Rashtrakuta Empire during Dhruva Dharavarsha (780CE.),
Official languages	Kannada Maharashtri Prakrit(Marathi) Sanskrit
Capitals	Mayurkhand (Bidar district), Manyakheta
Government	Monarchy
Preceding state	Badami Chalukya
Succeeding state	Western Chalukya

Jain cave in Ellora

The Rastrakutas (Sanskrit/Maharashtri Prakrit ^[1]/Marathi^[2][3]:राष्ट्रकूट, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. The Rashtrakutas came to power in South India around the same time as the Pala Dynasty of Bengal and the Prathihara dynasty of Gujarat. This period saw a tripartite struggle for the resources of the rich Gangetic plains, each empire annexing the seat of power at Kannauj for short periods of time. Their rule brought about great contributions from Jaina mathematicians and scholars in Kannada and Sanskrit.^[4][5] Rashtrakutas spoke Kannada but also knew Maharashtri Prakrit. ^[6] Architecture reached a pinnacle in dravidian style, finest examples of which are seen in Ellora and Elephanta in Maharashtra and the Kashivishvanatha temple and Jain temple at Pattadakal in Karnataka, all of which are UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites. Image File history File links Rashtrakuta_territories. ... Dhruva Dharavarsha, was one of the Rashtrakuta rulers, (reigned 780-793) and he had ascended the throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II (reigned 774-780). ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with a countrys government. ... Bidar District (Kannada: ಬೀದರ್) is a district of Karnataka state in southern India. ... Modern Malkheda in Karnataka, once tha capital of Rashtrakutas ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... Badami Cave Temple No 3. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The Western Chalukyas (973 - 1200) also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between... Ellora- Jain cave Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ellora- Jain cave Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... The Pratiharas (Parihars) were an Indian gurjar dynasty who ruled a large kingdom in northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries. ... Kannauj (Hindi कन्नौज), sometimes improperly spelt Kanauj, is an ancient city lying in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Picture of a cave Elephanta Caves are located one and one-half hours (by boat) out of Mumbai on Elephanta Island in the Bombay Harbour. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ...

History

The Rashtrakutas were feudatories to the Chalukyas and came into prominence under Dantidurga around 753 CE.The oldest Rashtrakutas are believed to be from ancient Kuntala in the valley of river Krishna. Manank ruled from 350 - 375 C.E. and had built his capital in Manpur (now Maan in Satara district). The Vakatakas of Vidarbha another Rashtrakuta ruler were in conflict with Manank. The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190. ... Dantidurga was the founder of the dynasty called Rashtrakutas. ... Krishna with Radharani, 18th C Rajasthani painting Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari, in IAST ), according to various Hindu traditions, is the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ... Events January 18 - Magnentius proclaimed Emperor by the army in Autun. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Satara   (Marathi:सातारा) is a town located in the Satara District of Maharashtra state of India. ... Vidarbha is the north-eastern region of Maharashtra state, now forming two divisions (Nagpur and Amravati). ...

Origin

Main article: Origin of Rashtrakutas

There are several controversies about the origin of the founders of the Rashtrakuta feudatory during their rule from central India as subordinates of the Badami Chalukya during the 6th. and 7th. century. According to Anant Altekar, Rashtrakutas of Malkhed were Marathi speaking and they are the ancestors of Marathas.^[2] According to V.K.Rajwade, like other ancient rulers of Maharashtra, Rashtrakutas belonged to branches of Ratta dynasty.^[7] Most historians agree to this opinion of Mr.V.K.Rajwade.^[8] Some scholars claim the Rashtrakutas were Kannadigas by origin^[9] while other scholars differ in their views. ^[10] However, the general understanding is that they originated from an area in the deccan called by various names such as Kuntala, Maharashtra and Karnata. The origin of Rashtrakuta empire has been a controversial topic and has been debated over the past decades by various historians. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Kannadiga (fem. ...

The Empire

Irrespective of the early lineage of the Rashtrakuta kings, there is broad consensus among historians that the true builders of the imperial empire in the period 8th century - 10th century from their regal capital Manyakheta in Gulbarga district of Karnataka were of Kannada origin. This is proven by the fact that most of their inscriptions are in Kannada, while the rest are in Sanskrit.^[11] They encouraged literature in these languages, inherited the Dravidian style of architecture, best examples of which is scattered over present day Maharashtra and northern Karnataka.^[12] Modern Malkheda in Karnataka, once tha capital of Rashtrakutas ... Gulbarga District Gulbarga District is situated between 76°.04 and 77°.42 east longitude, and 16°.12 and 17°.46 north latitude, covering an area of 16,224 square kilometres. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

The Rashtrakutas ruled nearly all of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh for several centuries as the heart of their empire. Dantidurga founded the kingdom in 735 C.E. He was the father-in-law of Pallava king Nandivarman of Kanchi. Dantidurga helped Nandivarman to regain Kanchi from the Chalukyas and finally overthrew the Badami Chalukya yoke to start the Rashtrakuta empire, with the family based in present day Gulbarga.^[13] The Rashtrakutas were involved in several wars and alliances with other southern deccan kingdoms like the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, Cholas and Gangas of southern Karnataka. They had marital alliances with the Gangas, Cholas and kingdoms in central India. Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Andhra Pradesh  : (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... Dantidurga was the founder of the dynasty called Rashtrakutas. ... Events Abkhazia becomes independent, and will remain such until the 15th century Births Alcuin, missionary and bishop (approximate date) Deaths May 25 - Bede, English Historian and monk Categories: 735 ... Pallavas were a South Indian dynasty. ... Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram (also sometimes Conjeevaram) is the name of a temple town and the headquarters of Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... Gulbarga is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... The Ganga Dynasty is one of two unrelated dynasties who ruled parts of India: The Western Ganga Dynasty ruled a kingdom in southern India, based in southern Karnataka. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ...

The consolidation of the kingdom started with Krishna I in whose time major portions of present day Karnataka and coastal Maharashtra came under control. During the rule of Dhruva Dharavarsha the Kingdom expanded into an empire encompassing all territory between the Kaveri River and Central India. His led successful expeditions to Kannauj also, but without long term land gains. According to some historians, the Rashtrakutas became an "All-India" power during his rule.^[14] The ascent of his third son Govinda III to the throne heralded an era like never before. During this time, the Rashtrakutas ruled a vast empire. One Sanjan inscriptions mentions that the horses of Govinda III drank the icy water of the Himalayas and his war elephants tasted the sacred water of Ganga. He conquered regions from Cape Comorin to Kannauj and from Banaras to Broach (Bharuch).^[15][16] Though his successorAmoghavarsha I ruled a large empire, his rule was not so flamboyant militarily, but was a great success for arts and literature and religion. He is widely seen as the most famous of the Rashtrakuta kings. Jaina scholars adorned his court. Comparison of him to emperor Ashoka has also been made.^[17][18] During the rule of Krishna II, the empire shrank and covered mostly the Western Deccan and Gujarat. Indra III recovered most of their fortunes in Kannaujand central India, while maintaining his influence over Vengi. After a succession of unsuccessful and weak kings during which time the empire shrank in area, Krishna III, the last great king who once again consolidated the empire to stretch from the Narmada River to Kaveri River including northern Tamil country. Krishna I (756 - 774)C.E. an uncle of Dantidurga took charge of the fledgeling Rashtrakuta empire by defeating the last Badami Chalukya king Kirtivarman II in 756. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Dhruva Dharavarsha, was one of the Rashtrakuta rulers, (reigned 780-793) and he had ascended the throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II (reigned 774-780). ... Siva Samudram Falls on the Kaveri River near Mysore The Kaveri River (also spelt Cauvery or Kavery) is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. ... The geography of India is extremely diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills and plateaus. ... Kannauj (Hindi कन्नौज), sometimes improperly spelt Kanauj, is an ancient city lying in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Govinda III was King of Rashtrakuta from 793 to 814. ... The River Ganges (Ganga in Indian languages) is a major river in northern India. ... Kanyakumari is a town and a cape at the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula. ... Kannauj (Hindi कन्नौज), sometimes improperly spelt Kanauj, is an ancient city lying in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Benares (also known as Banaras, Kashi, Kasi and Varanasi (वाराणसी)) is a Hindu holy city on the banks of the river Ganga or Ganges in the modern north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... A broach is a series of chisel points mounted on one piece of steel. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Indra III (914 - 929)C.E. was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi. ... Kannauj (Hindi कन्नौज), sometimes improperly spelt Kanauj, is an ancient city lying in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ... Siva Samudram Falls on the Kaveri River near Mysore The Kaveri River (also spelt Cauvery or Kavery) is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. ...

The final decline was sudden, Tailapa II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta tracing his lineage back to the Chalukyas of Badami declared himself independent taking advantage of the defeated the successors of Krishna III at the hands of the Paramara who plundered Manyakheta. Indra IV, the last king committed Sallekhana and died (fasting unto death practised by Jain monks) at Shravanabelagola. However by this time, several branches of Rashtrakutas had established themselves in North India. Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... The Paramara or Parmar were a prominent Rajput clan of medieval India. ... Modern Malkheda in Karnataka, once tha capital of Rashtrakutas ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The statue of Gomatheswara dates from 978-993 AD. Shravanabelagola is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. ...

Art and Architecture

The Rashtrakutas were great patrons of learning, many literary, religious and scientific texts were written during their rule.

Events Synod of Constantinople called by Emperor Constantine V. Samarkand conquered by Arabs. ... Events Greenland founded by Erik the Red ; first contact of Europeans with North America Births Emma of Normandy Atisha the Bengali Buddhist Saint Deaths Categories: 982 ... Dantidurga was the founder of the dynasty called Rashtrakutas. ... Events Abkhazia becomes independent, and will remain such until the 15th century Births Alcuin, missionary and bishop (approximate date) Deaths May 25 - Bede, English Historian and monk Categories: 735 ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Krishna I (756 - 774)C.E. an uncle of Dantidurga took charge of the fledgeling Rashtrakuta empire by defeating the last Badami Chalukya king Kirtivarman II in 756. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Events Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards, and takes title King of the Lombards. ... Govinda II was the King of Rashtrakuta from 774 to 780. ... Events Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of the Lombards, and takes title King of the Lombards. ... Events Constantine VI becomes Byzantine Emperor with Irene as guardian. ... Dhruva Dharavarsha, was one of the Rashtrakuta rulers, (reigned 780-793) and he had ascended the throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II (reigned 774-780). ... Events Constantine VI becomes Byzantine Emperor with Irene as guardian. ... Events Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. ... Govinda III was King of Rashtrakuta from 793 to 814. ... Events Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Events The Danes force king Alfred the Great of Wessex to retreat to a fort in Athelney, Somerset. ... Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... Events The Danes force king Alfred the Great of Wessex to retreat to a fort in Athelney, Somerset. ... Events Town of Warwick, England founded on the River Avon Vikings conquer much of Ireland Byzantine Empire battles with Bulgaria over city of Adrianople, which changes hands several times Reconstruction of Nanjing after a long dissertation; it marked the beginning of contemporary Nanjing City. ... Indra III (914 - 929)C.E. was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi. ... Events Town of Warwick, England founded on the River Avon Vikings conquer much of Ireland Byzantine Empire battles with Bulgaria over city of Adrianople, which changes hands several times Reconstruction of Nanjing after a long dissertation; it marked the beginning of contemporary Nanjing City. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Amoghavarsha II (929 - 930) was an unimportant Rashtrakuta king who was done away by his brother Govinda IV after having ruled for just one year. ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Events With the establishment of the Icelandic Althing, now the worlds oldest parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth is founded. ... Govinda IV (930 - 935) C.E. came to power in 930 as described in the Kalasa record of Chikmagalur. ... Events With the establishment of the Icelandic Althing, now the worlds oldest parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth is founded. ... Events King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon) defeats Hubaekje. ... Amoghavarsha III (934 - 939) C.E. was in exile in Tripuri and was a younger brother of Indra III and uncle to Govinda IV. With the help of King Arikesari of Vemulavada in Andhra and other feudatories who revolted against Govinda IV he came to power. ... Events King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon) defeats Hubaekje. ... Events Vietnam became a tributary kingdom to China. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... Events Vietnam became a tributary kingdom to China. ... Events Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan The Khazar capital of Atil falls to the Kievan Rus around this year Births Deaths Emperor Murakami of Japan Abu al-Faraj Ali of Isfahan, scholar. ... Khottiga Amoghavarsha (967 - 972) C.E. The decline in the Rashtrakuta empire had set in. ... Events Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan The Khazar capital of Atil falls to the Kievan Rus around this year Births Deaths Emperor Murakami of Japan Abu al-Faraj Ali of Isfahan, scholar. ... Events Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess. ... Karka II (972 - 973) C.E. Karka II did not survive for long during this time of confusion when Chalukya Tailapa II declared independence. ... Events Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Indra IV (973 - 982) C.E. was the last king and a nephew of the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad, a stauch feudatory of the Rashtrakuta. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Events Greenland founded by Erik the Red ; first contact of Europeans with North America Births Emma of Normandy Atisha the Bengali Buddhist Saint Deaths Categories: 982 ... Tailapa II (973 – 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... The Western Chalukyas ruled the western Deccan in South India between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries CE. They were related to the Chalukya dynasty of Badami who were a powerful dynasty who reigned over most of the Deccan between the seventh and the eight centuries. ... Events Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan Births September 15 - Al_Biruni, mathematician († 1048) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri, poet Deaths May 7 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Categories: 973 ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died...

Kannada Literature

Kannada rose as a literary language during the Rashtrakuta rule with its language, script and literature showing remarkable growth during the Rashtrakuta period attaining dignity and productivity.^[19][20][21] The inscriptions mention a number of poets. However, the first extant work is Kavirajamarga of 850 C.E., a treatise on Kannada poetics. It is ascribed to the Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha I. Sri Ponna, honoured by the title Kavichakravarthi authored works like Bhuvanaika-karamabhyudaya, Shantipurana and Jinaksaramale and Gatapratiagata. Other famous works were Adipurana and Vikramarjuna Vijaya or Pampa Bharata by Adikavi Pampa. Adikavi Pampa and Sri Ponna are considered gems of Kannada literature.^[22][23] Sri Vijaya wrote Chandraprabha-purana, Asaga wrote Vardhamana Purana. Shivakotiacharya's Vaddaradhane is probably the earliest extant prose work in 900 C.E.^[24], Chavundaraya wrote Trishashti LaksanPuranaor Chavundarayapurana. Other poets mentioned in inscriptions are Rudrabhatta of Banahatti, Ravinagabhatta who wrote a record for Govinda IV, Kavi Rajaraja a minister patronised by Krishna II wrote the Kalasa record and Gajankusha, a minister of Krishna III wrote on erotics. Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Extant means still existing. It is the opposite of extinct, and can be applied to species, cultures and works of culture (e. ... Sri Vijaya, the court poet of Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, the Rashtrakuta ruler, composed it in the 9 Th centuries A.D. It is considered that Sri Vijaya did the first literary works in 9th Century A.D. This work is generally held to be the earliest literary work in Kannada. ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Sri Ponna was the poet royal in the court of Rashtrakuta king Krishna II. Some sources say he was in the court of Krishna III though the former seems more reliable. ... Pampa born in 902 C.E., also known as Adikavi Pampa, is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time. ... Shivakotiacharya authored the earliest extant prose work in Kannada called Vaddaradhane in 900 C.E. during the rule of Rashtrakuta king Krishna II. There seems to be a 800 C.E. and a 930 C.E date given to this work by some other sources though. ... Extant means still existing. It is the opposite of extinct, and can be applied to species, cultures and works of culture (e. ... Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... Bahubali statue inscription mentioning Chamundaraya Chavundraya 963 - 999 C.E. also known as Chavundaraya I or Chamundaraya was a commander in the Western Ganga Dynasty army and was also a poet in Kannada. ... Banahatti is a medium sized town located very close to the Krishna river in northern Karnataka, India. ... Govinda IV (930 - 935) C.E. came to power in 930 as described in the Kalasa record of Chikmagalur. ... Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ...

Sanskrit Literature

Literature in Sanskrit was prolific during this era.^[25][26][27] The Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha is thought to have written Prashottara Ratnamalike. Trivikrama patronised by Krishna III was the most important poet of the time. He authored Nalachampu, Madalasachampu and the Bagumra plates. Plates were used to write poems. Halayudha patronised by Krishna III wrote Kavirahasya, Mritasanjivini, Somadevasuri who was patronised by King Arikesari of Vemulavada wrote Yashastilaka Champu and Neetivakyamrita. Many Advitha scholars like Padmapada, Visvarupa who wrote Balakrida lived during this time. Great Jain scholars like Virasena and Jinasena were active then. They jointly wrote Dhavala and Jayadhavala. Jinasena who was guru of Amoghavarsha I also wrote Harivamsha , Parshvabhyudaya and Adipurana which was later completed as Uttarapurana by Gunabhadra, who was patronised by Krishna II. Mahapurana, Jasaurachariu and Nayakumara Chariu were written by Pushpadanta who was patronised by Krishna III. Sakatayana patronised by Amoghavarsha I wrote Sabdanusasana and Amoghavritti. Mahaveera wrote Ganithasarasangraha a work on Mathematices, Amoghavarsha I himself authored Prashnottara Ratnamala, Chavundaraya wrote Charitrasara. Great logicians like Manikyanandin, Mallavadin and Prabhachandra were of this period. Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was the greatest of the Rashtrakuta kings. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Bahubali statue inscription mentioning Chamundaraya Chavundraya 963 - 999 C.E. also known as Chavundaraya I or Chamundaraya was a commander in the Western Ganga Dynasty army and was also a poet in Kannada. ...

Marathi/ Maharashtri Prakrit

Rashtrakutas respected Maharashtri Prakrit (preceedor of Marathi) and was a court language in few parts of their kingdom. Rashtrakutas of Vidarbha and Govinda (III) especially patronised Maharashtri ^[1]. Rashtrakutas of Malkhed were Marathi speaking and anchestors of Marathas.^[2] Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Vidarbha is the north-eastern region of Maharashtra state, now forming two divisions (Nagpur and Amravati). ... Malakheda (sometimes spelt as Malkhed) is a historic village & a Hindu pilgrimage center in the Sedam taluk of the Gulbarga district in Karnataka, India. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas...

Architecture

The Rashtrakutas contributed much to the culture of the Deccan. The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta, situated in present day Maharashtra. It is said that they altogether constructed 34 rock-cut shrines, but most extensive and sumptuous of them all is the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora. The temple is a splendid achievement of Dravidian art. The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures from Hindy mythology including Ravana, Shiva and Parvathi while the ceilings have paintings. The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... A depiction of Ravana, Hindu rakshasa King of Lanka In Hindu mythology, Ravana (Devanagari: रावण, IAST ; sometimes transliterated Raavana and as Ravan) is the principal antagonist of the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. ... Shiva (English IPA: Sanskrit: शिव; Hindi: शिव; Telugu:శివ ;Malayalam ശിവന്‍; Tamil: சிவன் (when used to distinguish lordly status), also known as Siva and written Åšiva in the official IAST transliteration, pronounced as ) is a form of Ishvara or God in the later Vedic scriptures of Hinduism. ... In Hinduism, Parvathi (The Little One) is one of the names of the goddess Durga, also called Uma, Bhavani and Kali among others. ...

The project was commissioned by King Krishna I after the Rashtrakuta rule had spread into South India from the Deccan. The architectural style used was dravidian. It does not contain any of the Shikharas common to the Nagara style and was built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal in Karnataka.^[28] The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

The achievement at the Kailasanath temple is considered an architectural freak and deserves be considered one of the wonders of the world.^[29]

As an accomplishment of art, the Kailasnatha temple is considered an unrivalled work of rock architecture, a monument that has always exited and astonished travellers.^[30]

While some scholars claim the architecture at Elephanta is attributable to the Kalachuri, others confirm that they were built by the Rashtrakutas. It has been pointed out that some of the sculptures like Nataraja and Sadashiva excel even the Ellora sculptures.Other famous sculptures are Ardhanarishvara and Maheshamurthy. The later is a three faced bust of Lord Shiva, is 25 feet tall and is considered one of the finest pieces of sculpture in India. About this sculpture it is said that few works of art depicting divinity is as balanced in the world of sculpture.^[31] Other famous rock cut temples in the Maharashtra region are the Dhumer Lena and Dashvatara cave temples in Ellora (famous for its sculptures of Vishnu and Shivaleela) and the Jogeshvari temple near Mumbai. Picture of a cave Elephanta Caves are located one and one-half hours (by boat) out of Mumbai on Elephanta Island in the Bombay Harbour. ... This name is used by two kingdoms who had a secession of dynasties from the 10th-12th century AD, ruling over areas in Central India (west Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan) and were called Chedi or Haihaya (Heyheya) (northern branch) and the other Kalachuri (southern branch). ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई,IPA: , formerly known as Bombay, is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and the most populous city of India, also it is the second most populous city in the world with an estimated population of about 13 million (as of 2006). ...

In Karnataka their famous temples are the Parameshwara temple at Konnur, Brahmadeva temple at Savadi, the Settavva, Kontigudi II, Jadaragudi and Ambigeragudi temples at Aihole being proposed for UNESCO World Heritage Site status, Mallikarjuna temple at Ron, Andhakeshwara temple at Huli, Someshwara temple at Sogal, Jain temples at Lokapura, Navalinga temple at Kukanur and a Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal, Kumaraswamy temple at Sandur, many temples at Shirival in Gulbarga and the Trikunteshwara temple at Gadag which was later expanded by Kalyani Chalukyas. Many of these temples have been studied by historians and some have the stellar (multigonal) plan later to be used profusely by the Hoysalas of Belur and Halebidu.^[32] Aihole (Kannada ಐಹೊಳೆ)is in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... Belur may refer to any of the following: Belur, Karnataka, town in Karnataka, India Belur, West Bengal, India, a locality on the west bank of the Hooghly River Belur Math, the religious abbey located in Belur, West Bengal, India This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with... Halebidu is located in Hassan District, Karnataka, India. ...

Kailasanatha Temple

Ellora- Kailasanatha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ellora- Kailasanatha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Administration

Cabinet

From inscriptions and other records it is known that the Rashtrakutas followed the practice of nominating the crown price based on heredity. The crown did not always pass on to the eldest son as in the case of Govinda III who was the third son crowned by Dhruva Dharavarsha. Abilities were given importance over age and chronology of birth. The most important positions under the king were Chief minister (Mahasandhivigrahi) whose position came with insignia commensurate with his position namely, a flag, conch, fan, white umbrella, a large drum and five muscical instruments called Panchamahashabdas. The commander (Dandanayaka), foreign minister (Mahakshapataladhikrita)^[33]., a prime minister (Mahamatya or Purnamathya) usually associated with one of the feudatory kings. They must have had a position in government equivalent to a premier also. A Mahasamantha was a feudatory or even a high ranking regal officer. All cabinet ministers were well versed in political science (Rajneeti) with military training. There were cases where woman took care of significant areas like Revakanimaddi, daughter of Amoghavarsha I who administered Edathore Vishaya.
Govinda III was King of Rashtrakuta from 793 to 814. ... Dhruva Dharavarsha, was one of the Rashtrakuta rulers, (reigned 780-793) and he had ascended the throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II (reigned 774-780). ...

Land governance

The kingdom was divided into Mandala or Rashtras (Province). The Rashtra was ruled by Rashtrapathi which sometimes was the emperor himself. Amoghavarsha's empire had sixteen Rashtras. Under a Rashtra was a Vishaya (district) overlooked by a Vishayapathi and under that was a Grama (taluk) looked after by Gramakuta. Trusted ministers sometimes ruled more than a Rashtra like Bankesha, commander of Amoghavarsha I who headed Banavasi-12000, Belvola-300, Puligere-300, Kunduru-500 and Kundarge-70. The suffix designated the number of villages in that territory. Below the Vishaya was also Nadu looked after by Nadugowda or Nadugavunda and sometimes there were two such officials, one appointed by heredity and another centrally. The lowest division was a village administered by a Gramapathi or Prabhu Gavunda. Taxes called Udranga, Uparika, Bhagakara and Bhuthotpatta Prathyaya existed on land and land revenue. Amoghavarsha Nripathunga was the greatest of the Rashtrakuta kings. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... Banavasi ಬನವಾಸಿ is an ancient temple town on the border of Uttara Kannada District and Shimoga district in the south Indian state of Karnataka. ...

Army

The Rashtrakuta army consisted of a large infantry, numerous horseman and elephants. A standing army was always ready for war in a cantonment (Sthirabhuta Kataka) in the regal capital Manyakheta. Large armies were also maintained by the feudatory kings who were expected to contribute to the empire in case of war. Chieftains and all officials also served as commanders whose posting was transferable if the need arose.^[34].

Coinage

The Rashtrakutas issued coins with Nagari and Kannada legends ^[35] such as Suvarrba, Drammas in silver and gold weighing 65 grains, Kalanju weighing 48 grains, Gadyanaka weighing 96 grains, Kasu weighing 15 grains, Manjati with 2 1/2 grains and Akkam of 1 1/4 grain. Coins were minted in Akkashale. Kannada inscriptions from this empire from the Bombay-Karnataka region have been deciphered and recorded by historians.^[36]

Religion

In ancient India, the rulers generally supported all existing faiths in the region. The concept of mutual exclusion of religious traditions was not common in ancient India. Scholars have various arguments about the religion followed by the Rashtrakutas. Some feel they were strongly inclined towards Jainism because many of the scholars who flourished in their rule, who wrote in Sanskrit, Prakrit, Kannada and Apabhramsha, were Jainas. Some of the most well known monuments built by their ardent feudatory, the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad were Jaina monuments in Shravanabelagola, Hassan district and Kambadahalli, Mandya district. Some scholars even opine that Jainsim was a dominant religion being that Karnataka was its stronghold in South India at that time. Jaina redirects here. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति), original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... The term Apabhramsha refers to the dialects of North India before the rise of modern North Indian languages. ... The Gangas of Talakad, like the Kadambas of Banavasi, rose to political eminence in the middle of the fourth century A.D., and ruled over the southern parts of Karnataka, in southern India. ... Talakad is a scenic and spiritual center located in Mysore district, near T. Narasipura. ... The statue of Gomatheswara dates from 978-993 AD. Shravanabelagola is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Hassan is a district in Karnataka state, India. ... Mandya District (Kannada ಮಂಡ್ಯ ) is an administrative district located in Karnataka, India. ...

However, there is sufficient proof that the Rashtrakuta kings were ardent Hindu. Almost all their inscriptions began with an invocation of Vishnu and sometimes Shiva. Many of their titles like Veeranarayana showed their Hindu leanings. From inscriptions it is well known that Amoghavarsha I sacrificed his finger at the Mahalakshmi temple at Kolhapur to avert a calamity. The famous Kailasnatha temple and other rock cut caves in Ellora show that Vedic Hinduism was flourishing. Some inscriptions of Dantidurga and Govinda IV also show that Brahminic Hinduism was popular. This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari , with honorific Shri Vishnu; , ), (also frequently referred to as Narayana) is the most popularly worshipped form of God in Hinduism [1]. Within the Vaishnava tradition he is viewed as the Ultimate Reality or Supreme God (similarly to Shiva within Shaivism). ... Shiva (English IPA: Sanskrit: शिव; Hindi: शिव; Telugu:శివ ;Malayalam ശിവന്‍; Tamil: சிவன் (when used to distinguish lordly status), also known as Siva and written Åšiva in the official IAST transliteration, pronounced as ) is a form of Ishvara or God in the later Vedic scriptures of Hinduism. ... Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, or Amoghavarsha I was the king of Rashtrakuta from 814 to 878, and is widely considered the greatest. ... One of the goddesses of hindu mythology. ... Kolhapur   (Marathi:कोल्हापूर ) is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, India. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Dantidurga was the founder of the dynasty called Rashtrakutas. ... Govinda IV (930 - 935) C.E. came to power in 930 as described in the Kalasa record of Chikmagalur. ...

In short, the Rashtrakuta rule was tolerant to multiple popular religions, Jainism, Vaishnavaism and Shaivism. Buddhism too found support, although it had declined significantly at this time^[37] Jaina redirects here. ... Vaishnavism is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his avatars (i. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of psychology. ...

Rashtrakuta Branches

These branches emerged as a result of Rashtrakuta conquest of North India.

Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat): ^[38]

• Indra (807-818) (brother of Govinda III above)
• Karka and Govinda (818-826)
• Dhruva II (835-845)
• Akalavarsha Shubhatunga (867)
• Dhruva III (-871)
• Direct rule from Manyakhet by Krishna II

Rashtrakutas of Hastikundi (Hathundi) (Jodhpur) ^{[39] [40] [41]}
Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... Panoramic view of Jodhpur at night Jodhpur   (जोधपुर), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ...

• Harivarma
• Vidagdha (916-938)
• Mammata (939)
• Balaprasada (997)
• The Hathundi Rathores (descendants)

Rashtrakutas of Dahal (near Jabalpur) (Madhya Pradesh) ^[42]

• Golhanadeva (1023)

Rashtrakutas of Kanauj (11th. century-13th. century) ^[43]
Kanauj, or Kannauj, is an ancient city of Uttar Pradesh state of India (1991 pop. ...

• Gopal (4th king)
• Tribhuvana
• Madanapala (1119)
• Devapala (Lost Shravasti to Gahadavalas in 1128)
• Bhimapala
• Surapala
• Amritapala
• Lakhanpala (In 1202 defeated byQutub-ud-din)
• Mahasamanta Barahadeva (under Gahadavala Adakkhamalla)

Rashtrakutas of Mandore/Jodhpur

• The lineage of Rathors 1226 - To date (Mandore/Jodhpur)

This Article is about Hindu Rajput Rathores, thier religion, culture and hisory. ... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births June 21 - King Boleslaus V of Poland (died 1279) Abul-Faraj, Syriac scholar (died 1286) Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac historian and bishop (died 1286) Deaths March 7 - William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English...

Descendants Of Rashtrakuta

Their descendents are spread out over large areas of India. Rashtrakutas form one of 96 royal clans of Marathas.^[44]. The Rashtraudha dynasty of Mayuragiri, Maharashtra, described in the Rashtraudha Kavya (1596) of Rudrakavi^[45], the Rathors Rajputs of Rajasthan and the Rattas of Saundatti in Karnataka also claim descent from them.^[46] Extent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. ... Maharashtra   (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , English: , IPA: ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Saundatti (also known as Sugandavarti and Savadatti) is one of the oldest towns in the Belgaum district, in southern India, and a celebrated pilgrimage centre. ... Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

Impact

Main article: The great Karnataka Expansion

The rise of Rashtrakuts had a great impact even in North India. While some historians have called this as "Age of Imperial Kannauj", during these times, the Rashtrakutas successfully captured Kannauj and levied tribute on its rulers and on multiple occasions posed as masters of North India. Perhaps the era deserves to be called the "Age of Imperial Karnataka".^[47] In the 7th. century Chalukya Pulakesi II defeated Harshavardhana and stopped his southward march at the Narmada River. Vengi remained essentially a republic of Vatapi up to the middle of 9th century. During the period 7th - 12th. century, Central India was for much of the period under control of these empires and Vengi under their influence. The area between Kaveri River and Godavari River was known as "Kannada Nadu" from Kavirajamarga (850 CE).^[48] and formed the core area of these two ruling families. An Arab record of 851 CE wrote of the Rashtrakutas as one of the four great contemporary empires of the world.^[49] One of the richest traditions in Indian architecture took shape in the Deccan during this time and is called as Karnata Dravida style as opposed to traditional Dravida style.^[50] The migrations of people and influences to the North from North Deccan which compropmises present day Maharashtra and its bordering districts of Karnataka during 10-12th century period is well attested by the sources but has not yet been studied carefully. ... Kannauj (Hindi कन्नौज), sometimes improperly spelt Kanauj, is an ancient city lying in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ... The Narmada or Nerbudda is a river in central India. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... The town of Vatapi, better-known today as Badami, is located at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastyatirth water reservoir - an artificial lake - on three sides. ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... Siva Samudram Falls on the Kaveri River near Mysore The Kaveri River (also spelt Cauvery or Kavery) is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. ... The Godavari River, adjacent to the town of Kovvur The Godavari River is a major waterway in India, next to the Ganges and Indus rivers. ... Sri Vijaya, the court poet of Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, the Rashtrakuta ruler, composed it in the 9 Th centuries A.D. It is considered that Sri Vijaya did the first literary works in 9th Century A.D. This work is generally held to be the earliest literary work in Kannada. ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ...

References

• Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (reprint 2002) OCLC: 7796041
• Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
• Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origins to 1300 AD., Penguin, 2003, New Delhi ISBN 0-14-302989-4.
• Marathi Encyclopedia (Khand.14), 1989,publisher-Maharashtra Rajya Vishwakosh Manda
• R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988 ISBN 81-206-0303-6

Notes

The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. P.B. Desai (Pandurangrao Bhimrao Desai) 1910 - 1974 is a renouned epigraphist and historian and archaeologist. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा)is a collective term referring to an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a substantial empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries AD. The Marathas... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Romila Thapar (born 1931) is a Marxist Indian historian whose principal area of study is Ancient India. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Necromancer_bells. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Chalukya Empire
• Ellora Caves

The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated...

External links

• History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc
• List of rulers of Maharashtra
• Ancient India
• South Indian Inscriptions- Archeological Survey of India
• Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas - Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, Karnataka Literary Academy Award 1988,
  Rajyotsava Award 1991 , Member -The Indian Archaeology Society
• About Karnataka historian/writer Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
• The Rashtrakutas, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
• Sanskrit Literature under the Rashtrakutas- Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
• Archaeological Survey of India
• Architecture of Indian Subcontinent, Takeo Kamiya, Japan Architects Academy
• Early Rashtrakuta history article in Nasik gazetteer