Radial engine in a cut-away view

Radial engine of a biplane

A Continental radial engine, 1944

A radial piston engine from Continental is torn down after testing, 1944

Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine mounted in Sikorsky H-19 helicopter

The radial engine is an internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes on a wheel. This configuration was very commonly used in aircraft engines before being superseded by turboshaft and turbojet engines. It is a reciprocating engine. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Radial Engine This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Radial Engine This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Hs123 biplane. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Continental engines were used in various American cars from independent automobile manufacturers during the early 1900s and into the 1920s. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File linksMetadata H19_showing_engine. ... Image File history File linksMetadata H19_showing_engine. ... Pratt & Whitney R-1340 The Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp was a reciprocating engine widely used in American aircraft from the 1920s onward. ... H-19 at National Museum of the United States Air Force, showing unusual mounting of engine The Sikorsky H-19, (also known as the S-55) was a multi-purpose helicopter used by the United States Army. ... The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of an internal combustion engine. ... Cylinder with piston in a steam engine A cylinder in the central working part of a reciprocating engine, the space in which a piston travels. ... Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray) in their cylinders (blue), and flywheel (black) Continental engine marine crankshafts, 1942 Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... “Flying Machine” redirects here. ... Schematic diagram showing the operation of a simplified turboshaft engine. ... Turbojets are the simplest and oldest kind of general purpose jet engines. ... Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ...

The cylinders are connected to the crankshaft with a master-and-articulating-rod assembly. One cylinder has a master rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining cylinders pin their connecting rods attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod (see animation). Four-stroke radials almost always have an odd number of cylinders, so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order can be maintained, providing smooth running. piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ... For the use of the term in optics, see piston (optics). ... The firing order is the sequence of sparking of the spark plugs in a reciprocating engine, or the sequence of fuel injection in each cylinder in a Diesel engine. ...

Debate of use

The debate about the merits of the radial vs. the inline continued throughout the 1930s, with both types seeing some use. The radial was more popular largely due to its simplicity, and most navy air arms had dedicated themselves to the radial because of its improved reliability for over-water flights and better power/weight ratio for aircraft carrier takeoffs. Although inline engines offer smaller frontal area than radials, inline engines require the added weight and complexity of cooling systems and are generally more vulnerable to battle damage. The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... Power-to-weight ratio (specific power) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and other mobile power plants to enable the comparison of one unit (design) to another. ... Four aircraft carriers, (bottom-to-top) Principe de Asturias, amphibious assault carrier USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and light V/STOL carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship designed to deploy and in most cases recover aircraft, acting as a sea...

The vast majority of radial-engined aircraft designed since the 1930s were also were fitted with NACA cowlings to reduce drag and to also enhance forward thrust by virtue of its airfoil effect. The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... NACA cowling on a Curtis AT-5A at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, October 1928 The NACA cowling is a type of aerodynamic fairing used to streamline radial engines for use on airplanes. ... An object falling through a gas or liquid experiences a force in direction opposite to its motion. ...

Multi-row radials

Originally radial engines had but one row of cylinders, but as engine sizes increased it became necessary to add extra rows. Most did not exceed two rows, but the largest radial engine ever built in quantity, the Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major, was a 28-cylinder 4-row radial engine used in many large aircraft designs in the post-World War II period. The USSR also built a limited number of 'Zvezda' 42-cylinder diesel boat engines featuring 6 rows with 7 banks of cylinders, bore of 160 mm (6.3 in), stroke of 170 mm (6.7 in), and total displacement of 143.5 liters (8,756 in³). The engine produced 4,500 kW (6,000 hp) at 2,500 rpm. Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major (sectioned) The Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major was a large radial piston aircraft engine designed and built during World War II. It was the last of the Wasp family and the culmination of its makers piston engine technology, but the war was over before... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The liter (spelled liter in American English and litre in Commonwealth English) is a unit of volume. ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... This article is about a unit of measurement. ... For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ...

Modern radials

At least three companies build radials today. Vedeneyev engines produces the M-14P model, 360 HP radial used on Yakovlevs, and Sukhoi Su-26 and Su-29 aerobatic aircraft. The M-14P has also found great favor among builders of experimental aircraft, such as the Culp's Special, and Culp's Sopwith Pup [1], Pitts S12 "Monster" and the Murphy "Moose". 110 HP 7-cylinder and 150 HP 9-cylinder engines are available from Australia's Rotec Engineering. Miniature radial engines for model airplane use are also available from OS and Saito of Japan and Technopower. The Saito firm is known for making three different sizes of three-cylinder radials, and a five cylinder example. The Vedeneyev M14P is a nine cylinder radial, four-stroke, air cooled petrol engine. ... This page is about the aircraft design bureau and manufacturer. ... Sukhoi (pronounced [suk-oi]) (Сухой) is a major Russian military fighter aircraft manufacturer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A radial-equipped Murphy Moose. ... Aircraft modeling or aeromodelling is a hobby that has been popular since the 1930s. ... Ogawa Seiki is the name of a Japanese model aircraft engine company. ... Technopower is an American manufacturer of model aircraft engines. ...

Diesel radials

While the vast majority of radial engines have been produced for gasoline fuels, there have been instances of diesel powered engines. The Bristol Phoenix of 1928-1932 was successfully tested in aircraft and the Nordberg Manufacturing Company of the US developed and produced a series of large radial diesel engines from the 1940s. The Phoenix was an adaptation of the Bristol Aeroplane Companys Pegasus engine, adapted to run on the Diesel cycle. ...

To reduce the chance of engine fires, in 1932 the French company Clerget developed the 14D, a 14-cylinder 2-stroke diesel radial engine. After a series of improvements, in 1938 the 14F2 model produced 520HP at 1910 RPM cruise power, with a power to weight ratio near that of contemporary gasoline engines and a specific fuel consumption of 166g/hp/hour. During the WWII the research continued, but no engines were mass-produced because of the Nazi occupation, and by 1943 the engine had grown to produce over 1000hp with a turbocharger. After the war, the Clerget company was integrated in the SNECMA company and had plans for a 32 cylinder diesel engine of 4000hp, but in 1947 the company abandoned piston engine development in favour of work on the emerging turbine engine. Turbocharger Cut-away A turbocharger is a device used in internal-combustion engines to increase the power output of the engine by increasing the mass of oxygen and fuel entering the engine. ... Snecma was one of the worlds leading aerospace corporations which merged with SAGEM to form SAFRAN. Snecma is now a subsidiary of the SAFRAN Group and previous Snecma subsidiaries have been reorganised within the wider group. ...

The Nordberg engines were initially designed for electricity production in aluminium smelters. They differed from the norm of radial design by using two opposite cylinders as a double master instead of single master rod usually found, and managed to run perfectly circular. The engine design also permitted even numbers of cylinders in a single row with the cylinders being fired in consecutive order. The engines were a two-stroke design and were also available in a dual-fuel gas/diesel model. A number of powerhouse installations utilising large numbers of these engines were made in the US.^[1] “Aluminum” redirects here. ...

References

1. ^ Nordberg Diesel Engines. OldEngine. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Vedeneyev
• Megola
• Technopower
• Warner Scarab

The Vedeneyev M14P is a nine cylinder radial, four-stroke, air cooled petrol engine. ... The Megola was a German motorcycle produced between 1921 and 1925 in Munich. ... Technopower is an American manufacturer of model aircraft engines. ... Warner Scarab engine advertisement for 1928 in Aero Digest The Warner Scarab was a radial engine for airplanes, manufactured by the Warner Aircraft Corporation of Detroit, Michigan in 1928 through the early 1930s. ... Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of an internal combustion engine. ... Usually found in 4 and 6 cylinder configurations, the straight engine (often designed as inline engine) is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row, with no or only minimal offset. ... A single cylinder engine, colloquially known as a one-lunger, is an engine configuration consisting of just one cylinder. ... A straight-two engine is a two cylinder piston engine that has its cylinders arranged in a single row. ... A Straight-3 is an internal combustion engine with three cylinders arranged in a straight line side by side. ... The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. ... The Volvo B5252S is an example of a straight-5 engine. ... The straight-6 (also inline 6, I-6, or I6) is an internal combustion engine with six cylinders aligned in a single row. ... 1933 Bugatti DOHC straight-8 in a Type 59 Grand Prix racer 1940s Oldsmobile Straight-8 engine A Straight-8 is a straight engine with eight cylinders. ... A straight-9 engine is a straight engine with nine cylinders. ... A Straight-10 engine is a straight engine with ten cylinders. ... A Straight-12 engine is a Straight engine with twelve cylinders. ... A straight-14 engine is a straight engine with fourteen cylinders. ... The Boxer engine, first patented by German engineer Karl Benz A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with pistons that are all relatively horizontal. ... BMW motorcycle powered by a flat-twin engine A flat-twin is a two cylinder internal combustion engine where the cylinders are arranged in a flat configuration. ... A flat-4 is a four cylinder internal combustion engine where the cylinders are arranged in a flat configuration, also referred to as horizontally opposed. ... The flat-6 engine of the Honda Valkyrie motorcycle A flat-6 is a 6 cylinder configuration of a flat engine or boxer engine. ... A flat-8 is an internal combustion engine in flat configuration, having 8 cylinders. ... The flat 10 engine is an engine with two banks of five opposing cylinders each. ... A flat-12 is an internal combustion engine in flat configuration, having 12 cylinders. ... A flat-16 is an internal combustion engine in flat configuration, having 16 cylinders. ... A V engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine in which the pistons are aligned so that, if viewed along the line of the crankshaft, they appear to be in a V. Usually, two opposing pistons share one crank on the crankshaft. ... Honda 90° transversely mounted V-twin A V-twin is a two cylinder internal combustion engine where the cylinders are arranged in a V configuration. ... 1700 cc High Compression Ford Taunus V4 V4 and V-4 redirect here. ... The V5 engine is a V form engine with five cylinders. ... The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ... The Liberty V8 aircraft engine clearly shows the configuration, although modern automotive versions use a 90 degree block angle. ... A V10 engine is a V engine with 10 cylinders in two banks of five. ... Colombo Type 125 Testa Rossa engine in a 1961 Ferrari 250TR Spyder V-12 engine simplified cross-section V12 redirects here. ... A V16 engine is a V engine with 16 cylinders. ... A V20 engine is a V engine with 20 cylinders. ... A V24 engine is a V engine with 24 cylinders, suitable only for very large trucks or locomotives. ... The W engine is an engine configuration in which the cylinder banks resemble the letter W in the same way a V engine resembles the letter V. There have been three entirely different implementations of this concept: one with three banks of cylinders, one with four and one with two... A W8 engine is an eight cylinder piston engine in a W configuration, or two juxtaposed V4 engine blocks, coupled to one crankshaft. ... A W12 engine is a twelve cylinder piston engine in a W configuration. ... A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston engine in a W configuration. ... A W18 engine is an eighteen cylinder piston engine in a W configuration. ... An H engine (or H-block) is an engine configuration in which the cylinders are aligned so that if viewed from the front appear to be in a horizontal letter H. An H engine can be viewed as two flat engines, one atop the other. ... A U engine is a piston engine made up of two separate straight engine engines (complete with separate crankshafts) joined by gears. ... The square engine is an engine configuration used on some 4-cylinder motorcycles like the Ariel Square Four. ... The VR6 engine is an internal combustion engine configuration developed by the Volkswagen Group. ... Fairbanks-Morse opposed piston diesel engines on the submarine USS Pampanito. ... An X engine is a piston engine comprising twinned vee-block engines horizontally-opposed to each other. ... Early Hemi in a 1957 Chrysler 300C See also: Chrysler Hemi engine Hemi (from hemisphere) is a design of internal-combustion engines in which the cylinder heads combustion chamber is of hemispherical form. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does, but instead uses one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. ... Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ... A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. ... A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. ... A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. ... A stroke is a single action of certain engines. ... The Crower six-stroke engine or Crower Cycle is a concept under development by Bruce Crower. ... Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. ... The Scuderi Split Cycle Engine design is a rethink of the conventional four-stroke Otto cycle internal combustion engine conceived by Carmelo J. Scuderi (1925-2002). ... A six stroke engine is an automobile engine in which the piston of the engine move up and down an additional time for each injection of fuel. ... The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by completing the same four processes (intake, compression, power, exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four. ... A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does, but instead uses one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. ... The Britalus rotary engine was invented in 1982 by Kenneth W. Porter, P.E., M.S.A.E, of King County, Washington. ... A combustion chamber is part of an engine in which fuel is burned. ... Controlled Combustion Engine (CCE) is a type of internal combustion engine designed by Brad Howell-Smith in 1995. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... An orbital engine is a type of internal combustion engine, featuring rotary rather than reciprocating motion of its internal parts. ... Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... The Quasiturbine or Qurbine engine is a proposed pistonless rotary engine using a four-sided rhomboid rotor whose sides are hinged at the vertices. ... A cold (un-ignited) rocket engine test at NASA A rocket engine is a reaction engine that can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Toroidal engine design is a form of internal combustion engine that features pistons that rotate within a toroidal space. ... The trochilic engine is composed of two mirror image gull wing segments intermeshed and rotating about a common central axis. ... The Twingle engine is a small-capacity two-stroke gasoline engine. ... Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The D Slide Valve was a form of rectilinear slide valve for use in rotative steam engines invented by William Murdoch and patented in 1799. ... Internal combustion engines using either four-stroke or two-stroke cycle with spark ignition and compression ignition, use poppet valves to allow air to flow through the cylinder head cylinder and exhaust gases out. ... Left side of a Ford Cologne V6 engine, clearly showing a (rusty) cast iron exhaust manifold - three exhaust ports into one pipe. ... In automotive engineering, an engine is referred to as multi-valve (or multivalve) when each cylinder has more than two valves. ... Piston valve in a brass instrument A piston valve is a device used to control the motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the linear motion of a piston within a chamber or cylinder. ... A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. ... Figure 1: A de Laval nozzle, showing approximate flow velocity increasing from green to red in the direction of flow The main type of rocket engine nozzles used in modern rocket engines is the de Laval nozzle which is used to expand and accelerate the combustion gases, from burning propellants... piston engine Bristol Perseus The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines which have traditionally relied on the more common poppet valve. ... For the use of the term in optics, see piston (optics). ... The Bourke engine was designed by Russell Bourke in the late 1930s, who endeavored to improve upon the Otto cycle engine. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: not an article, just links to pictures If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... The hydraulic cylinders on this excavator control the machines linkages. ... Fairbanks-Morse opposed piston diesel engines on the submarine USS Pampanito. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A single cylinder engine, colloquially known as a one-lunger, is an engine configuration consisting of just one cylinder. ... The Stelzer engine is a diesel engine design proposed by Frank Stelzer. ... Usually found in 4 and 6 cylinder configurations, the straight engine (often designed as inline engine) is an internal-combustion engine with all cylinders aligned in one row, with no or only minimal offset. ... A sphere rotating around its axis. ... In Euclidean geometry, an arc is a closed segment of a differentiable curve in the two-dimensional plane; for example, a circular arc is a segment of a circle. ... The motion of a non-offset piston connected to a crank through a connecting rod (as would be found in internal combustion engines), can be expressed through several mathematical equations. ... monkey ... piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... Crankshaft (red), pistons (gray) in their cylinders (blue), and flywheel (black) Continental engine marine crankshafts, 1942 Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... The parallel motion was a mechanical linkage invented by James Watt in 1784 for his double-acting steam engine. ... The Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage (or Peaucellier-Lipkin cell), invented in 1864, was the first linkage capable of transforming rotary motion into perfect straight-line motion. ... In a piston engine, a piston rod joins a piston to a connecting rod. ... The primary claimed benefit of the revolving cylinder, axial piston engine is that a 4-cycle, reciprocating piston engine can be achieved without the need for a complex and expensive valve train. ... Cut away diagram of a Rhombic Drive Beta Stirling Engine Design Pink - Hot cylinder wall, Dark grey - Cold cylinder wall (with coolant inlet and outlet pipes in Yellow), Dark Green - Thermal insulation separating the two cylinder ends, Light Green - Displacer piston, Dark Blue - Power piston, Light Blue - Flywheels, Not Shown... The Scotch Yoke is a mechanism for converting the horizontal motion of a slider into rotational motion or vice-versa. ... The swashplate is the device that translates the pilots (or autopilots) commands via the helicopter flight controls into motion of the main rotor blades. ... Almen A-4 barrel engine The swashplate engine is a type of reciprocating engine that replaces the common crankshaft with a circulate plate. ... Watts Linkage The Watts linkage was invented by James Watt (1736--1819) to constrain the movement of a piston in a steam engine to move in a straight line. ... The Toroidal engine design is a form of internal combustion engine that features pistons that rotate within a toroidal space. ... The trochilic engine is composed of two mirror image gull wing segments intermeshed and rotating about a common central axis. ...

External links

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Radial engine

• Rotec radial engines
• HCI Aviation modern radial engine manufacturer
• Vedeneyev engines
• Murphy Moose M-14P info
• Radial engine motorcycles