover on the 14th of Nisan. They typically use unleavened bread and wine, but vary on whether or not the traditional Jewish Passover Seder is done. (In Messianic Judaism, Passover is generally observed according to Jewish practice.) These groups typically claim to trace their history back to the Quartodecimans of the second century, citing historical evidence. There are, however, many scholars of ecclesiastical history that believe that the historical evidence cited is not firm enough to prove that claim of continuance.^{[citation needed]}Jehovah's Witnesses celebrate the "Memorial of Christ's Death" or the "Lord's Evening Meal" on this day as well. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Ten Commandments on... Passover, also known as Pesach or Pesah (פסח pesaḥ), is a Jewish holiday (lasting seven days in Israel and among some liberal Diaspora Jews, and eight days among other Diaspora Jews) that commemorates the exodus and freedom of the Israelites from Egypt; it is also observed by... Table set for the beginning of the Passover Seder, including Passover Seder Plate (front center), salt water, three shmurah matzot (rear center), and bottles of kosher wine. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Ten Commandments on... The following reflects the current beliefs and practices of Jehovahs Witnesses. ...

References

1. ^ New Vulgate (Old Testament) (HTML). Leviticus 23:5: "Mense primo, quarta decima die mensis, ad vesperum Pascha Domini est."
2. ^ Eusebius H.E. 5.24.14
3. ^ A List Worthy of Study, Given by the Historian, of Customs among Different Nations and Churches. (HTML).
4. ^ Deut 4:2
5. ^ 12:32
6. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0674397312, page 350: "In an attempt to disrupt the order of the Jewish festivals and to prevent those Christians who wished to do so from celebrating Pascha (Easter) on the first day of Passover, the imperial authorities prevented the rabbis from meeting to proclaim New Moons and leap-years and from sending messengers to the Diaspora communities to inform them of their decisions."
7. ^ Polycrates, Epistle to Victor and the Roman Church Concerning the Day of Keeping the Passover, c. 190. The quote "We ought to obey God ..." is from Acts 5:29.
8. ^ (Apollinaris Claudius, From the Book Concerning Passover, Translated by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, Excerpted from Volume I of The Ante-Nicene Fathers).
9. ^ (Epiphanius. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III (Sects 47-80), De Fide). Section VI, Verses 1,1 and 1,3. Translated by Frank Williams. EJ Brill, New York, 1994, pp.471-472).
10. ^ Exodus 12:15

Saint Apollinaris Claudius, otherwise Apollinaris of Hierapolis or Apollinaris the Apologist, was a Christian leader and writer of the 2nd century. ... Sir James Donaldson (1831-1915), Scottish classical scholar, educational and theological writer, was born in Aberdeen on 26 April 1831. ... The Ante-Nicene Fathers, subtitled , is a selected set of books containing English translations of the major early Christian writings. ...

See also

• Easter controversy
• Celtic Christianity
• Celtic Rite
• Old Testament#Christian view of the Law
• Expounding of the Law
• New Covenant
• Christian Torah-submission

The Easter controversy was a series of controversies about the proper date to celebrate Easter. ... Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes commonly called the Celtic Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval Christian practice that developed around the Irish Sea in the fifth and sixth centuries: that is, among Celtic/British peoples such as the Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Manx (the inhabitants of the British... // How Christianity Reached the Area One part of Britain, indeed, derived a great part of its Christianity from post-Patrician Irish missions. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... The Expounding of the Law (KJV:Matthew 5:17-48), sometimes called the Antithesis of the Law, is a less well known but highly structured (Ye have heard . ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Ten Commandments on...

External links

• Melito's Homily on Passover also known as Peri Pascha
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Easter Controversy
• Sunday and the Quartodeciman
• Eusebius' History of the Church 5.23-25 The Question Then Agitated Concerning the Passover
• The Paschal Canon of Anatolius of Alexandria