Image A: A normal chest X-ray. Image B: Q fever pneumonia.

Radiology is the study of radios directing medical imaging technologies to diagnose and sometimes treat diseases. Originally it was the aspect of medical science dealing with the medical use of electromagnetic energy emitted by X-ray machines or other such radiation devices for the purpose of obtaining visual information as part of medical imaging. Radiology that involves use of x-ray is called roentgenology. Today, following extensive training, radiologists direct an array of imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose or treat disease. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or radiologic technologist. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (435x729, 60 KB) Summary Combination of two x-rays found on the two websites http://www. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (435x729, 60 KB) Summary Combination of two x-rays found on the two websites http://www. ... Frontal chest X-ray. ... Medical imaging designates the ensemble of techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function). ... medicines, see Medication. ... Albert von Kollikers hand, one of the first X-ray images. ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles. ... Ultrasound is a form of cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ... It has been suggested that Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, X-ray tomography be merged into this article or section. ... Magnetic Resonance Image showing a median sagittal cross section through a human head. ... Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ... A minimally invasive medical procedure is defined as one that is carried out by entering the body through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening, but with the smallest damage possible to these structures. ... Medical imaging designates the ensemble of techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function). ... A radiologic technologist (also called a radiographer ) is a person who uses ionizing radiation to create medical images of the body to help diagnose and treat illness and injury. ...

Outside of the medical field, radiology also encompasses the examination of the inner structure of objects using X-rays or other penetrating radiation.

History of radiology

Radiology began with Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen’s discovery of x-rays in 1895.It was such an important advance in medicine that within ten years radiology was being used all over the Western world. In 1901, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1905 the first English book on chest radiography was published. During World War I, Maria Skłodowska-Curie pushed for the use of mobile radiography units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. She personally provided the radon tubes for the French Army. In 1920 the Society of Radiographers was formed. In 1924 Gilbert Stead published his Elementary Physics for medical and radiology students, helping bring radiology to the level of a generally recognized medical specialty. In 1937 a patient with leukemia was treated at the University of California, Berkeley in the first therapeutic use of radioactivity for cancer. Also in 1937, Joseph Gilbert Hamilton started to use radioactive iodine as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in the treatment of thyroid disease. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (in English: William Conrad Roentgen) (March 27, 1845 – February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or Röntgen Rays, an achievement... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Madame Curie redirects here. ... A radiograph of a right elbow-joint Radiography is the use of certain types of electromagnetic radiation—usually ionizing—to view objects. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Society of Radiographers (SoR) is a trade union in the United Kingdom. ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gilbert Stead (* 1888; †5 July 1979), was a professor of physics and pioneer in the development of radiology as a recognized medical specialty. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Leukemia or leukaemia (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph G. Hamilton drinking a radioactive sodium solution in 1939. ... The thyroid gland and its relations The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. ...

Subdivisions

Medical imaging

As a medical specialty, radiology can be classified broadly into Diagnostic radiology and Therapeutic radiology. Image File history File links 50pman_medical_imaging. ... Image File history File links 50pman_medical_imaging. ...

• Diagnostic radiology is the interpretation of images of the human body to aid in the diagnosis or prognosis of disease. It is divided into subfields by anatomic location and in some cases method:
  • Chest radiology.
  • Abdominal & Pelvic radiology. Sometimes together termed "Body Imaging."
  • Interventional radiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic and angiographic procedures. Also known as Vascular & Interventional radiology.
  • Neuroradiology is the sub-specialty in the field of brain, spine, head, and neck imaging.
    • Interventional Neuroradiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic and angiographic procedures in the head, neck and spine.
  • Musculoskeletal radiology is the sub-specialty in the field of bone, joint, and muscular imaging.
  • Pediatric radiology.
  • Mammography.
  • Nuclear Medicine is a subdivision of radiology that uses radioisotopes in the characterization of lesions and disease processes, and often yields functional information.
• A Radiologist is a specialty physician trained in all areas of diagnostic radiology. Specialty certification is earned through the American Board of Radiology (ABR).
  • Nuclear Medicine, Interventional radiology, Neuroradiology and Pediatric radiology have optional subspecialty Board qualifications under the American Board of Radiology.
  • Dedicated specialty certification in Nuclear Medicine alone can be earned as a non-radiologist physician through the American Board of Nuclear Medicine.
• Therapeutic radiology utilizes radiation (radiation therapy) for therapy of diseases such as cancer.
  • While originally encompassed within radiology, radiation oncology is now a separate field.
  • Radiation Oncology specialty certification is earned through the American Board of Radiology.

Medical imaging is the process by which physicians evaluate an area of the subjects body that is not normally visible. ... In general, a diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ... Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις, modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ... Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ... Neuroradiology is the branch of radiology dealing with the nervous system. ... Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) / Endovascular Surgical Neuroradiology (ESN) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited medical subspecialty centered on minimally invasive image-based technologies/procedures used to diagnosis and treat diseases of the head, neck, and spine. ... Mammography. ... Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... Clinac 2100 C100 accelerator Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...

Acquisition of radiological images

Patients have the following procedures to provide images for Radiological decisions to be made.

Projection radiography

Main article: Radiography

Radiographs (or Roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)) are often used for evaluation of bony structures and soft tissues. An X-Ray machine directs electromagnetic radiation upon a specified region in the body. This radiation tends to pass through less dense objects (skin, fat, muscle, and other tissues), but is absorbed or scattered by denser materials (bones, tumors, lungs affected by severe pneumonia). Radiation which has passed through a patient then strikes a cassette containing a screen of fluorescent phosphors and exposes x-ray film. Areas of film exposed to higher amounts of radiation will appear black or dark gray after development. The unexposed areas of film remain white. In Computed Radiography (CR), the x-ray photons are captured by phosphors within a cassette, which are then read-out by a scanning machine to give an electronic rendering of the image. In Digital Radiography (DR) the radiation strikes a plate of minute sensors yielding a digital image, which is then transmitted and stored by computer and viewed on a computer screen. In the U.S. all three modalities for obtaining images are currently in use, although the trend is away from film and toward digital imaging. A radiograph of a right elbow-joint Radiography is the use of certain types of electromagnetic radiation—usually ionizing—to view objects. ... Radiography is the creation of radiographs, photographs made by exposing a photographic film or other image receptor to X-rays. ... Wilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (* March 27, 1845; † February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are now known as x-rays. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ...

Fluoroscopy

Main article: Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen or image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system, which allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Radiocontrast agents are administered, often swallowed or injected into the body of the patient, to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the genitourinary system or the gastrointestinal tract.Two radiocontrasts are presently in use. Barium (as BaSO4) may be given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, may be given by oral, rectal, intraarterial or intravenous routes.. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-ray radiation, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging allows demonstration of dynamic processes, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (tumors, cysts, inflammation) more conspicuous. Additionally, in specific circumstances air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system; in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues. A modern fluoroscope. ... A modern fluoroscope. ... Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique in which an X-ray picture is taken to visualize the inner opening of blood filled structures, including arteries, veins and the heart chambers. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Radiocontrast agents (or simply contrast agents) are compounds used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures in an X-ray image. ... Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. ... In much of the digestive tract, muscles contract in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave which forces food (called bolus while in the esophagus and chyme below the esophagus) along the alimentary canal. ...

CT scanning

Main article: Computed tomography

CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the body. In CT, an X-ray generating tube opposite an X-ray detector (or detectors) in a ring shaped apparatus rotate around a patient producing a computer generated cross-sectional image (tomogram). CT is acquired in the axial plane, while coronal and sagittal images can be rendered by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Intravenous contrast can allow 3D reconstructions of arteries and veins. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays. CT exposes the patient to more ionizing radiation than a radiograph. Spiral Multi-detector CT utilizes 8,16 or 64 detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain much finer detail images in a shorter exam time. With computer manipulation these images can be reconstructed into 3D images of carotid, cerebral and coronary arteries. Faster scanning times in modern equipment has been associated with increased utilization. It has been suggested that Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, X-ray tomography be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, X-ray tomography be merged into this article or section. ... In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. ...

Ultrasound

Main article: Ultrasound

Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. The use of ultrasound in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two dimensional (2D), but with modern-day ultrasonography 3D reconstructions can be observed in real-time; effectively becoming 4D. Ultrasound is a form of cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ... Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions. ... Ultrasound is a form of cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ... Radiation hazard symbol. ...

Because ultrasound does not utilize ionizing radiation, unlike radiography, CT scans, and nuclear medicine imaging techniques, it is generally considered safer. For this reason, this modality plays a vital role in obstetrical imaging. Fetal anatomic development can be thoroughly evaluated allowing early diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or gestation-induced disease, and in multiple gestations (twins, triplets etc.). Color-Flow Doppler Ultrasound measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and is used by Cardiology for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels. Stenosis of the carotid arteries can presage cerebral infarcts (strokes). DVT in the legs can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be fatal if left untreated. Ultrasound is useful for image-guided interventions like biopsies and drainages such as thoracentesis). It is also used in the treatment of kidney stones (renal lithiasis) via lithotripsy. Small portable ultrasound devices now replace peritoneal lavage in the triage of trauma victims by directly assessing for the presence of hemorrhage in the peritoneum and the integrity of the major viscera including the liver, spleen and kidneys. Extensive hemoperitoneum (bleeding inside the body cavity) or injury to the major organs may require emergent surgical exploration and repair. Obstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. ... Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. ... A stenosis is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. ... The carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that supplies blood to the head and neck. ... The Strokes are an American rock and roll band who formed in New York City and gained fame for their live shows. ... This article is about Deep-vein thrombosis. ... Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ... Thoracentesis (also known as thoracocentesis or pleural tap) is an invasive procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. ... Kidney stones are solid accretions (crystals) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters. ... A lithotriptor with integrated fluoroscope (upper head) and ultrasound generator (lower head) A lithotriptor is a medical device used in the non-invasive treatment of kidney stones (urinary calculosis) and gallstones (stones in the gallbladder in the liver). ... In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... In anatomy, the viscera are the internal organs of an animal, in particular the internal organs of the head, thorax and abdomen. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...

MRI

Main article: Magnetic resonance imaging

MR image of human knee

MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align spinning atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. The radio signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in axial, coronal, sagittal and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has become an essential tool in musculoskeltal radiology and neuroradiology. One disadvantage is that the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including stronger magnetic fields (3 Tesla), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. However, in magnets of equal field strength there is often a trade-off between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The modality is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals the body is exposed to. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, as well as MR image guided therapy. Magnetic Resonance Image showing a median sagittal cross section through a human head. ... Image File history File links Dicom_mr. ... Image File history File links Dicom_mr. ... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ... The nucleus of an atom is the very small dense region, of positive charge, in its centre consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons). ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... For alternative meanings see proton (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Radio waves. ... Diagram showing the three major planes of the body. ... The anatomical planes The anatomical position is a schematic convention for describing the relative morphology of the human body. ... Diagram showing mid-sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. ...

Nuclear medicine

Main article: Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are Technetium-99m, Iodine-123, Iodine-131 and Xenon-133. The heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, gallbladder, and bones are commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these techniques. While anatomical detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying physiological function. The excretory function of the kidneys, iodine concentrating ability of the thyroid, blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured. The principal imaging device is the gamma camera which detects the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and displays it as an image. With computer processing, the information can be displayed as axial, coronal and sagittal images (SPECT images). In the most modern devices Nuclear Medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken quasi-simultaneously so that the physiological information can be overlayed or co-registered with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy. Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Diagrammatic cross section of a gamma camera detector A gamma camera is an imaging device, most commonly used as a medical imaging device in nuclear medicine. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...

PET scanning also falls under "nuclear medicine."In PET scanning, a radioactive biologically-active substance (most often Glucose-18) is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the patient is detected to produce multi-planar images of the body. Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer, concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues. PET images can be combined with CT images to improve diagnostic accuracy. Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...

The applications of nuclear medicine can include bone scanning which traditionally has had a strong role in the work-up/staging of cancers. Myocardial perfusion imaging is a sensitive and specific screening exam for reversible myocardial ischemia, which when present requires angiographic confirmation and potentially life-saving balloon angioplasty, stenting or cardiac bypass grafting. Molecular Imaging is the new and exciting frontier in this field. Drawing shows patient lying on a table that slides under the scanner, a technician operating the scanner, and a monitor that will show images made during the scan. ... The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much the cancer has spread. ... SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. ... Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used to identify disease in an unsuspecting population. ... Myocardial ischaemia (American English spelling: ischemia) is the pathological loss of or reduction in blood flow (ischemia) to a part of the muscular tissue of the heart (myocardium). ... Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique in which an X-ray picture is taken to visualize the inner opening of blood filled structures, including arteries, veins and the heart chambers. ... Angioplasty is the mechanical dilation of an artery that have been obstructed, generally due to atheroma (the lesion of atherosclerosis). ... Endoscopic image of self-expanding metallic stent in esophagus, which was used to palliatively treat esophageal cancer. ... Early in a coronary artery bypass surgery during vein harvesting from the legs (left of image) and the establishment of bypass (placement of the aortic cannula) (bottom of image). ... // Introduction The feild of molecular imaging origanated from the feild of radiopharmacology due to the need to better understand the underlieing molecular pathways inside organisms in a noninvasiveway. ...

Radiologist training

United States

Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate training, four years of medical school, and five years of post-graduate training. The first postgraduate year is usually a transitional year of various rotations, but is sometimes a preliminary internship in medicine or surgery. A four-year diagnostic radiology residency follows. After successful completion of their residency, the new radiologist is eligible to take board examinations (written and oral) given by the American Board of Radiology.

Following completion of residency training, radiologists either begin their practice or enter into sub-speciality training programs known as fellowships. Examples of sub-speciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging, MRI, musculoskeletal imaging, interventional radiology, neuroradiology, interventional neuroradiology, pediatric radiology, and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually 1 or 2 years in length. Magnetic Resonance Image showing a median sagittal cross section through a human head. ... The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that gives animals the ability to physically move, by using the muscles and skeletal system. ... Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ... Neuroradiology is the branch of radiology dealing with the nervous system. ... Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) / Endovascular Surgical Neuroradiology (ESN) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited medical subspecialty centered on minimally invasive image-based technologies/procedures used to diagnosis and treat diseases of the head, neck, and spine. ... Pediatric radiology is a subspecialty of radiology involving the imaging of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. ...

Radiology is currently considered a highly competitive field. Radiologists generally enjoy good compensation as well as a good balance between time required at work and time spent away from work. The field is rapidly expanding due to advances in computer technology which is closely linked to modern imaging. Compensation has several different meanings as indicated below. ...

The exams (radiography) are usually performed by radiologic technologists, (also known as diagnostic radiographers) who in the United States have a 2-year Associates Degree and the UK a 3 year Honours Degree. A radiograph of a right elbow-joint Radiography is the use of certain types of electromagnetic radiation—usually ionizing—to view objects. ... A radiologic technologist (also called a radiographer ) is a person who uses ionizing radiation to create medical images of the body to help diagnose and treat illness and injury. ...

Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians that specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. Veterinary radiologists are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the American College of Veterinary Radiology.

Australia and New Zealand

Radiology training begins after completion of medical degree (6 years) and at least 2 years of hospital residency (internship and junior house medical officer (JHMO) ). It then comprises 5 years , one of which can be a fellowship.

Diagnostic radiology

Commonly used imaging modalities include plain radiography (X-rays), flouroscopy, mammography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear imaging techniques. These techniques are usually non-invasive. Each of these modalities has strengths and limitations which dictate its use in diagnosis. A radiograph of a right elbow-joint Radiography is the use of certain types of electromagnetic radiation—usually ionizing—to view objects. ... It has been suggested that Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, X-ray tomography be merged into this article or section. ... CT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ... Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions. ... Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ... The term non-invasive in medicine has two meanings: A medical procedure which does not penetrate or break the skin or a body cavity, i. ...

See also

• Medical radiography
• Radiobiology
• Radiography
• Radiosensitivity
• Positron emission tomography
• C-Arm

Radiography is the use of ionising electromagnetic radiation to view objects. ... A radiograph of a right elbow-joint Radiography is the use of certain types of electromagnetic radiation—usually ionizing—to view objects. ... Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... A C-Arm is a type of radiologic equipment, so named because of its C-shaped arc surrounding its table, having its X-ray imaging device on one end of the C, and an image intensifier on the other. ...

External links

• MyPACS.net - NIH-sponsored site containing over 16,000 radiology cases
• Radiology.org - The Radiology information resource. The website contains comprehensive listings of radiology journals and organizations worldwide. The custom Radiology Search, compiled from hundreds of peer-reviewed radiology sites, covers diagnostic radiology, radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, physics, engineering, computer science, and imaging technologies.
• The American Board of Radiology - The organization responsible for Board Certification in Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Radiation Physics in the United States
• American College of Radiology - A national organization and lobby for radiologists
• American Roentgen Ray Society - much information on radiology, including online American Journal of Roentgenology
• RadiologyInfo - The radiology information resource for patients
• Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
• European Congress of Radiology - the essential organization of radiologists in Europe and beyond.
• PedRad Info - A pediatric radiology publication and communication platform
• PediatricRadiology.com - A pediatric radiology digital library
• MedPix - MedPix Medical Image Database - the world's largest peer reviewed radiology teaching file - associated with the ACR, USUHS, AFIP and many smaller organizations.
• Radiology Teacher - A free, web-based and user-tailored radiology teaching file server for creating interactive radiology teaching files and presentations.
• Ontario Association of Radiologists Ontario, Canada
• Radiological Society of North America - huge amount of information on radiology, including links to online journals Radiology and Radiographics
• Royal College of Radiologists United Kingdom
• Medicexchange - Medical Imaging Leading global Medical Imaging portal for Professionals, with breaking news, latest articles, and Radiology related products
• Curriculum In Radiology Reporting - Funded by RSNA WWW Education Grant
• Radiology at the University of California, San Francisco

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