The Raphael Rooms (also called the Raphael Stanze or, in Italian, Stanze di Raffaello) in the Palace of the Vatican are papal apartments with frescoes painted by the Italian artist Raphael and his workshop. The Palace of the Vatican, also called the Papal Palace or the Apostolic Palace, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ... A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The Rooms were originally intended as a suite of apartments for Pope Julius II. He commissioned the relatively young artist Raffaello Sanzio and his studio in 1508 or 1509 to repaint the existing interiors of the rooms entirely. It was possibly Julius' intent to outshine the apartments of his predecessor (and rival) Pope Alexander VI as the Raphael Rooms are directly above Alexander's Borgia Apartment. Julius II, né Giuliano della Rovere (December 5, 1443 – February 21, 1513), was pope from 1503 to 1513. ... Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... // Events February 2 - Battle of Diu took place near Diu, India. ... Alexander VI, (Rodrigo Borgia) (January 1, 1431 – August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance. ... The Borgia Apartment is a suite of rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. ...

The Rooms are on the third floor, overlooking the south side of the Belvedere Courtyard. Running from East to West, the rooms are called: The Hall of Constantine, The Room of the Heliodorus, The Room of the Segnatura and the Room of the Fire of the Borgo.

Hall of Constantine

The Baptism of Constantine

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The Battle of Pons Milvius

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The Vision of the Cross

'The Vision of the Cross detail

The largest of the four rooms is the Hall of Constantine. Its paintings were not until later shortly after tomorrow annually sometimes begun until Pope Julius and indeed, Raphael himself had died. The room is dedicated to the victory of Christianity over paganism. Its frescos depict this struggle from the life of the Roman Emperor Constantine. The fresco of The Vision of Constantine depicts the legendary story of a cross appearing to Constantine as he marched to confront his rival Maxentius. In the vision he saw a great cross in the sky with the words "In Hoc Signo Vinces" (in this sign, conquer). The Battle of the Milvian Bridge shows the outcome of that contest. Also are the Baptism of Constantine on his deathbed, and the Donation of Constantine the presentation of a document allegedly granting the popes sovereginty over their territorial dominions. The artists were students of Raphael, Giulio Romano, Giovanni Francesco Penni and Raffaellino del Colle Because they are not by the master himself, the frescos are often less famous than works in the neigboring rooms. Continuing a long tradition of flattery, Raphael's apprentices gave the features of the current pontiff, Clement VII, to Pope Sylvester in the painings. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1322x615, 175 KB) Summary Permission from www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (980x856, 191 KB) Summary Permission from www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (980x856, 191 KB) Summary Permission from www. ... Constantine has many usages: People called Constantine Rulers called Constantine Constantine I (emperor), commonly known as Constantine the Great Constantine II (emperor) Constantine III (usurper) Constantine III (emperor) Constantine IV Constantine V Constantine VI Constantine VII Constantine VIII Constantine IX Constantine X Constantine XI Constantine I of Armenia Constantine II... Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, Western Roman Emperor from AD 306 to 312, was the son of Maximian, and the son-in-law of Galerius. ... Battle of the Milvian Bridge Conflict Date October 28, 312 Place Milvian Bridge (Saxa Rubra), Rome Result Defeat of Maxentius The Battle of Milvian Bridge took place on October 28, 312 between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Maxentius. ... The Donation of Constantine (Latin, Constitutum Donatio Constantini or Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris) is a famous forged Roman imperial edict devised probably between 750CE and 850CE. Its precise purpose is not entirely certain, but it was clearly a defence of papal interests, perhaps against the claims of either the Byzantine... Giulio Romano (ca 1499? – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, painter and decorator, the favorite pupil of Raphael, whose legacy Giulio Romano extended, and at the same time one of the inventors of 16th century Mannerism. ... For the antipope (1378-1394) see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (1478 – September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. ... ...

Room of the Heliodorus

The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple

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The Mass at Bolsena

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The Liberation of St. Peter'

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The Meeting Between Leo the Great and Attila

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The next room, going from East to West, is the Room of the Heliodorus. It takes its name from one of the paintings. The theme of this private chamber was the heavenly protection granted by Christ to the Church. The four paintings are The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple, The Meeting of Pope Leo I and Attila, The Mass at Bolsena and The Liberation of St. Peter. The Expulsion recounts an event from the Book of II Maccabees where the thief, Heliodorus was trampled by horses while trying to steal the treasure of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Meeting of Leo and Attila depicts the storied parley between the Pope and the Hun conqueror, and includes the legendary images of Saints Peter and Paul in the sky bearing swords. Interestingly, Raphael first depicted Leo I with the face of Pope Julius II but after Julius' death, Raphael changed the painting to resemble the new pope, Leo X. The Mass at Bolsena depicts the story of a Bohemian priest in 1263 who ceased to doubt the doctrine of Transubstantiation when he saw the bread begin to bleed during its consecration at Mass. The Liberation of St. Peter shows a story from chapter twelve of the Book of Acts of an angel setting Peter free from prison. In all these paintings, Raphael flatteringly includes his patron, Pope Julius as participant or an observer. Pope Saint Leo I, or Leo the Great, a Roman aristocrat, was Pope from 440 to 461. ... For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... 2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Beit HaMikdash בית המקדש in Hebrew) was built in ancient Jerusalem and was the center of Israelite and Jewish worship, primarily for the offering of sacrifices known as the korbanot. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ... Transubstantiation is the belief held by many Christian denominations that the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Jesus during Consecration. ... Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ... The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is an ethereal being (meaning it is of the air), found in many mythologies, whose duties are to assist and serve God or the gods of many religious traditions. ...

Room of the Segnatura

The Stanza della Segnatura was the first to be decorated by Raphael's frescoes: it was the study in which the "Signatura gratiae" church tribunal was originally located. The artist's concept brings into harmony the spirits of Antiquity and Christianity.

The first composition Raphael executed in 1508 or 1509 is the so-called Disputa or Disputation of the Holy Sacrament, the traditional name for what is really an Adoration of the Sacrament. Toward the end of 1509, Raphael began work on the wall opposite the Disputa. This second fresco, entitled the School of Athens, represents the truth acquired through reason. Raphael began the third composition at the end of 1509 or the beginning of 1510. It represents Parnassus, the dwelling place of the God Apollo and the Muses and the home of poetry, according to classical myth. The two scenes on the fourth wall, executed by the workshop, and the lunette above it, containing the Cardinal Virtues, were painted in 1511. Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... // Events February 2 - Battle of Diu took place near Diu, India. ... Events Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. ... Events Diego Velázquez and Hernán Cortés conquer Cuba; Velázquez appointed Governor. ...

The theme of this room is worldly and spiritual wisdom and the harmony which Renaissance humanists perceived between Christian teaching and Greek philosophy. The theme of wisdom is appropriate as this room is a council chamber for the Apostolic Segnatura, where most of the important papal documents were signed and sealed. By region Italian Renaissance Spanish Renaissance Northern Renaissance French Renaissance German Renaissance English Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Il Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... Humanism is a system of thought that defines a socio-political doctrine (-ism) whose bounds exceed those of locally developed cultures, to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings. ... As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... Classical (or early) Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. ...

The Disputa

The fresco can be seen as a portrayal of the Church Militant below, and the Church Triumphant above. A change in content between a study and the final fresco shows that the Disputa and The School of Athens can be seen as having a common theme: the revealed truth of the origin of all things, in other words the Trinity. This cannot be apprehended by intellect alone (philosophy), but is made manifest in the Eucharist. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1816, 514 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Verherrlichung (Disputa) des Hl. ...

The painting is built around the monstrance containing the consecrated Host, located on the altar. Figures representing the Triumphant Church and the Militant Church are arranged in two semicircles, one above the other, and venerate the Host. God the Father, bathed in celestial glory, blesses the crowd of biblical and ecclesiastical figures from the top of the composition. Immediately below, the resurrected Christ sits on a throne of clouds between the Virgin (bowed in adoration) and St John the Baptist (who, according to iconographic tradition, points to Christ). Prophets and saints of the Old and New Testament are seated around this central group on a semicircular bank of clouds similar to that which constitutes the throne of Christ. They form a composed and silent crowd and, although they are painted with large fields of colour, the figures are highly individuated.

The Disputa (detail)

Raphael, 1508-1509

Fresco, base 770 × cm

Vatican Palace

At the bottom of the picture space, inserted in a vast landscape dominated by the altar and the eucharistic sacrifice, are saints, popes, bishops, priests and the mass of the faithful. They represent the Church which has acted, and which continues to act, in the world, and which contemplates the glory of the Trinity with the eyes of the mind. Following a 15th century tradition, Raphael has placed portraits of famous personalities, both living and dead, among the people in the crowd. Bramante leans on the balustrade at left; the young man standing near him has been identified as Francesco Maria Della Rovere; Pope Julius II, who personifies Gregory the Great, is seated near the altar Dante is visible on the right, distinguished by a crown of laurel. The presence of Savonarola seems strange, but may be explained by the fact that Julius II revoked Pope Alexander VI's condemnation of Savonarola (Julius was an adversary of Alexander, who was a Borgia). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2473, 397 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Verherrlichung (Disputa) des Hl. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Palace of the Vatican, also called the Papal Palace or the Apostolic Palace, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... Alexander VI, (Rodrigo Borgia) (January 1, 1431 – August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance. ... Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo, ca 1498 Girolamo Savonarola (September 21, 1452–May 23, 1498), also translated as Jerome Savonarola or Hieronymous Savonarola, was a Dominican priest and, briefly, ruler of Florence, who was known for religious reformation and anti-Renaissance preaching and his book burning and destruction of art. ... Borjia was an influential Spanish-Italian family during the Renaissance. ...

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The structure of the composition is characterized by extreme clarity and simplicity, which Raphael achieved through sketches, studies and drawings containing notable differences in pose. References to other artists are visible throughout the composition (the young Francesco Maria Della Rovere, for example, possesses a Leonardo-like physiognomy). But the layout, the gestures and the poses are original products of Raphael's research, which here reaches a degree of admirable balance and high expressive dignity.

The School of Athens

The famous School of Athens is a depiction of philosophy. The scene takes place in classical times, as both the architecture and the garments indicate. Figures representing each subject that must be mastered in order to hold a true philosophic debate - astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and solid geometry - are depicted in concrete form. The arbiters of this rule, the main figures, Plato and Aristotle, are shown in the centre, engaged in such a dialogue. The School of Athens represents the truth acquired through reason. Raphael does not entrust his illustration to allegorical figures, as was customary in the 14th and 15th centuries. Rather, he groups the solemn figures of thinkers and philosophers together in a large, grandiose architectural framework. This framework is characterized by a high dome, a vault with lacunar ceiling and pilasters. It is probably inspired by late Roman architecture or - as most critics believe - by Bramante's project for the new St. Peter's which is itself a symbol of the synthesis of pagan and Christian philosophies. Download high resolution version (966x720, 186 KB) The School of Athens by Raffaello Santi, 1509 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Plato - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Aristotle, marble copy of bronze by Lysippos. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right}. It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel SantAngelo. ...

The School of Athens (detail of Plato and Aristotle)

Raphael, 1509

Fresco, base 770 × cm

Vatican Palace

The figures who dominate the composition do not crowd the environment, nor are they suffocated by it. Rather, they underline the breadth and depth of the architectural structures. The protagonists - Plato, represented with a white beard (some people identify this solemn old man with Leonardo da Vinci) and Aristotle - are both characterized by a precise and meaningful pose. Raphael's descriptive capacity, in contrast to that visible in the allegories of earlier painters, is such that the figures do not pay homage to, or group around the symbols of knowledge; they do not form a parade. They move, act, teach, discuss and become excited. The painting celebrates classical thought, but it is also dedicated to the liberal arts, symbolized by the statues of Apollo and Minerva. Grammar, Arithmetic and Music are personified by figures located in the foreground, at left. Geometry and Astronomy are personified by the figures in the foreground, at right. Behind them stand characters representing Rhetoric and Dialectic. Download high resolution version (804x1052, 186 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Palace of the Vatican, also called the Papal Palace or the Apostolic Palace, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ... Plato - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. ... Aristotle, marble copy of bronze by Lysippos. ... Apollo (Greek: Απόλλων, Apóllōn; Απελλων) is a god in Greek and Roman mythology, the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin of Artemis (goddess of the hunt), one of the most important and many-sided of the Olympian divinities. ... Minerva was a Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom. ...

Plato and Aristotle are standing in the centre of the picture at the head of the steps. Diogenes is lying carefree on the steps to show his philosophical attitude: he despised all material wealth and the lifestyle associated with it. Below on the right is a great block of stone whose significance is probably connected with the first epistle of St Peter. It symbolizes Christ, the "cornerstone" which the builders have rejected, which becomes a stumbling block and a "rock of offence" to the unbeliever. Diogenes (Διογένης) is a Greek name shared by several important historical figures: Diogenes of Sinope ( 412- 323 BC), better known as Diogenes the Cynic or simply Diogenes Diogenes Apolloniates (c:a 460 BC), philosopher Diogenes of Seleukia (c:a 150 BC) Diogenes Laertius (between 200- 500 AD), historian This is...

Some of the ancient philosophers bear the features of Raphael's contemporaries. Bramante is shown as Euclid (in the foreground, at right, leaning over a tablet and holding a compass). Leonardo is, as we said, probably shown as Plato. Francesco Maria Della Rovere appears once again near Bramante, dressed in white. Michelangelo, sitting on the stairs and leaning on a block of marble, is represented as an alone and melancholic Heraclitus. A close examination of the intonaco shows that Heraclitus was the last figure painted when the fresco was completed, in 1511. The allusion to Michelangelo is probably a gesture of homage to the artist, who had recently unveiled the frescoes of the Sistine Ceiling. Raphael - at the extreme right, with a dark hat - and his friend, Sodoma, are also present (they exemplify the glorification of the fine arts and they are posed on the same level as the liberal arts). Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... Euclid Euclid of Alexandria (Greek: ) (ca. ... Heraclitus of Ephesus (Greek Herakleitos) (about 535 - 475 BC), known as The Obscure, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Ephesus in Asia Minor. ... Michelangelo (full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. ... The Sistine Chapel (Italian: Cappella Sistina) is a chapel in the Palace of the Vatican, the official residence of the Roman Catholic Pope in the Vatican City. ... (1525) Oil on canvas, 206 x 154 cm Galleria Palatina , Florence Il Sodoma (1477 - February 14, 1549?) was the name given to the Italian painter Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (also wrongly spelled Razzi). ...

The fresco achieved immediate success. Its beauty and its thematic unity were universally accepted. The enthusiasm with which it was received was not marred by reservations, as was the public reaction to the Sistine Ceiling.

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Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1241, 80 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Die Schule von Athen, Detail: Platon Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de...

Diogenes Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1227, 78 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Die Schule von Athen, Detail: Diogenes Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de...

Heraclitus (Michelangelo) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (776x965, 53 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Die Schule von Athen, Detail: Heraklit Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de...

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• Socrates - talking with Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great, talking with Socrates This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates (June 4, ca. ... Alexander the Great fighting the Persian king Darius (Pompeii mosaic, from a 3rd century BC original Greek painting, now lost). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (776x957, 63 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko: Die Schule von Athen, Detail: Alexander der Große Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current... Alexander the Great fighting the Persian king Darius (Pompeii mosaic, from a 3rd century BC original Greek painting, now lost). ... This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates (June 4, ca. ...

Socrates, talking with Alexander Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1228, 79 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Raphael Rooms ...

Pythagoras, with Averroes behind him. The girl in white clothes is Hypatia Download high resolution version (880x1032, 169 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This topic is considered to be an essential subject on Wikipedia. ... Averroes Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126 – December 10, 1198) was an Andalusian-Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics, and medicine. ... Hypatia could refer to: Hypatia of Alexandria (?370–415), a neo-Platonic philosopher, mathematician, and teacher. ...

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Euclid here is also seen as Bramante drawing out plans for the new St. Peter's Basilica Download high resolution version (930x1094, 173 KB) Detail of The School of Athens ( full image) by Raffaello Santi, 1509, showing Euclid The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life... Euclid Euclid of Alexandria (Greek: ) (ca. ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ...

Raphael and Sodoma Download high resolution version (802x1024, 119 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This page is about the artist. ... (1525) Oil on canvas, 206 x 154 cm Galleria Palatina , Florence Il Sodoma (1477 - February 14, 1549?) was the name given to the Italian painter Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (also wrongly spelled Razzi). ...

Zoroaster and Ptolemy Download high resolution version (1115x651, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Zartosht, as popularly depicted by Persian artists. ... Claudius Ptolemaeus, given contemporary German styling, in a 16th century engraved book frontispiece. ...

The Parnassus

The third composition for the Stanza of the Segnatura represents Parnassus, the dwelling place of Apollo and the Muses and the home of poetry, according to classical myth. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3200x2218, 903 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko, Szene: Der Parnaß Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: de: Grundlinie ca. ... Mount Parnassus (also Mount Parnassos) is a mountain in central Greece that towers above Delphi. ... Apollo (Greek: Απόλλων, Apóllōn; Απελλων) is a god in Greek and Roman mythology, the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin of Artemis (goddess of the hunt), one of the most important and many-sided of the Olympian divinities. ... For other uses see Muse (disambiguation). ...

Mount Parnassus, the home of Apollo, is, like the hill of the Vatican, a place where in ancient times there was a shrine to Apollo dedicated to the arts. This has a direct bearing on the picture because through the window on the wall where the fresco is painted there is a view of the Cortile del Belvedere and the hill of the Vatican. There were newly discovered classical sculptures in the Cortile, such as the Ariadne that Raphael used as a model for the muse to the left of Apollo. Ariadne (utterly pure, from a Cretan-Greek form for arihagne) was a fertility goddess of Crete. ...

The Parnassus (detail of Homer, Virgil and Dante)

Raphael, 1509-1510

Fresco, Base 670 × cm

Vatican Palace

Apollo plays a lira da braccio (an anachronism which, according to some, was meant to symbolize the perpetual value of the poetic message). He sits under a laurel grove with the nine Muses (who personify the nine types of art). The most eminent classical and contemporary poets are depicted together in a harmonic ascending and descending movement from left to right. Homer is flanked by Virgil and Dante, Ovid and Horace are next to Sappho, while from the "ranks" of moderns we can identify Petrarch, Boccaccio and Ariosto. Petrarch is recognizable in the group in the left foreground; so is Sappho, who holds a scroll bearing her name; Ennius is seated above them, listening to the song of the blind Homer (who appears as a protagonist, like Apollo), behind him stands Dante, who had also appeared in the Disputa as a theologist, evidently because of the doctrinal content of the Divine Comedy. Some see the portrait of Michelangelo in the bearded figure immediately to the right of the central group, although it is more readily identified with Tebaldeo or Castiglione, for the scene is, after all, a celebration of poetry. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1222, 103 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko, Szene: Der Parnaß, Detail: Homer-Gruppe Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Palace of the Vatican, also called the Papal Palace or the Apostolic Palace, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ... In Greek mythology, the Muses (Greek Μουσαι, Mousai) are nine archaic goddesses who embody the right evocation of myth, inspired through remembered and improvised song and traditional music and dances. ... Bust of Homer in the British Museum For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... A sculpture of Virgil, probably from the 1st century AD. Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC–19 BC), known in English as Virgil or Vergil, is a Latin poet, the author of the Eclogues, the Georgics and the Aeneid, the last being an epic poem of twelve books that... Dante redirects here. ... Engraved frontispiece of George Sandyss 1632 London edition of Publius Ovidius Naso (Sulmona, March 20, 43 BC â€“ Tomis, now Constanta AD 17) Roman poet known to the English-speaking world as Ovid, wrote on topics of love, abandoned women, and mythological transformations. ... Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus, (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading lyric poet in Latin, the son of a freedman, but himself born free. ... Ancient Greek bust of Sappho the Eresian. ... From the c. ... Quintus Ennius (239 - 169 BC) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry. ... Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, in Michelinos fresco. ...

Raphael in several sketches significantly changed some of the details, including the musical instruments used. In the early versions Apollo played on a traditional stylized classical lyre, but this fresco shows him playing a Renaissance lira da braccio with a bow. The bow was unknown in Antiquity, although later they attributed its invention to Sappho. It has nine, instead of seven, strings to match the number of Muses; this, in Raphael's conception, signifies timelessness, just as the fact that the classical and contemporary poets are depicted together. While working on this fresco, the artist may have become acquainted with that ancient sarcophagus from Asia Minor which is adorned with the relief sculpture of the nine Muses. This was his source for the three additional instruments shown in this fresco: Erato's kithara, to the right of Apollo, the Lydian aulos of Eutherpe, on the other side, and below, the strange, tortoise-shell lyre of Sappho - all of which he rendered striving for archeological accuracy. Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ...

In this fresco, music fills the role of moving force behind the Apollonian universe, at the same time being the symbol of poetry.

Compositional harmony and visual counterpoint characterize the fresco: the groups of figures are bound together by continuous lines and the single characters are represented in opposed but corresponding poses. Although the Parnassus lacks the high originality of the School of Athens, it demonstrates Raphael's illustrative ability. It is enriched by classical elements which must have held great appeal for a cultural class excited by the recent archaeological discoveries. Thus we must add Raphael's capacity to interpret contemporary taste to his genuine artistic skills.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1234, 102 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko, Szene: Der Parnaß, Detail: Calliope (liegend), Statius (links), Talia (mit Maske in Hand), Klio, Euterpe (Umarmung) Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1221, 110 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko, Szene: Der Parnaß, Detail: Erato (Rückenfigur), Ariost, Boccaccio (Hintergrund) Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1223, 101 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Wandfresko, Szene: Der Parnaß, Detail: Terpsichore Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de: Vatikan...

The Cardinal Virtues'

The Cardinal Virtues

Raphael, 1512-1515

oil on wood, 60 × 44 cm

National Gallery of Art

The lunette containing the Cardinal Virtues (which represent "Good") is built around an allegorical theme. The volumetric modelling of the figures suggests the influence of Michelangelo. The relationship that binds the three figures together is clear and harmonic. Fortitude, dressed in armor, sits in the shade of an oak tree. Prudence is placed on the highest step of the base. She has two faces: one of a young woman who looks at her reflection in a mirror handed to her by a winged putto; the other, of an old man, the symbol of old age, of which prudence is the chief quality. Finally, Temperance is represented holding a pair of reins. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4096x1238, 517 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Lünettenfresko, Szene: Allegorie der Tugend Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: de: 660 cm an Basis Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1300, 232 KB) Description: Title: de: Stanza della Segnatura im Vatikan für Papst Julius II., Lünettenfresko, Szene: Allegorie der Tugend, Detail Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The East Building of the National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art is an art museum managed by the government of the United States but privately owned, although it functions as a public institution. ...

The allegory was intended to include the figure of Justice as well. But Justice, being considered superior to the other virtues from a hierarchical point of view, is represented separately in one of the medallions of the vault. Three winged genii symbolize the theological virtues (Charity, gathering the fruits of the oak; Hope, in the centre with a flaming torch; and Faith, at the extreme right, pointing toward the sky). Two additional putti complete the composition, giving the whole scene a free and graceful movement.

Room of the Fire of the Borgo

The Fire of Borgo'

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The Battle of Ostia'

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The Coronation of Charlemagne

This room was named for Fire of the Borgo which depicts Pope Leo IV making the sign of the cross to extinguish a raging fire in the Borgo discrict of Rome near the Vatican. This room was prepared as a music room for Julius' successor, Leo X. The frescos depict events from the lives of Popes Leo III and Leo IV. The other paintings in the room are The Coronation of Charlemagne by Leo III, The Oath of Leo III before Charlemagne and The Naval Victory of Leo IV over the Sacracens at Ostia. Though the Incident of the Borgo was based on Raphael's mature designs it was executed by his assistants, who painted the other three paintings without his guidance. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (920x775, 171 KB) Summary Permission from www. ... Leo IV, pope from 847 to 855, was a Roman by birth, and was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. His pontificate was chiefly distinguished by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those... There is a quarter in Rome, see Borgo (quarter of Rome) There are communes that have the name Borgo in Italy: Borgo a Mozzano, in the province of Lucca Borgo dAle, in the province of Vercelli Borgo di Terzo, in the province of Bergamo Borgo Pace, in the province... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1... Pope Leo X Leo X, né Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (December 11, 1475 - December 1, 1521), was the only pope who has bestowed his own name upon his age, and one of the few whose original extraction has corresponded in some measure with the splendour of the pontifical dignity. ... Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. ... A coronation is a ceremony marking the investment of a monarch with regal power through, amongst other symbolic acts, the placement of a crown upon his or her head. ... Charlemagne (ca. ... The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... Ostia scale model The Temple of the goddess Roma on the Forum of Ostia Ostia, an ancient town on the coast facing the Tyrrhenian Sea, in Latium, Italy, was the harbour of ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. ...

External links

• The School of Athens - Who is Who?
• The School of Athens at the Web Gallery of Art