NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revival and development of certain elements of Classical Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 235 KB) Donato Bramante, Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Roma. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 235 KB) Donato Bramante, Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Roma. ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1515x1038, 1257 KB) Description: Temple Of Vesta ~ Rome Date: 16~08~1998 Author: Neil Scott Permission: Public Domain File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1515x1038, 1257 KB) Description: Temple Of Vesta ~ Rome Date: 16~08~1998 Author: Neil Scott Permission: Public Domain File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata... Brick with the emblem of Theodoric the Great, found in the temple of Vesta. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... The History of Greece extends back to the arrival of the Greeks in Europe some time before 1500 BC, even though there has only been an independent state called Greece since Turkey, Italy and Libya. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...

The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. Sphere symmetry group o. ... Proportion A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... For other uses, see Column (disambiguation). ... In architecture, pilasters comprise slightly-projecting pseudo-columns built into or onto a wall, with capitals and bases. ... Pre-fabricated, pre-tensioned concrete lintels spanning garage doors. ... For other uses, see Dome (disambiguation). ... Florentine Renaissance painter Filippo Lippi placed his Madonna of the 1440s within a simulated shell-headed niche The niche in classical architecture is an exedra or an apse that has been reduced in size, retaining the half-dome heading usual for an apse. ... An aedicule (little building) is a common framing device in both Classical architecture and Gothic architecture. ... The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ...

Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 â€“ April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ...

Historiography

The word "Renaissance" derived from the term "la rinascita" (meaning re-birth) which first appeared in Giorgio Vasari's Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani (The Lives of the Artists, 1550–68). Giorgio Vasaris selfportrait Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Giorgio Vasari Giorgio Vasari (Arezzo, Tuscany July 3, 1511 - Florence, June 27, 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, mainly known for his famous biographies of Italian artists. ... The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, or Le Vite delle piÃ¹ eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori as it was originally known in Italian, is a series of artist biographies written by 16th century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered perhaps the most famous...

Although the term Renaissance was used first by the French historian Jules Michelet, it was given its more lasting definition from the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, whose book, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien 1860,^[1] was influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the Italian Renaissance. The folio of measured drawings Édifices de Rome moderne; ou, Recueil des palais, maisons, églises, couvents et autres monuments (The Buildings of Modern Rome), first published in 1840 by Paul Letarouilly, also played an important part in the revival of interest in this period.^[2] The Renaissance style was recognized by contemporaries in the term "all'antica", or "in the ancient manner" (of the Romans). This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Jules Michelet (August 21, 1798 - February 9, 1874) was a French historian. ... Jacob Burckhardt in 1892 Jacob Burckhardt (May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland â€“ August 8, 1897, Basel) was a Swiss historian of art and culture, fields which he helped found. ...

Principal phases

Historians often divide the Renaissance in Italy into three phases.^[3] Whereas art historians might talk of an "Early Renaissance" period, in which they include developments in 14th century painting and sculpture, this is usually not the case in architectural history. The bleak economic conditions of the late 14th century did not produce buildings that are considered to be part of the Renaissance. As a result, the word "Renaissance" among architectural historians usually applies to the period 1400 to ca. 1525, or later in the case of non-Italian Renaissances.

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Creation of Adam, Michelangelos work in the Sistine Chapel. ... In Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, affected poses, and unclear perspective. ...

Quattrocento

In the Quattrocento, concepts of architectural order were explored and rules were formulated. (See- Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture, below.) The study of classical antiquity led in particular to the adoption of Classical detail and ornamentation.

Space, as an element of architecture, was utilised differently to the way it had been in the Middle Ages. Space was organised by proportional logic, its form and rhythm subject to geometry, rather than being created by intuition as in Medieval buildings. The prime example of this is the Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446).^[6] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Exterior from the Piazza San Lorenzo. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 â€“ April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ...

High Renaissance

During the High Renaissance, concepts derived from classical antiquity were developed and used with greater surety. The most representative architect is Bramante (1444–1514) who expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings. His San Pietro in Montorio (1503) was directly inspired by circular Roman temples. He was, however, hardly a slave to the classical forms and it was his style that was to dominate Italian architecture in the 16th century.^[7] The Creation of Adam, Michelangelos work in the Sistine Chapel. ... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 â€“ March 11, 1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... 200pxTempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502: the High Renaissance began here. ... The Temple of Hercules Victor, near the Teatro di Marcello in Rome (a Greek-style Roman temple) // Pagan history and architecture Originally in Roman paganism, a templum was not (necessarily) a cultic building but any ritually marked observation site for natural phenomena believed to allow predictions, such as the flight...

Mannerism

During the Mannerist period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms. The best known architect associated with the Mannerist style was Michelangelo (1475–1564), who is credited with inventing the giant order, a large pilaster that stretches from the bottom to the top of a facade. He used this in his design for the Campidoglio in Rome. For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... In Classical architecture, a giant order is an order whose columns or pilasters span two (or more) storeys. ... The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the famous seven hills of Rome, the site of a temple for the Capitoline Triad: the gods Jupiter, his wife Juno and their daughter Minerva. ...

Prior to the 20th century, the term Mannerism had negative connotations, but it is now used to describe the historical period in more general non-judgemental terms.^[8]

From Renaissance to Baroque

As the new style of architecture spread out from Italy, most other European countries developed a sort of proto-Renaissance style, before the construction of fully formulated Renaissance buildings. Each country in turn then grafted its own architectural traditions to the new style, so that Renaissance buildings across Europe are diversified by region. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ...

Within Italy the evolution of Renaissance architecture into Mannerism, with widely diverging tendencies in the work of Michelangelo and Giulio Romano and Andrea Palladio, led to the Baroque style in which the same architectural vocabulary was used for very different rhetoric.

Outside Italy, Baroque architecture was more widespread and fully developed than the Renaissance style, with significant buildings as far afield as Mexico^[9] and the Philippines.^[10] It is the subject of a separate article. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ...

Characteristics of Renaissance architecture

The obvious distinguishing features of Classical Roman architecture were adopted by Renaissance architects. However, the forms and purposes of buildings had changed over time. So had the structure of cities. Among the earliest buildings of the reborn Classicism were churches of a type that the Romans had never constructed. Neither were there models for the type of large city dwellings required by wealthy merchants of the 15th century. Conversely, there was no call for enormous sporting fixtures and public bath houses such as the Romans had built. The ancient orders were analysed and reconstructed to serve new purposes.^[11] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 341 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (497 Ã— 874 pixel, file size: 83 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Proyecto de Rafael. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 341 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (497 Ã— 874 pixel, file size: 83 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Proyecto de Rafael. ...

The plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module. Within a church the module is often the width of an aisle. The need to integrate the design of the plan with the façade was introduced as an issue in the work of Filippo Brunelleschi, but he was never able to carry this aspect of his work into fruition. The first building to demonstrate this was St. Andrea in Mantua by Alberti. The development of the plan in secular architecture was to take place in the 16th century and culminated with the work of Palladio. Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 â€“ April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ... The Basilica di SantAndrea is a Renaissance church in Mantua, Lombardy (Italy). ... Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti. ... Illustration from a 1736 English edition of I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura. ...

Facade ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1434 KB) Roma, chiesa di SantAgostino by Lalupa File links The following pages link to this file: SantAgostino (Rome) ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1434 KB) Roma, chiesa di SantAgostino by Lalupa File links The following pages link to this file: SantAgostino (Rome) ...

Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis. Church facades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures. The columns and windows show a progression towards the center. One of the first true Renaissance facades was the Cathedral of Pienza (1459–62), which has been attributed to the Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Rossellino) with Alberti perhaps having some responsibility in its design as well. West faÃ§ade of the Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral A facade (or faÃ§ade) is the exterior of a building â€“ especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. ... Pienza, a town and commune in the province of Siena, in the Val dOrcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the touchstone of Renaissance urbanism. ... Rossellinos tabernacle in the church of San Lorenzo, Florence. ... Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti. ...

Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice. There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround. An early and much copied prototype was the façade for the Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) in Florence with its three registers of pilasters It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geison. ... Palazzo Rucellai is a Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy, designed Leon Battista Alberti. ... In architecture, pilasters comprise slightly-projecting pseudo-columns built into or onto a wall, with capitals and bases. ...

Columns and Pilasters Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (853x1342, 216 KB) Encyclopedie: Classical Orders, engraving from the EncyclopÃ©die vol. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (853x1342, 216 KB) Encyclopedie: Classical Orders, engraving from the EncyclopÃ©die vol. ...

The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi. Entablature of the Doric order Entablature of the Ionic order Entablature of the Corinthian order An entablature (Ä•ntÄƒbÂ´lechoor; Latin, and tabula, a tablet) is a classical architectural element, the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above the columns, resting on their capitals. ... The Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy in Florence is one of the most important monuments of the early Italian Renaissance architecture. ...

Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental. Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua. The Basilica di SantAndrea is a Renaissance church in Mantua, Lombardy (Italy). ...

Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular. The barrel vault, is returned to architectural vocabulary as at the St. Andrea in Mantua. Barrel vault In architecture, a barrel vault is an extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. ... The Basilica di SantAndrea is a Renaissance church in Mantua, Lombardy (Italy). ...

The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally. Domes had been used only rarely in the Middle Ages, but after the success of the dome in Brunelleschi’s design for the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore and its use in Bramante’s plan for St. Peter's Basilica (1506) in Rome, the dome became an indispensable element in church architecture and later even for secular architecture, such as Palladio's Villa Rotonda.^[12] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (420x611, 198 KB) Summary {{ |Description=The dome of San Pietro in Vaticano (Saint Peters Basilica) in Rome, seen from the roof of Engelsburg |Source=clip of photograph taken by Wolfgang Stuck |Date=Sept 2004 |Author=Wolfgang Stuck |Permission=released in... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (420x611, 198 KB) Summary {{ |Description=The dome of San Pietro in Vaticano (Saint Peters Basilica) in Rome, seen from the roof of Engelsburg |Source=clip of photograph taken by Wolfgang Stuck |Date=Sept 2004 |Author=Wolfgang Stuck |Permission=released in... The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the cathedral church, or Duomo, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, noted for its distinctive dome. ... This article is about the famous building in Rome. ... Villa Capra La Rotonda in Vicenza. ...

Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated.

Door usually have square lintels. They may be set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment. Openings that do not have doors are usually arched and frequently have a large or decorative keystone.

Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch. They may have square lintels and triangular or segmental pediments, which are often used alternately. Emblematic in this respect is the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, begun in 1517. A mid-18th century engraving of Palazzo Farnese by Giuseppe Vasi Palazzo Farnese, Rome (housing the French Embassy), is the most imposing Italian palace of the sixteenth century (Sir Banister Fletcher) (1). ...

In the Mannerist period the “Palladian” arch was employed, using a motif of a high semi-circular topped opening flanked with two lower square-topped openings. Windows are used to bring light into the building and in domestic architecture, to give views. Stained glass, although sometimes present, is not a feature. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1200x1600, 633 KB) Entrance to Palazzo Strozzi courtyard in Florence, Italy File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1200x1600, 633 KB) Entrance to Palazzo Strozzi courtyard in Florence, Italy File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added...

External walls are generally of highly-finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses. The corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated “quoins”. Basements and ground floors were often rusticated, as modeled on the Palazzo Medici Riccardi (1444–1460) in Florence. Internal walls are smoothly plastered and surfaced with white-chalk paint. For more formal spaces, internal surfaces are decorated with frescoes. Ashlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone. ... Courtyard of Palazzo Medici Riccardi. ...

Courses, moldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision. Studying and mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the important aspects of Renaissance theory. The different orders each required different sets of details. Some architects were stricter in their use of classical details than others, but there was also a good deal of innovation in solving problems, especially at corners. Moldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed, as in Gothic Architecture. Sculptured figures may be set in niches or placed on plinths. They are not integral to the building as in Medieval architecture.^[13]

Influences on the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy

Italy of the 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance. It is in Florence that the new architectural style had its beginning, not slowly evolving in the way that Gothic grew out of Romanesque, but consciously brought to being by particular architects who sought to revive the order of a past "Golden Age". The scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with the general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about. The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ... South transept of Tournai Cathedral, Belgium, 12th century. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Architectural Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x2592, 1254 KB) Photographer: Richardfabi Time, Place: march 2005, Florence Camera: Canon Powershot A95 Description: Batisterio san giovanni Florence License: Picture by myself, PD File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x2592, 1254 KB) Photographer: Richardfabi Time, Place: march 2005, Florence Camera: Canon Powershot A95 Description: Batisterio san giovanni Florence License: Picture by myself, PD File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects...

Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. Apart from the Cathedral of Milan, largely the work of German builders, few Italian churches show the emphasis on vertically, the clustered shafts, ornate tracery and complex ribbed vaulting that characterise Gothic in other parts of Europe. Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose.^[13] The presence, particularly in Rome, of architectural remains showing the ordered Classical style provided an inspiration to artists at a time when philosophy was also turning towards the Classical. Piazza del Duomo and Duomo di Milano, 1909. ... The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ... The word classical has several meanings: Pertaining to the societies of the classical antiquity, ancient Greece or Rome. ...

In the 15th century, Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them, making the movement of artists possible. This enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France. This article is about the city in Italy. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN...

In 1377, the return of the Pope from Avignon and re-establishment of the Papal court in Rome, brought wealth and importance to that city, as well as a renewal in the importance of the Pope in Italy, which was further strengthened by the Council of Constance in 1417. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy.^[14] City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France RÃ©gion Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur DÃ©partement Vaucluse (prÃ©fecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality CommunautÃ© dagglomÃ©ration du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-JosÃ©e Roig... The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Roman Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ... The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council considered valid by the Roman Catholic Church. ... Pope Julius II Julius II, né Giuliano della Rovere (December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), was pope from 1503 to 1513. ... Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ...

In the early Renaissance, Venice controlled sea trade over goods from the East. The large towns of Northern Italy were prosperous through trade with the rest of Europe, Genoa providing a seaport for the goods of France and Spain; Milan and Turin being centers of overland trade, and maintaining substantial metalworking industries. Trade brought wool from England to Florence, ideally located on the river for the production of fine cloth, the industry on which its wealth was founded. By dominating Pisa, Florence gained a seaport, and also maintained dominance of Genoa. In this commercial climate, one family in particular turned their attention from trade to the lucrative business of money-lending. The Medici became the chief bankers to the princes of Europe, becoming virtually princes themselves as they did so, by reason of both wealth and influence. Along the trade routes, and thus offered some protection by commercial interest, moved not only goods but also artists, scientists and philosophers.^[14] For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Northern Italy comprises of two areas belonging to NUTS level 1: North-West (Nord-Ovest): Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria North-East (Nord-Est): Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/SÃ¼dtirol, Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/SÃ¼dtirol and Aosta Valley are regions with a... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN... For other uses, see Turin (disambiguation). ... Leaning Tower of Pisa. ... For the board game, see Medici (board game). ...

Religious Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2407, 688 KB) Description: Title: de: Papst Sixtus IV. ernennt Platina zum PrÃ¤fekten der Bibliothek Technique: de: Fresko, auf Leinwand Ã¼bertragen Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de: Pinacoteca Vaticana Other notes... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2407, 688 KB) Description: Title: de: Papst Sixtus IV. ernennt Platina zum PrÃ¤fekten der Bibliothek Technique: de: Fresko, auf Leinwand Ã¼bertragen Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location (gallery): de: Pinacoteca Vaticana Other notes... Melozzo da ForlÃ¬ Melozzo da ForlÃ¬ (ForlÃ¬, Italy, c. ... The Palace of the Vatican, also called the Papal Palace or the Apostolic Palace, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ...

The return of the Pope from Avignon in 1377 and the resultant new emphasis on Rome as the center of Christian spirituality, brought about a boom in the building of churches in Rome such as had not taken place for nearly a thousand years. This commenced in the mid 15th century and gained momentum in the 16th century, reaching its peak in the Baroque period. The construction of the Sistine Chapel with its uniquely important decorations and the entire rebuilding of St Peter's, one of Christendom's most significant churches, was part of this process.^[15] The Sistine Chapel (Italian: ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in the Vatican City. ...

In wealthy republican Florence, the impetus for church-building was more civic than spiritual. The unfinished state of the enormous cathedral dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary did no honour to the city under her patronage. However, as the technology and finance were found to complete it, the rising dome did credit not only to the Blessed Virgin, its architect and the Church but also the Signoria, the Guilds and the sectors of the city from which the manpower to construct it was drawn. The dome inspired further religious works in Florence. Our Lady redirects here. ...

Philosophic Image File history File links Zaccaria_in_the_temple_by_dghirlandaio. ... Image File history File links Zaccaria_in_the_temple_by_dghirlandaio. ... Marsilio Ficino (Latin name: Marsilius Ficinus; Figline Valdarno, October 19, 1433 - Careggi, October 1, 1499) was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the... Cristoforo Landino (1424-24 September 1498) was a humanist and an important figure of the Florentine Renaissance. ... Politian (also known as Angelo Poliziano or Angelo Ambrogini) (1454 - 1494) was an Italian classical scholar and poet. ... Demetrius Chalcondyles (1424–1511), born in Athens, was the brother of the writer Laonicus Chalcondyles In 1447 he migrated to Italy, where Cardinal Bessarion gave him his patronage. ... An Old Man with a Strawberry Nose (1480). ...

The development of printed books, the rediscovery of ancient writings, the expanding of political and trade contacts and the exploration of the world all increased knowledge and the desire for education.^[13]

The reading of philosophies that were not based in Christian theology led to the development of Humanism through which it was clear that while God had established and maintained order in the Universe, it was the role of Man to establish and maintain order in Society.^[16] Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ...

Through Humanism, civic pride and the promotion of civil peace and order were seen as the marks of citizenship. This led to the building of structures such as Brunelleschi's Hospital of the Innocents with its elegant colonnade forming a link between the charitable building and the public square, and the Laurentian Library where the collection of books established by the Medici family could be consulted by scholars.^[17] Download high resolution version (2024x2721, 378 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2024x2721, 378 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Jacopo Pontormo: Cosimo de Medici, 1518-1519 Cosimo di Giovanni de Medici (September 27, 1389 â€“ August 1, 1464), was the first of the Medici political dynasty, rulers of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance; also known as Cosimo the Elder (il Vecchio) and Cosimo Pater Patriae. ... Andrea Doria as Neptune Agnolo di Cosimo ( 1503, Firenze – 1572, Firenze) (also known as Agnolo Bronzino and Agnolo Tori). ... Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ... Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence The Ospedale degli Innocenti (Hospital of the Innocents) was a childrens orphanage in Florence, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1419. ... It has been suggested that Biblioteca Mediceo Lauenziana be merged into this article or section. ...

Some major ecclesiastical building works were also commissioned, not by the church, but by guilds representing the wealth and power of the city. Brunelleschi’s dome at Florence Cathedral, more than any other building belonged to the people of the city because the construction of each of the eight segments was achieved by a different sector of the city.^[13]^[17] View of the faÃ§ade with Giottos Bell Tower. ...

As in the Platonic academy of Athens, it was seen by those of Humanist understanding that those people who had the benefit of wealth and education ought to promote the pursuit of learning and the creation of that which was beautiful. To this end, wealthy families:- the Medici in Florence, the Gonzaga family of Mantua, the Farnese in Rome, the Sforzas in Milan, gathered around them people of learning and talent, promoting the skills and creating employment for the most talented artists and architects of their day.^[17] For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... For the board game, see Medici (board game). ... The Gonzaga family ruled Mantua in Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708. ... The Farnese family was an influential family in Renaissance Italy. ... Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. ...

During the Renaissance, architecture became not only a question of practice, but also a matter for theoretical discussion. Printing played a large role in the dissemination of ideas. For other uses, see Print. ...

De re aedificatoria: On the Art of Building in Ten Books, is a classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti in 1450. ... Leone Battista Alberti (February 1404 - 25th April 1472), Italian painter, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, musician, architect, and general Renaissance polymath . ... Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. ... De architectūra (Latin: On architecture) was a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus. ... Sebastiano Serlio (Bologna 1475 â€“ Fontainebleau ca 1554), the Italian Mannerist architect, was part of the Italian team building Fontainebleau. ... Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 â€“ August 19, 1580), was an Italian architect, widely considered the most influential person in the history of Western architecture. ... Front page of a Ist Edition: I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura (The four books of Architecture) was published in 1570, in four volumes written by the architect Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), whose name is identified with an architectural movement named after him, Palladianism. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

Development of Renaissance architecture in Italy - Early Renaissance

The leading architects of the Early Renaissance or Quattrocento were Brunelleschi, Michelozzo and Alberti. Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377 - 1446, was the first great Florentine architect of the Italian Renaissance. ... Palazzo Medici in Florence. ... Alberti was an illustrious Florentine family, rivals of the Medicis and the Albizzi. ...

Brunelleschi

The person generally credited with bringing about the Renaissance view of architecture is Filippo Brunelleschi, (1377–1446).^[18] The underlying feature of the work of Brunelleschi was "order". Image File history File linksMetadata Ospedale_degli_Innocenti. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ospedale_degli_Innocenti. ... Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence The Ospedale degli Innocenti (Hospital of the Innocents) was a childrens orphanage in Florence, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1419. ... Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 â€“ April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. ...

In the early 1400s Brunelleschi began to look at the world to see what the rules were that governed ones way of seeing. He observed that the way one sees regular structures such as the Baptistery of Florence and the tiled pavement surrounding it follows a mathematical order—linear perspective. The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistery of St John) is believed to be the oldest building in Florence. ... Linear perspective is the art of representing three-dimensional constructions on a two-dimensional surface. ...

The buildings remaining among the ruins of ancient Rome appeared to respect a simple mathematical order in the way that Gothic buildings did not. One incontrovertible rule governed all Ancient Roman architecture—a semi-circular arch is exactly twice as wide as it is high. A fixed proportion with implications of such magnitude occurred nowhere in Gothic architecture. A Gothic pointed arch could be extended upwards or flattened to any proportion that suited the location. Arches of differing angles frequently occurred within the same structure. No set rules of proportion applied. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ...

From the observation of the architecture of Rome came a desire for symmetry and careful proportion in which the form and composition of the building as a whole and all its subsidiary details have fixed relationships, each section in proportion to the next, and the architectural features serving to define exactly what those rules of proportion are.^[19] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 578 KB) Summary View on the dome of Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore Own photo - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 578 KB) Summary View on the dome of Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore Own photo - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Santa Maria del Fiore Metadata This... Side view of Santa Maria del Fiore. ...

Brunelleschi's first major architectural commission was for the enormous brick dome which covers the central space that of Florence's cathedral, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in the 14th century but left unroofed. While often described as the first building of the Renaissance, Brunelleschi's daring design utilizes the pointed Gothic arch and Gothic ribs. It seems certain, however, that while stylistically Gothic, in keeping with the building it surmounts, the dome is in fact structurally influenced by the great dome of Ancient Rome, which Brunelleschi could hardly have ignored in seeking a solution. This is the dome of the Pantheon, a circular temple, now a church. Side view of Santa Maria del Fiore. ... The tabernacle over the high altar of St. ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Î Î¬Î½Î¸ÎµÎ¿Î½ Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ...

Inside the Pantheon's single-shell dome of brick and stone is coffering which greatly decreases the weight, while maintaining the strength of each individual stone. The vertical partitions of the coffering effectively serve as ribs, although this feature does not dominate visually. At the apex of the Pantheon's dome is an opening, 8 meters across. Brunelleschi was aware that a dome of enormous proportion could in fact be engineered without a keystone. The dome in Florence is supported by the eight large ribs and sixteen more internal ones holding a brick shell, with the bricks arranged in a herringbone manner. Although the techniques employed are different, in practice both domes comprise a thick network of ribs supporting very much lighter and thinner infilling. And both have a large opening at the top.^[13] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x1512, 618 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x1512, 618 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture ...

The new architectural philosophy is best demonstrated in the churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito in Florence. Designed by Brunelleschi in about 1425 and 1428 respectively, both have the shape of the Latin cross. Each has a modular plan, each portion being a multiple of the square bay of the aisle. This same formula controlled also the vertical dimensions. In the case of Santo Spirito, which is entirely regular in plan, transepts and chancel are identical, while the nave is an extended version of these. In 1434 Brunelleschi designed the first Renaissance central planned building, Santa Maria degli Angeli of Florence. It is composed of a central octagon surrounded by a circuit of eight smaller chapels. From this date onwards numerous churches were built in variations of these designs.^[20] Exterior from the Piazza San Lorenzo. ... The Church of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito (St. ... The traditional form of the Christian cross, known as the Latin cross The Christian cross is a familiar religious symbol of most Christianity. ... Santa Maria degli Angeli is a former church and convent in Florence, Italy. ... For other uses, see Octagon (disambiguation). ...

Michelozzo

Michelozzo Michelozzi, (1396–1472), was an architect under the patronage of the Medici family, his most famous work being the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, which he was commissioned to design for Cosimo de'Medici in 1444. A decade later he built the Villa Medici at Fiesole. Among his other works for Cosimo are the library at the Convent of San Marco, Florence. He went into exile in Venice for a time with his patron. He was one of the first architects to work in the Renaissance style outside Italy, building a palace at Dubrovnik.^[15] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1256x1200, 319 KB) Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence, Italy File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Michelozzo Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1256x1200, 319 KB) Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence, Italy File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Michelozzo Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Michelozzo di Bartolommeo (1391 - 1472?) (sometimes called Michelozzo Michelozzi, although some sources say this is an error), Italian architect and sculptor, was a Florentine by birth, the son of a tailor, and in early life a pupil of Donatello. ... For the board game, see Medici (board game). ... Courtyard of Palazzo Medici Riccardi. ... For the board game, see Medici (board game). ... Florence as seen from Fiesole Fiesole is a town and comune (township) of Firenze province in the Italian region of Tuscany, 43Â°49N 11Â°18E, on a famously scenic height 346 m (1140 ft) above Florence, 8 km (5 mi) NE of that city. ... Nickname: 1995 map of Dubrovnik The location of Dubrovnik within Croatia Coordinates: , Country County Government - Mayor Dubravka Å uica (HDZ) Area - City 143. ...

The Palazzo Medici Riccardi is Classical in the details of its pedimented window and recessed doors, but, unlike the works of Brunelleschi and Alberti, there are no orders of columns in evidence. Instead, Michelozzo has respected the Florentine liking for rusticated stone. He has seemingly created three orders out of the three defined rusticated levels, the whole being surmounted by an enormous Roman-style cornice which juts out over the street by 2.5 meters.^[13] A refined canonic version of the Orders engraved for the Encyclopédie, vol. ...

Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti, (1402–1472), was an important Humanist theoretician and designer whose book on architecture De re Aedificatoria was to have lasting effect. An aspect of Humanism was an emphasis of the anatomy of nature, in particular the human form, a science first studied by the Ancient Greeks. Humanism made man the measure of things. Alberti perceived the architect as a person with great social responsibilities.^[15] Leone Battista Alberti (February 1404 - 25th April 1472), Italian painter, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, musician, architect, and general Renaissance polymath . ... Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities â€” particularly rationality. ...

He designed a number of buildings, but unlike Brunelleschi, he did not see himself as a builder in a practical sense and so left the supervision of the work to others. Miraculously, one of his greatest designs, that of the Church of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, was brought to completion with its character essentially intact. Not so the church of San Francesco in Rimini, a rebuilding of a Gothic structure, which, like Sant'Andrea, was to have a façade reminiscent of a Roman triumphal arch. This was left sadly incomplete.^[15] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (508x770, 96 KB)Description= Italy, Mantua, Church of SantAndrea, Alberti Source= Wikimedia commons as St. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (508x770, 96 KB)Description= Italy, Mantua, Church of SantAndrea, Alberti Source= Wikimedia commons as St. ... It has been suggested that Sant Andrea be merged into this article or section. ... FaÃ§ade of SantAndrea, Mantua. ... The main entrance. ... Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. ...

Sant'Andrea is an extremely dynamic building both without and within. Its triumphal façade is marked by extreme contrasts. The projection of the order of pilasters that define the architectural elements, but are essentially non-functional, is very shallow. This contrasts with the gaping deeply recessed arch which makes a huge portico before the main door. The size of this arch is in direct contrast to the two low square-topped openings that frame it. The light and shade play dramatically over the surface of the building because of the shallowness of its mouldings and the depth of its porch. In the interior Alberti has dispensed with the traditional nave and aisles. Instead there is a slow and majestic progression of alternating tall arches and low square doorways, repeating the "triumphal arch" motif of the façade.^[21] The Arch of Constantine seen from the Colosseum The arch seen from Via Triumphalis Detail of the arch (southern side, left) The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. ...

Two of Alberti’s best known buildings are in Florence, the Palazzo Rucellai and at Santa Maria Novella. For the palace, Alberti applied the classical orders of columns to the façade on the three levels, 1446–51. At Santa Maria Novella he was commissioned to finish the decoration of the façade. He completed the design in 1456 but the work was not finished until 1470. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 483 KB) Summary Santa Maria Novella, a church in Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Leone Battista Alberti Basilica di Santa Maria Novella... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 483 KB) Summary Santa Maria Novella, a church in Florence, Italy Own photo - photo made by Georges Jansoone on 12 October 2005 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Leone Battista Alberti Basilica di Santa Maria Novella... The Romanesque-Gothic facade, completed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470 Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence. ... Palazzo Rucellai is a Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy, designed Leon Battista Alberti. ... The Romanesque-Gothic facade, completed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470 Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence. ...

The lower section of the building had Gothic niches and typical polychrome marble decoration. There was a large ocular window in the end of the nave which had to be taken into account. Alberti simply respected what was already in place, and the Florentine tradition for polychrome that was well established at the Baptistry of San Giovanni, the most revered building in the city. The decoration, being mainly polychrome marble, is mostly very flat in nature, but a sort of order is established by the regular compartments and the circular motifs which repeat the shape of the round window.^[13] For the first time, Alberti linked the lower roofs of the aisles to nave using two large scrolls. These were to become a standard Renaissance device for solving the problem of different roof heights and bridge the space between horizontal and vertical surfaces.^[22] The Battistero di San Giovanni (Baptistery of St John) is believed to be the oldest building in Florence. ...

The Spread of the Renaissance in Italy

In the fifteenth century the courts of certain other Italian states became centres for spreading of Renaissance philosophy, art and architecture. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1360, 1976 KB) it: Venezia, lOspedale, ospitato in una scola (sede di una confraternita) rinascimentale accanto alla chiesa dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1360, 1976 KB) it: Venezia, lOspedale, ospitato in una scola (sede di una confraternita) rinascimentale accanto alla chiesa dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo. ... The Scuola Grande of San Marco. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

In Mantua at the court of the Gonzaga, Alberti designed two churches, the Basilica of Sant'Andrea and San Sebastiano. For other uses, see Mantua (disambiguation). ... The Gonzaga family ruled Mantua in Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708. ... It has been suggested that Sant Andrea be merged into this article or section. ... San Sebastiano can refer to: the Italian name for St Sebastian; the church of San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome; the church of San Sebastiano al Palatino, in Rome; the church of San Sebastiano in Mantua, Itlay the church of San Sebastiano, in Biella. ...

Urbino was an important centre with a new ducal palace being built there. Ferrara, under the Este, was expanded in the late fifteenth century, with several new palaces being built such as the Palazzo dei Diamanti and Palazzo Schifanoia for Borso d'Este. In Milan, under the Visconti, the Certosa di Pavia was completed, and then later under the Sforza, the Castello Sforzesco was built.^[13] Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... View of Urbino with the Ducal Palace and the Cathedral. ... Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, capital city of the province of Ferrara. ... Ercole I dEste was one of the most important patrons of arts in the Italian Renaissance. ... Palazzo dei Diamanti is palace in Ferrara, northern Italy. ... Ceres, allegory of August: detail of a fresco designed by Cosimo Tura Salone dei Mesi, 1469-70 Palazzo Schifanoia (Palazzo Flee Care), Ferrara, is a Renaissance palace of pleasures that was built for the delight of the Este. ... Ercole I dEste was one of the most important patrons of arts in the Italian Renaissance. ... Visconti was a noble family that ruled Milan during the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance period. ... Certosa di Pavia is the name of a famous monastery complex in Lombardy, Italy, situated near a small town (in Province of Pavia) with the same name. ... Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. ...

In Venice, San Zaccaria received its Renaissance facade at the hands of Antonio Gambello and Mauro Codussi, begun in the 1480s.^[23] Giovanni Maria Falconetto, the Veronese architect-sculptor, introduced Renaissance architecture to Padua with the Loggia Cornaro in the garden of Alvise Cornaro. The Chiesa di San Zaccaria (Church of St Zacharias) in Venice is dedicated to the father of John the Baptist, whose body it supposedly contains. ... Mauro Codussi (1440 - 1504) was an Italian architect. ... Giovanni Maria Falconetto (Verona ca 1468â€“Padua 1535) was the artist and architect who designed the first fully Renaissance building in Padua, the Loggia Cornaro, a garden loggia for Alvise Cornaro built as a Roman doric arcade. ... Alvise Cornaro (1484â€“May 8, 1566) of Padua is remembered for his four books of Discorsi (published 1583â€“95), the secrets to living long and well with measure and sobriety, often translated and reprinted. ...

In southern Italy, Renaissance masters were called to Naples by Alfonso V of Aragon after his conquest of the Kingdom of Naples. The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in that city are the Cappella Caracciolo, attributed to Bramante, and the Palazzo Orsini di Gravina, built by Gabriele d'Angelo between 1513 and 1549. Alfonso V of Portugal -- (1432-1481) Africano Alfonso V of Castile -- (999-1028) Alfonso V of Aragon -- (1416-1458) The Magnanimous This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Capital Naples Government Monarchy King - 1285-1309 Charles II - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History - Established 1285 - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession...

High Renaissance

In the late 15th century and early 16th century architects such as Bramante, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and others showed a mastery of the revived style and ability to apply it to buildings such as churches and city palazzo which were quite different to the structures of ancient times. The style became more decorated and ornamental, statuary, domes and cupolas becoming very evident. The architectural period is known as the "High Renaissance" and coincides with the age of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael. Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (or Antonio Cordiani) (April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546) was a Florentine architect active during the Italian Renaissance. ... Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ... Leonardo may refer to: Leonardo da Vinci, Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer and painter Leonardo DiCaprio, an American actor In fiction: Leonardo (TMNT), fictional character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series Leonardo Acropolis, fictional painter in Blackadder, Series Two (Money) Leonardo Leonardo, ficional character in... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Renaissance artist. ...

Bramante

Donato Bramante, (1444–1514), was born in Urbino and turned from painting to architecture, found his first important patronage under Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, for whom he produced a number of buildings over 20 years. After the fall of Milan to the French in 1499, Bramante travelled to Rome where he achieved great success under papal patronage.^[15] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1524x2032, 685 KB) Description: Milano, Grazie il tiburio del Bramante Author: Marco Bonavoglia File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): List of Renaissance figures Santa Maria delle Grazie... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1524x2032, 685 KB) Description: Milano, Grazie il tiburio del Bramante Author: Marco Bonavoglia File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): List of Renaissance figures Santa Maria delle Grazie... Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 â€“ March 11, 1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... Ludovico Sforza in a portrait by Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis. ... Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN...

Bramante’s finest architectural achievement in Milan is his addition of crossing and choir to the abbey church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. This is a brick structure, the form of which owes much to the Northern Italian tradition of square domed baptisteries. The new building is almost centrally planned, except that, because of the site, the chancel extends further than the transept arms. The hemispherical dome, of approximately 20 metres across, rises up hidden inside an octagonal drum pierced at the upper level with arched classical openings. The whole exterior has delineated details decorated with the local terracotta ornamentation. S. Maria delle Grazie (), also Madonna delle Grazie (Our Lady of Graces) is the name of very many churches throughout Italy, as for example in Anghiari, Arezzo, Bevagna, Capua, Monteleone dOrvieto, Rome (at least three), S.Anatolia di Narco, Senigallia. ... In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry (Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ...

In Rome Bramante created what has been described as "a perfect architectural gem",^[13] the Tempietto in the Cloister of San Pietro in Montorio. This small circular temple marks the spot where St Peter was martyred and is thus the most sacred site in Rome. The building adapts the style apparent in the remains of the Temple of Vesta, the most sacred site of Ancient Rome. It is enclosed by and in spatial contrast with the cloister which surrounds it. As approached from the cloister, as in the picture above, it is seen framed by an arch and columns, the shape of which are echoed in its free-standing form. Donato Bramante Donato Bramante (1444 - March 11, 1514), Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. ... 200pxTempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502: the High Renaissance began here. ... Brick with the emblem of Theodoric the Great, found in the temple of Vesta. ...

Bramante went on to work at the Vatican where he designed the impressive Cortili of St. Damaso and of the Belvedere. In 1506 Bramante’s design for Pope Julius II’s rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica was selected, and the foundation stone laid. After Bramante’s death and many changes of plan, Michelangelo, as chief architect, reverted to something closer to Bramante’s original proposal. ^{See below- Michelangelo.}^[13] A carrousel in the Cortile del Belvedere: the anonymous mid 16th century engraver has exaggerated the vertical dimensions, but Bramantes monumental stairs are visible. ... Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 â€“ February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. ... The Basilica of Saint Peter from Castel SantAngelo. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ...

Sangallo

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, (1485–1546), was one of a family of military engineers. His uncle, Giuliano da Sangallo was one of those who submitted a plan for the rebuilding of St Peter’s and was briefly a co-director of the project, with Raphael.^[15] Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (or Antonio Cordiani) (April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546) was a Florentine architect active during the Italian Renaissance. ... Portrait by Piero di Cosimo, c. ... This article is about the Renaissance artist. ...

Antonio da Sangallo also submitted a plan for St Peter’s and became the chief architect after the death of Raphael, to be succeeded himself by Michelangelo.

His fame does not rest upon his association with St Peter’s but in his building of the Farnese Palace, “the grandest palace of this period”, started in 1530.^[13] The impression of grandness lies in part in its sheer size, (56 m long by 29.5 meters high) and in its lofty location overlooking a broad piazza. It is also a building of beautiful proportion, unusual for such a large and luxurious house of the date in having been built principally of stuccoed brick, rather than of stone. Against the smooth pink-washed walls the stone quoins of the corners, the massive rusticated portal and the stately repetition of finely-detailed windows give a powerful effect, setting a new standard of elegance in palace-building. The upper of the three equally-sized floors was added by Michelangelo. It is probably just as well that this impressive building is of brick; the travetine for its architectural details came not from a quarry, but from the Colosseum.^[13] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 161 KB) from de. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 161 KB) from de. ... A mid-18th century engraving of Palazzo Farnese by Giuseppe Vasi Palazzo Farnese, Rome (housing the French Embassy), is the most imposing Italian palace of the sixteenth century (Sir Banister Fletcher) (1). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (or Antonio Cordiani) (April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546) was a Florentine architect active during the Italian Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... A mid-18th century engraving of Palazzo Farnese by Giuseppe Vasi Palazzo Farnese, Rome (housing the French Embassy), is the most imposing Italian palace of the sixteenth century (Sir Banister Fletcher) (1). ... The Colosseum by night: exterior view of the best-preserved section. ...

Raphael

Raphael, (1483–1520), Urbino, trained under Perugino in Perugia before moving to Florence, was for a time the chief architect for St. Peter’s, working in conjunction with Antonio Sangallo. He also designed a number of buildings, most of which were finished by others. His single most influential work is the Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence with its two stories of strongly articulated windows of a "tabernacle" type, each set around with ordered pilasters, cornice and alternate arched and triangular pediments.^[13] This article is about the Renaissance artist. ... Panorama of Urbino with the cathedral and the palazzo ducale Urbino is a city in the Marche in Italy, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro. ... Christ presenting the Keys to St Peter Fresco, 335 x 550 cm Sistine Chapel, Rome Pietro Perugino (1446-1524), whose family name was properly Vannucci, Italian painter, was born at Città della Pieve in Umbria, and belongs to the Umbrian school of painting. ... Location of Perugia in Italy Coordinates: , Country Region Province Province of Perugia Government - Mayor Renato Locchi Area - City 449 kmÂ² (1,165 sq mi) Elevation 493 m (1,617 ft) Population (July 2006)[1] - City 161,390 - Density 359/kmÂ² (929. ... This article is about the famous building in Rome. ... The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan ( ×ž×©×›×Ÿ Place of [Divine] dwelling). It was to be a portable central place of worship for the Hebrews from the time they left ancient Egypt following the Exodus, through the time of the Book of Judges when they were engaged in conquering...

Mannerism

Mannerism was marked by widely diverging tendencies in the work of Michelangelo, Giulio Romano, Peruzzi and Andrea Palladio, that led to the Baroque style in which the same architectural vocabulary was used for very different rhetoric. In Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, affected poses, and eerie perspective. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... Fire in the Borgo, Vatican fresco Giulio Romano (ca 1499? â€“ November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, and decorator. ... Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi (7 March 1481â€”6 January 1537) was an Italian architect and painter, born in a small town near Siena and died in Rome. ... Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 â€“ August 19, 1580), was an Italian architect, widely considered the most influential person in the history of Western architecture. ... Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 421 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 421 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renaissance architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... FaÃ§ade of Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne. ...

Peruzzi

Baldassare Peruzzi, (1481–1536), was an architect born in Siena, but working in Rome, whose work bridges the High Renaissance and the Mannerist. His Villa Farnesiana of 1509 is a very regular monumental cube of two equal stories, the bays being strongly articulated by orders of pilasters. The building is unusual for its frescoed walls.^[13] Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi (7 March 1481â€”6 January 1537) was an Italian architect and painter, born in a small town near Siena and died in Rome. ... Piazza del Campo Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. ...

Peruzzi’s most famous work is the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne in Rome. The unusual features of this building are that its façade curves gently around a curving street. It has in its ground floor a dark central portico running parallel to the street, but as a semi enclosed space, rather than an open loggia. Above this rise three undifferentiated floors, the upper two with identical small horizontal windows in thin flat frames which contrast strangely with the deep porch, which serving, from the time of its building, as a refuge to the city’s poor.^[22] FaÃ§ade of Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne. ...

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 554 pixelsFull resolution (1963 Ã— 1359 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 554 pixelsFull resolution (1963 Ã— 1359 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Giulio Romano

Giulio Romano (1499–1546), was a pupil of Raphael, assisting him on various works for the Vatican. Romano was also a highly inventive designer, working for Federico II Gonzaga at Mantua on the Palazzo Te, (1524–1534), a project which combined his skills as architect, sculptor and painter. In this work, combining garden grottoes and extensive frescoes, he uses illusionistic effects, surprising combination of architectural form and texture and the frequent use of features that seem somewhat disproportionate or out of alignment. The total effect is eerie and disturbing. Ilan Rachum cites Romano as “one of the first promoters of Mannerism”.^[15] Fire in the Borgo, Vatican fresco Giulio Romano (ca 1499? â€“ November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, and decorator. ... Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga by Titian. ... Palazzo del Te, Mantua (1524 - 1534). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see illusion (disambiguation). ...

Michelangelo

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), was one of the creative giants whose achievements mark the High Renaissance. He excelled in each of the fields of painting, sculpture and architecture and his achievements brought about significant changes in each area. His architectural fame lies chiefly in two buildings:- the interiors of the Laurentian Library and its lobby at the monastery of San Lorenzo in Florence, and the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome. Michelangelo (full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. ... It has been suggested that Biblioteca Mediceo Lauenziana be merged into this article or section. ...

St Peter's was "the greatest creation of the Renaissance",^[13] and a great number of architects contributed their skills to it. But at its completion, there was more of Michelangelo’s design than of any other architect, before or after him. Interior view, with the nave of the Cattedra in the back St. ...

St. Peter's The plan that was accepted at the laying of the foundation stone in 1506 was that by Bramante. Various changes in plan occurred in the series of architects that succeeded him, but Michelangelo, when he took over the project in 1546, reverted to Bramante’s Greek-cross plan and redesigned the piers, the walls and the dome, giving the lower weight-bearing members massive proportions and eliminating the encircling aisles from the chancel and identical transept arms. Helen Gardner says: "Michelangelo, with a few strokes of the pen, converted its snowflake complexity into a massive, cohesive unity."^[17] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 578 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 578 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Helen Gardner (1909-1986) was an English literary critic. ...

Michelangelo’s dome was a masterpiece of design using two masonry shells, one within the other and crowned by a massive lantern supported, as at Florence, on ribs. For the exterior of the building he designed a giant order which defines every external bay, the whole lot being held together by a wide cornice which runs unbroken like a rippling ribbon around the entire building.

There is a wooden model of the dome, showing its outer shell as hemispherical. When Michelangelo died in 1564, the building had reached the height of the drum. The architect who succeeded Michelangelo was Giacomo della Porta. The dome, as built, has a much steeper projection than the dome of the model. It is generally presumed that it was della Porta who made this change to the design, to lessen the outward thrust. But, in fact it is unknown who it was that made this change, and it equally possible, and in fact a stylistic likelihood that the person who decided upon the more dynamic outline was Michelangelo himself, at some time during the years that he supervised the project.^[24] Giacomo della Porta (c. ...

Laurentian Library Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Michelangelo was at his most Mannerist in the design of the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, also built by him to house the Medici collection of books at the convent of San Lorenzo in Florence, the same San Lorenzo’s at which Brunelleschi had recast church architecture into a Classical mold and established clear formula for the use of Classical orders and their various components. It has been suggested that Biblioteca Mediceo Lauenziana be merged into this article or section. ... Jacopo Pontormo: Cosimo de Medici, 1518-1519 Cosimo di Giovanni de Medici (September 27, 1389 â€“ August 1, 1464), was the first of the Medici political dynasty, rulers of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance; also known as Cosimo the Elder (il Vecchio) and Cosimo Pater Patriae. ... Exterior from the Piazza San Lorenzo Interior looking towards the high altar Interior looking towards the west end Donatello pulpit The Basilica di San Lorenzo (Basilica of St Lawrence) is one of the largest churches of Florence, Italy, situated at the centre of the cityâ€™s main market district. ... Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377 - 1446, was the first great Florentine architect of the Italian Renaissance. ... A refined canonic version of the Orders engraved for the Encyclopédie, vol. ...

Michelangelo takes all Brunelleschi’s components and bends them to his will. The Library is upstairs. It is a long low building with an ornate wooden ceiling, a matching floor and crowded with corrals finished by his successors to Michelangelo’s design. But it is a light room, the natural lighting streaming through a long row of windows that appear positively crammed between the order of pilasters that march along the wall. The vestibule, on the other hand, is tall, taller than it is wide and is crowded by a large staircase that pours out of the library in what Pevsner refers to as a “flow of lava”, and bursts in three directions when it meets the balustrade of the landing. It is an intimidating staircase, made all the more so because the rise of the stairs at the center is steeper than at the two sides, fitting only eight steps into the space of nine. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 â€“ August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ...

The space is crowded and it is to be expected that the wall spaces would be divided by pilasters of low projection. But Michelangelo has chosen to use paired columns, which, instead of standing out boldly from the wall, he has sunk deep into recesses within the wall itself. In San Lorenzo's church nearby, Brunelleschi used little scrolling console brackets to break the strongly horizontal line of the course above the arcade. Michelangelo has borrowed Brunelleschi’s motifs and stood each pair of sunken columns on a pair of twin console brackets. Pevsner says the “Laurenziana… reveals Mannerism in its most sublime architectural form”.^[22]^[25] Brackets in Badami Cave Temples in India A bracket in architecture is a member made of wood, stone, or metal that overhangs a wall with the purpose of carrying or supporting a weight. ... Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 â€“ August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (801x1011, 634 KB) Summary Description: Il Gesu, motherchurch of the Society of Jesus, Rome, Source: english Wikipedia ([1]) Original photographer: User:Chirho Version history from the English Wikipedia: (del) (cur) 22:40, 6 July 2005 . ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (801x1011, 634 KB) Summary Description: Il Gesu, motherchurch of the Society of Jesus, Rome, Source: english Wikipedia ([1]) Original photographer: User:Chirho Version history from the English Wikipedia: (del) (cur) 22:40, 6 July 2005 . ...

Giacomo della Porta

Giacomo della Porta, (c.1533–1602), was famous as the architect who made the dome of St Peter’s Basilica a reality. The change in outline between the dome as it appears in the model and the dome as it was built, has brought about speculation as to whether the changes originated with della Porta or with Michelangelo himself. Giacomo della Porta (c. ...

Della Porta spent nearly all his working life in Rome, designing villas, palazzi and churches in the Mannerist style. One of his most famous works is the façade of the Church of the Gesù, a project that he inherited from his teacher Vignola. Most characteristics of the original design are maintained, subtly transformed to give more weight to the central section, where della Porta uses, among other motifs, a low triangular pediment overlaid on a segmental one above the main door. The upper storey and its pediment give the impression of compressing the lower one. The center section, like that of Sant'Andrea at Mantua, is based on the Triumphal Arch, but has two clear horizontal divisions like Santa Maria Novella. ^{See Alberti above.} The problem of linking the aisles to the nave is solved using Alberti’s scrolls, in contrast to Vignola’s solution which provided much smaller brackets and four statues to stand above the paired pilasters, visually weighing down the corners of the building. The influence of the design may be seen in Baroque churches throughout Europe. Giacomo della Portas faÃ§ade of the Church of the GesÃ¹, a precursor of the baroque The Church of the GesÃ¹ (in Italian, Chiesa del Sacro Nome di GesÃ¹, or Church of the Holy Name of Jesus) is the mother church of the Society of Jesus, known as the... The Rocca of Vignola. ... The Romanesque-Gothic facade, completed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470 Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence. ...

Andrea Palladio

Andrea Palladio, (1518–80), "the most influential architect of the whole Renaissance"',^[13] was, as a stone mason, introduced to Humanism by the poet Giangiorgio Trissino. His first major architectural commission was the rebuilding of the Basilica Palladiana at Vicenza, in the Veneto where he was to work most of his life.^[15] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1406x912, 2200 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Villa Capra "La Rotonda" ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1406x912, 2200 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Villa Capra "La Rotonda" ... Villa Capra La Rotonda in Vicenza. ... Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 â€“ August 19, 1580), was an Italian architect, widely considered the most influential person in the history of Western architecture. ... Giangiorgio Trissino was an Italian poet and scholar born of a patrician family at Vicenza in 1478. ... The Basilica Palladiana stands in the central Piazza dei Signori in Vicenza. ... Vicenza is a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, straddling the Bacchiglione. ... Veneto or Venetia, is one of the 20 regions of Italy. ...

Palladio was to transform the architectural style of both palaces and churches by taking a different perspective on the notion of Classicism. While the architects of Florence and Rome looked to structures like the Coliseum and the Arch of Constantine to provide formulae, Palladio looked to classical temples with their simple peristyle form. When he used the “triumphal arch” motif of a large arched opening with lower square-topped opening on either side, he invariably applied it on a small scale, such as windows, rather than on a large scale as Alberti used it at Sant’Andrea’s. This Ancient Roman motif^[26] is often referred to as the Palladian Arch. Coliseum may refer to: The following structures: Araneta Coliseum, one of the biggest coliseums in Asia. ... The Arch of Constantine seen from the Colosseum The arch seen from Via Triumphalis Detail of the arch (southern side, left) The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. ... The Arch of Constantine seen from the Colosseum The arch seen from Via Triumphalis Detail of the arch (southern side, left) The Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. ...

The best known of Palladio’s domestic buildings is the Villa Capra, otherwise known as "la Rotonda", a centrally planned house with a domed central hall and four identical facades, each with a temple-like portico like that of the Pantheon in Rome.^[27] Villa Capra La Rotonda is correctly but seldom known as Villa Almerico-Capra. ... Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Î Î¬Î½Î¸ÎµÎ¿Î½ Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ...

Like Alberti, della Porta and others, in the designing of a church facade, Palladio was confronted by the problem of visually linking the aisles to the nave while maintaining and defining the structure of the building. Palladio’s solution was entirely different to that employed by della Porta. At the church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice he overlays a tall temple, its columns raised on high plinths, over another low wide temple façade, its columns rising from the basements and its narrow lintel and pilasters appearing behind the giant order of the central nave.^[13] San Giorgio Maggiore. ...

Progression from Early Renaissance through to Baroque

In Italy, there appears to be a seamless progression from Early Renaissance architecture through the High Renaissance and Mannerist to the Baroque style. Pevsner comments about the vestibule of the Laurentian Library that it "has often been said that the motifs of the walls show Michelangelo as the father of the Baroque".

While continuity may be the case in Italy, it was not necessarily the case elsewhere. The adoption of the Renaissance style of architecture was slower in some areas than in others, as may be seen in England, for example. Indeed, as Pope Julius II was having the ancient Basilica of St. Peter’s demolished to make way for the new, Henry VII of England was adding a glorious new chapel in the Perpendicular Gothic style to Westminster Abbey. Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 â€“ February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 â€“ April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 â€“ April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... Westminster Hall and its magnificent hammerbeam roof, pictured in the early 18th century. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Likewise, the style that was to become known as Baroque evolved in Italy in the early 1600s, at about time that the first fully Renaissance buildings were constructed at Greenwich and Whitehall in England,^[28] after a prolonged period of experimentation with Classical motifs applied to local architectural forms, or conversely, the adoption of Renaissance structural forms in the broadest sense with an absence of the formulae that governed their use. While the English were just discovering what the rules of Classicism were, the Italians were experimenting with methods of breaking them. In England, following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, the architectural climate changed, and taste moved in the direction of the Baroque. Rather than evolving, as it did in Italy, it arrived, fully fledged. For other uses, see Restoration. ...

In a similar way, in many parts of Europe that had few purely classical and ordered buildings like Brunelleschi’s Santo Spirito and Michelozzo’s Medici Riccardi Palace, Baroque architecture appeared almost unheralded, on the heels of a sort of Proto-Renaissance local style.^[29] The spread of the Baroque and its replacement of traditional and more conservative Renaissance architecture was particularly apparent in the building of churches as part of the Counter Reformation.^[22] The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation[1][2] or Catholic Revival[2]) denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years War, 1648. ...

Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ...

Spread of Renaissance architecture beyond Italy

The 16th century saw the economic and political ascendancy of France and Spain, and then later of Holland, England, Germany and Russia. The result was that these places began to import the Renaissance style as indicators of their new cultural position. This also meant that it was not until about 1500 and later that signs of Renaissance architectural style began to appear outside Italy. The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. ...

Though Italian architects were highly sought after, such as Sebastiano Serlio in France, Aristotile Fioravanti in Russia, and Francesco Florentino in Poland, soon, non-Italians were studying Italian architecture and translating it into their own idiom. These included Philibert de l'Orme (1510–1570) in France, Juan Bautista de Toledo (died: 1567) in Spain and Inigo Jones (1573–1652) in England.^[29] Sebastiano Serlio (Bologna 1475 â€“ Fontainebleau ca 1554), the Italian Mannerist architect, was part of the Italian team building Fontainebleau. ... Aristotile Fioravanti (ca. ... Polish-itaiian renaissance architect form Florencia, who together with Eberhard Rosemberg rebiult the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow under the rule of Alexander of Poland after it burnt down in 1499. ... Philibert de lOrme (c. ... Juan Bautista de Toledo (d. ... Inigo Jones, by Sir Anthony van Dyck Inigo Jones (July 15, 1573â€“June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant English architect. ...

Chateau Chambord, in France, by Andrew Lih File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Chateau Chambord, in France, by Andrew Lih File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The front faÃ§ade of the ChÃ¢teau de Chambord, viewed from the south. ...

France

During the early years of the 16th century the French were involved in wars in northern Italy, bringing back to France not just the Renaissance art treasures as their war booty, but also stylistic ideas. In the Loire Valley a wave of building was carried and many Renaissance chateaux appeared at this time, the earliest example being the Château d'Amboise (c. 1495) in which Leonardo da Vinci spent his last years. The style became dominant under Francis I (See Châteaux of the Loire Valley).^[13]^[19] French Renaissance architecture is the style of architecture which was imported from Italy during the early 16th century and developed in the light of local architectural traditions. ... Look up booty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the wine region, see Loire Valley (wine). ... it doesnt exist ... â€œDa Vinciâ€ redirects here. ... Francis I of France (French: FranÃ§ois Ier) (September 12, 1494 â€“ March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le PÃ¨re et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... The chÃ¢teaux of the Loire Valley (Val de Loire) number more than 300. ...

Antwerp City Hall The City Hall (Dutch: Stadhuis) of Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of Antwerps Grote Markt (Great Market Square). ... Events March 27 â€” Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 â€” Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 â€” The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony...

Netherlands

As in painting, Renaissance architecture took some time to reach the Netherlands and did not entirely supplant the Gothic elements. An architect directly influenced by the Italian masters was Cornelis Floris de Vriendt, who designed the city hall of Antwerp, finished in 1564. The Renaissance in the Netherlands coincides with a very turbulent period in the region. ... Antwerp city hall Cornelis Floris de Vriendt (1514â€“1575) was a Flemish Renaissance architect and sculptor. ... Antwerp City Hall The City Hall (Dutch: Stadhuis) of Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of Antwerps Grote Markt (Great Market Square). ... Events March 27 â€” Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 â€” Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 â€” The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony...

In the early 17th century Dutch Republic, Hendrick de Keyser played an important role in developing the Amsterdam Renaissance style, not slavishly following the classical style but incorporating many decorative elements, and giving a result that could also be categorized as Mannerism. Hans Vredeman de Vries was another important name, primarily as a garden architect. Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius United Netherlands redirects here. ... Hendrick de Keyser (born: 15 May 1565 - died: 15 May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht, Spanish Habsburg, which is now in the Netherlands. ... In Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, affected poses, and unclear perspective. ... Hans Vredeman de Vries (Leeuwarden, 1527 â€“ Antwerp, 1606) was a Dutch Renaissance architect. ...

Local characteristics include the prevalence of tall narrow town-houses, the "trapgevel" or Dutch gable and the employment of decorative triangular pediments over doors and windows in which the apex rises much more steeply than in most other Renaissance architecture, but in keeping with the profile of the gable. Carved stone details are often of low profile, resembling leatherwork. This feature was exported to England.^[13]^[19] Crow-steps on a Scottish baronial building. ...

England

Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the reign of Elizabeth I, having first spread through the Low countries where among other features it acquired versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strapwork in geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House. Image File history File links Harwick_Hall_07-04. ... Image File history File links Harwick_Hall_07-04. ... Hardwick Hall, built 1590â€“1597 Hardwicks long gallery in the 1890s. ... Mullion, Cornwall is also the name of a village in Cornwall off the Lizard. ... For the surname, see Loggia (surname). ... Elizabethan Style, in architecture, the term given to the early Renaissance style in England, which flourished chiefly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; it followed the Tudor style, and was succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century by the purer Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones. ... Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508â€“1580). ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 â€“ 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... For information about the confusion between the Low Countries and the Netherlands, see Netherlands (terminology). ... Crow-steps on a Scottish baronial building. ... The term Flemings (Dutch: ) denotes the majority population in Flanders (the northern half of Belgium). ... It the history of art and design, the term strapwork refers to a stylised representation of strips or bands of curling leather. ... Longleat is a country estate near Warminster in Wiltshire, England. ...

The first great exponent of Renaissance architecture in England was Inigo Jones (1573–1652), who had studied architecture in Italy where the influence of Palladio was very strong. Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the Queen's House at Greenwich in 1616 and the Banqueting House at Whitehall three years later. These works, with their clean lines, and symmetry were revolutionary in a country still enamoured with mullion windows, crenelations and turrets.^[13]^[30] Inigo Jones, by Sir Anthony van Dyck Inigo Jones (July 15, 1573â€“June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant English architect. ... Year 1573 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ... The Queens House, Greenwich The Queens House, Greenwich, was designed and begun in 1616-1617 by architect Inigo Jones for Anne of Denmark (the queen of King James I of England) and completed, also by Jones, about 1635 for Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I. The... This article is about Greenwich in England. ... Year 1616 (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Whitehall, London, looking south towards the Houses of Parliament. ...

Image File history File links Fredriksborg_palace. ... Image File history File links Fredriksborg_palace. ... Frederiksborg Palace Frederiksborg Palace, in HillerÃ¸d, was built as a royal residence for King Christian IV from 1602 to 1620 by the Dutch architects Hans and Lorents van Steenwinckel. ...

Scandinavia

The Renaissance architecture that found its way to Scandinavia was (like the English) influenced by the Flemish architecture, and included high gables and a castle air as demonstrated in the architecture of Frederiksborg Palace. Consequently much of the Neo-Renaissance to be found in the Scandinavian countries is derived from this source.^[19] For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... Frederiksborg Palace Frederiksborg Palace, in HillerÃ¸d, was built as a royal residence for King Christian IV from 1602 to 1620 by the Dutch architects Hans and Lorents van Steenwinckel. ...

Germany

The Renaissance in Germany was inspired by German philosophers and artist such as Johannes Reuchlin and Albrecht Dürer who visited Italy. Important architecture of this period are especially the Landshut Residence, the castle in Heidelberg and the Town Hall in Augsburg. St Michael in Munich is the largest Renaissance church north of the Alps. It was built by Duke William V of Bavaria between 1583 and 1597 as a spiritual center for the Counter Reformation and was inspired by the Church of il Gesù in Rome. The architect is unknown.^[13]^[14]^[19] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 314 KB) Michaelskirche, MÃ¼nchen, Bayern, Deutschland Photograph: Luidger (16. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 314 KB) Michaelskirche, MÃ¼nchen, Bayern, Deutschland Photograph: Luidger (16. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Johann Reuchlin (January 29, 1455 - 1522) was a German humanist and Hebrew scholar. ... Albrecht DÃ¼rer (pronounced /al. ... Landshut is a city in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany both belonging to Eastern and Southern Bavaria. ... For other uses, see Heidelberg (disambiguation). ... The former Jesuit church of St Michael in Munich is the largest Renaissance church north of the Alps. ... William V, Duke of Bavaria. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation[1][2] or Catholic Revival[2]) denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years War, 1648. ... The Church of the GesÃ¹. The Church of the GesÃ¹ is home to the famous painting of Madonna Della Strada, venerated by millions of Roman Catholics. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...

Spain

In Spain, Renaissance began to be grafted to Gothic forms in the last decades of the 15th century. The new style is called Plateresque, because of the extremely decorated facades, that brought to the mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work of silversmiths, the “Plateros”. Classical orders and candelabra motifs (a candelieri) combined freely into symmetrical wholes. Renaissance architecture was that style of architecture which evolved firstly in Florence and then Rome and other parts of Italy as the result of Humanism and a revived interest in Classical architecture. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Plateresque refers to the 15th and 16th century art form in Spain, characterized by an ornate style of architecture. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

From the mid-sixteenth century, under such architects as Pedro Machuca, Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera there was a closer adherence to the art of ancient Rome, sometimes anticipating Manierism, examples of which include the palace of Charles V in Granada and the Escorial.^[13]^[14]^[19] Juan Bautista de Toledo (d. ... El Escorial Juan de Herrera (b. ... Mannerism is the term used to describe the artistic style that arose in mid-16th century. ... The Palace of Charles V: exterior view The Palace of Charles V, in Granada, Spain, is a Renacentist construction, located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra. ... For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... The facade of the chapel, in the baroque style of Jesuit churches, is integrated with the palatial facade El Escorial is an immense palace, monastery, museum, and library complex located at San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also San Lorenzo del Escorial), a town 45 kilometres northwest of Madrid in the...

Location - Country Portugal - Region Alentejo - Subregion Alentejo Central - District or A.R. Ã‰vora Mayor Ernesto Oliveira - Party PS Area 1,307. ...

Portugal

As in Spain, the adoption of the Renaissance style in Portugal was gradual. The so-called Manueline style (circa 1490-1535) married Renaissance elements to Gothic structures with the superficial application of exuberant ornament similar to the Isabelline Gothic of Spain. Examples of Manueline include the Belém Tower, a defensive building of Gothic form decorated with Renaissance-style loggias, and the Jerónimos Monastery, with Renaissance ornaments decorating portals, columns and cloisters. In architecture, manueline is the sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, incorporating maritime elements and discoveries brought from the voyages of Vasco da Gama and Pedro Ãlvares Cabral. ... Church of San Pablo, in Valladolid Entrance to the Royal Chapel of Granada, close to the Cathedral Isabelline Gothic (in Spanish, GÃ³tico Isabelino), is the name of an architectural style that was developed in Spain, during Isabella of Castile reign (1474 to 1505). ... BelÃ©m Tower BelÃ©m Tower, or Torre de BelÃ©m, is a 5-storey fortified lighthouse located in the BelÃ©m district of Lisbon, Portugal. ... For the surname, see Loggia (surname). ... The Hieronymites Monastery (Mosteiro dos JerÃ³nimos, pron. ...

The first "pure" Renaissance structures appear under King John III, like the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Tomar (1532-40), the Porta Especiosa of Coimbra Cathedral and the Graça Church at Évora (c. 1530-1540), as well as the cloisters of the Cathedral of Viseu (c. 1528-1534) and Convent of Christ in Tomar (John III Cloisters, 1557-1591). The Lisbon buildings of São Roque Church (1565-87) and the Mannerist Monastery of São Vicente de Fora (1582-1629), strongly influenced religious architecture in both Portugal and its colonies in the next centuries.^[13] John III, King of Portugal KGF (Portuguese: JoÃ£o III pron. ... The Old Cathedral of Coimbra (Portuguese: SÃ© Velha de Coimbra) is the most important Romanesque building in Portugal. ... Location - Country Portugal - Region Alentejo - Subregion Alentejo Central - District or A.R. Ã‰vora Mayor Ernesto Oliveira - Party PS Area 1,307. ... Location - Region - Subregion - District or A.R. {{{Region}}} {{{Subregion}}} Viseu Mayor - Party Fernando Ruas PSD Area 507. ... The Convent of the Order of Christ (Portuguese: Convento de Cristo), in Tomar, Portugal, was originally a Templar stronghold built in the 12th century. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... The Church of SÃ£o Roque (Portuguese: Igreja de SÃ£o Roque) is located in Lisbon and used to be the Jesuit church of the city. ... The Church or Monastery of SÃ£o Vicente de Fora â€” meaning of St. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 588 KB) Town Hall of PoznaÅ„, wiev from WoÅºna Str. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (960x1280, 588 KB) Town Hall of PoznaÅ„, wiev from WoÅºna Str. ... Town hall, PoznaÅ„ Sign of G. B. di Quadro on town hall in PoznaÅ„ Giovanni Battista di Quadro (pol. ...

Poland

Polish Renaissance architecture is divided into three periods: The First period (1500–50), is the so called "Italian". Most of Renaissance buildings were building of this time were by Italian architects, mainly from Florence including Francesco Florentino and Bartolomeo Berrecci (Wawel Courtyard, Sigismund's Chapel). Jan Kochanowski, a leading poet and writer of Polish Renaissance, and one of the most eminent Slavic poets. ... The Polish Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, started spreading in Poland in the 15th and 16th century. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Polish-itaiian renaissance architect form Florencia, who together with Eberhard Rosemberg rebiult the Wawel Royal Castle in Krakow under the rule of Alexander of Poland after it burnt down in 1499. ... Wawel Castle in KrakÃ³w Sigismund Chapel in KrakÃ³w Bartolommeo Berrecci, Bartolomeo Berecci (born 1480 in Pontassieve by Florence, died 1537 in KrakÃ³w), Polish-Italian architect and sculptor of the Renaissance, who worked for the Polish King Zygmunt I Stary. ... Wawel (Polish WzgÃ³rze wawelskie or for short Wawel) is the name of a lime hillock situated on the left bank of the Vistula in KrakÃ³w, Poland at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level. ... Sigismunds Chapel (1519-1533). ...

In the Second period (1550–1600), Renaissance achitecture became more common, with the beginnings of Mannerist and under the influence of the Netherlands, particularly in Pommerania. Buildings include the New Cloth Hall in Krakow and city halls in Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and most famously in Poznań. Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Mannerism is the usual English term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to the High Renaissance, emerging after the Sack of Rome in 1527 shook Renaissance confidence, humanism and rationality to their foundations, and even Religion had split apart. ... Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze, German: Pommern and Pommerellen, Pomeranian (Kashubian): Pòmòrze and Pòmòrskô, Latin: Pomerania, Pomorania) is a geographical and historical region in northern Poland and Germany on the south coasts of the Baltic Sea between and on both sides of the Vistula and Oder (Odra) rivers, reaching the Reknitz river... KrakÃ³ws Sukiennice. ... TarnÃ³w is a city in south-eastern Poland with 121,500 inhabitants (1995). ... Flag of Sandomierz Sandomierz Coat of Arms Sandomierz(Sandomir) ( listen) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants (2006). ... Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat City County Gmina CheÅ‚m Established 10th century City Rights 1392 Government - Mayor Agata Fisz Area - City 35. ... Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina PoznaÅ„ Established 8th century City Rights 1253 Government - Mayor Ryszard Grobelny Area - City 261. ...

In the Third period (1600–50), the rising power of Jesuits and Counter Reformation gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and Baroque.^[31] 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation[1][2] or Catholic Revival[2]) denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years War, 1648. ...

Kingdom of Hungary

One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrix of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons arrived at Buda with the new queen. The most important work of Hungarian Renaissance ecclesiastical architecture is the Bakócz Chapel in the, now rebuilt and mostly nineteenth century, Esztergom Basilica.^[33] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1036x736, 272 KB) This picture Â©Copyright Civertan Grafikai StÃºdiÃ³ (Civertan Bt. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1036x736, 272 KB) This picture Â©Copyright Civertan Grafikai StÃºdiÃ³ (Civertan Bt. ... The RÃ¡kÃ³czi (older spelling RÃ¡kÃ³czy) were a noble family in the Kingdom of Hungary between the 13th century and 18th century. ... SÃ¡rospatak is a town in Borsod-AbaÃºj-ZemplÃ©n county, Northern Hungary. ... Renaissance architecture was that style of architecture which evolved firstly in Florence and then Rome and other parts of Italy as the result of Humanism and a revived interest in Classical architecture. ... Matthias Corvinus (Mátyás in Hungarian), (February 23, 1443 (?) - April 6, 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ... This article refers to the building structure component; for the fraternal organization, see Freemasonry. ... Buda (German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak: BudÃn, Serbian: Ð‘ÑƒÐ´Ð¸Ð¼ or Budim, Turkish: Budin) is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the right bank of the Danube. ... The Esztergom Basilica is an ecclesiastic basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the main church of the Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest, and the seat of the Catholic Church in Hungary. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1482 KB) Le Palais Ã facettes (place des cathÃ©drales au Kremlin de Moscou) Author: fr:User:GÃ©rard Janot AoÃ»t 2004 - licence GFDL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1482 KB) Le Palais Ã facettes (place des cathÃ©drales au Kremlin de Moscou) Author: fr:User:GÃ©rard Janot AoÃ»t 2004 - licence GFDL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... The Palace of the Facets (Грановитая Палата) is part of what is now known as the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia. ...

Russia

Ivan III introduced Renaissance architecture to Russia, with increasing confidence in the new style. In 1475 he invited the Bolognese architect Aristotele Fioravanti to rebuild the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin, damaged in an earthquake. Fioravanti was given the Vladimir Cathedral as a model, and produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness, proportion and symmetry. Albus rex Ivan III Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич) (January 22, 1440 - October 27, 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a grand duke of Muscovy who first adopted a more pretentious title of the grand duke of all the Russias. Sometimes referred to as the gatherer of... Aristotile Fioravanti (ca. ... Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow, in winter The Cathedral of the Dormition or Cathedral of the Assumption (in Russian, Uspensky Sobor (Успенский Собор)) is the name of several cathedrals in the world. ... The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÐšÑ€ÐµÐ¼Ð»ÑŒ) is a historic fortified complex at the very heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River (to the south), Saint Basils Cathedral (often mistaken as the Kremlin) and Red Square (to the east) and the Alexander Garden (to the west). ... View of the cathedral in 1912. ...

In 1485 Ivan commissioned the building of a royal palace within the Kremlin, of which only the banqueting hall, the Palace of Facets remains. This small building, with its facetted upper story is the work of two Italian architects, Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario, and shows a more Italian style. The Palace of the Facets (Грановитая Палата) is part of what is now known as the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia. ... Marco Ruffo mistakenly known as Marco Fryazin (ÐœÐ°Ñ€Ðº Ð¤Ñ€ÑÐ·Ð¸Ð½, ÐœÐ°Ñ€ÐºÐ¾ Ð¤Ñ€ÑÐ·Ð¸Ð½ and ÐœÐ°Ñ€ÐºÐ¾ Ð ÑƒÑ„Ñ„Ð¾ in Russian) was an Italian architect active in Moscow in the 15th century. ... Pietro Antonio Solari, also known as Pyotr Fryazin (b. ...

In 1505, an Italian known in Russia as Aleviz Novyi or Aleviz Fryazin arrived in Moscow. He may have been the Venetian sculptor, Alevisio Lamberti da Montagne. He built 12 churches for Ivan III, including the Cathedral of the Archangel, a building remarkable for the successful blending of Russian tradition, Orthodox requirements and Renaissance style.
Cathedral of the Metropolitan Peter is one of 12 churches built by Aloisio in Moscow. ... The Cathedral of the Archangel (Russian: Архангельский собор, or Arhangelsky sobor) is the name of several cathedrals in Russia. ...

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (400x605, 145 KB) Interior of Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral in Montreal. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (400x605, 145 KB) Interior of Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral in Montreal. ...

Legacy of Renaissance architecture

During the 19th century there was a conscious revival of Renaissance style architecture, that paralleled the Gothic Revival. Whereas the Gothic style was perceived by architectural theorists^[34] as being the most appropriate style for Church building, the Renaissance palazzo was a good model for urban secular buildings requiring an appearance of dignity and reliability such as banks, gentlemen's clubs and apartment blocks.^[35] Buildings that sought to impress, such as the Paris Opera, were often of a more Mannerist or Baroque style.^[36] Architects of factories, office blocks and department stores continued to use the Renaissance palazzo form into the 20th century.^[37]^[22] ChÃ¢teau de FerriÃ¨res 1855 Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance of the 1850s. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin The Gothic revival was a European architectural movement with origins in mid-18th century England. ... Exterior of the Palais Garnier. ...

Many ideas in Renaissance architecture can be traced through subsequent architectural movements—from Renaissance to High-Renaissance, to Mannerism, to Baroque (or Rococo), to Neo-Classicism, to Eclecticism, to Modernism, and to Postmodernism. The influence of Renaissance architecture can still be seen in many of the modern styles and rules of architecture today. In Parmigianinos Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, affected poses, and unclear perspective. ... Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... 1000 de La GauchetiÃ¨re, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ...

References

^ The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 1860, English translation, by SGC Middlemore, in 2 vols., London, 1878)
^ Erwin Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, (New York: Harper and Row, 1960)
^ Some architectural histories eg. Sir Banister Fletcher, include Baroque as a phase of Renaissance architecture. Because of its extent, diversity and deviation from the Classical it is not included here and is the subject of a main article.
^ The Italian translates literally to "fourteen-hundred" and coincides with the English "fifteenth century".
^ The Early Renaissance in architecture is most applicable to developments in Venice, where there was a more fluid development between medieval and Renaissance styles than in Florence. See: John McAndrew Venetian Architecture of the Early Renaissance (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1980).
^ Howard Saalman. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings. (London: Zwemmer, 1993).
^ Arnaldo Bruschi. Bramante (London: Thames and Hudson, 1977).
^ Arnold Hauser. Mannerism: The Crisis of the Renaissance and the Origins of Modern Art. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1965).
^ Cathedral of Chihuahua, 1725–1826
^ Basilica Minore del Santo Niño, present structure 1735–39
^ The list of characteristics below is expanded from a list based on Banister Fletcher. See below
^ A major use of this feature is great dome of the US Capitol Building (begun 1856) in Washington DC and all the subsequent State Capitals buildings in the Renaissance Revival style.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Banister Fletcher, History of Architecture on the Comparative Method(first published 1896, current edition 2001, Elsevier Science & Technology ISBN 0750622679).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Andrew Martindale, Man and the Renaissance, 1966, Paul Hamlyn, ISBN unknown
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1979, Octopus, ISBN 0706408578
^ J.R.Hale, Renaissance Europe, 1480–1520, 1971, Fontana ISBN 0006324355
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, 5th edition, Harcourt, Brace and World, inc.
^ Cropplestone, Trewin, World Architecture, 1963, Hamlyn. Page 243
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Robert Erich Wolf and Ronald Millen, Renaissance and Mannerist Art, 1968, Harry N. Abrams.
^ Giovanni Fanelli, Brunelleschi, 1980, Becocci editore Firenze
^ Joseph Rykwert, Leonis Baptiste Alberti, Architectural Design, Vol 49 No 5–6, Holland St, London
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, Pelican, 1964, ISBN unknown
^ Marion Kaminski, Art and Architecture of Venice, 1999, Könemann, ISBN 3829026579
^ Pevsner and Gardener suggest that Michelangelo began with the idea of a pointed dome, as in Florence, then in his old age reverted to the lower silhouette, and that della Porta stuck to Michelangelo's original concept. Mignacca, on the other hand, suggests that the pointed dome was Michelangelo's final, and brilliant, solution to the apparent visual tension within the building.
^ Ludwig Goldscheider, Michelangelo, 1964, Phaidon.
^ described by the architectural writer Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) in Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetivaref
^ Manfred Wundram, Thomas Pape, Paolo Marton, Andrea Palladio, Taschen, ISBN 3822802719
^ The Queen's House, Greenwich and the Banqueting House, Whitehall
^ ^a ^b Janson, H.W., Anthony F. Janson (1997). History of Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. ISBN 0810934426.
^ John Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530–1830, 1977 ed., Pelican, ISBN 0140560033
^ Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert, Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus, Frankfurt af Main, 1960
Wilfried Koch, Style w architekturze, Warsaw 1996
Tadeusz Broniewski, Historia architektury dla wszystkich Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990
Mieczysław Gębarowicz, Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce, Toruń 1962
^ Rákóczi Castle accessed 23 October 2006
^ Image of Bakócz Chapel (1506–08)
^ John Ruskin
Cambridge Camden Society
^ An influential example, The Reform Club in London (1841) by Charles Barry was closely inspired by the Palazzo Farnese, discussed above Photos and commentary
^ Charles Garnier
^ Louis Sullivan

Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968) was a German art historian and essayist often credited with the founding of the academic iconography. ... The Gillette Factory on the Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex. ... The Cathedral of Chihuahua is the main monument of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico. ... BasÃlica Menor del Santo NiÃ±o is one of the oldest churches in the Philippines BasÃlica Menor del Santo NiÃ±o (sometimes also called Basilica del Santo NiÃ±o) is a 16th century church structure in the heart of downtown Cebu City, Philippines. ... The Gillette Factory on the Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex. ... United States Capitol The United States Capitol is the building which serves as home for the legislative branch of the United States government. ... Flag Seal Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... The ChÃ¢teau de FerriÃ¨res completed 1855 was a deliberate copy of Mentmore Towers (below). ... The Gillette Factory on the Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex. ... Helen Gardner (1909-1986) was an English literary critic. ... Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 â€“ August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ... Sebastiano Serlio (Bologna 1475 â€“ Fontainebleau ca 1554), the Italian Mannerist architect, was part of the Italian team building Fontainebleau. ... The Queens House, Greenwich The Queens House, Greenwich, (designed by architect Inigo Jones for Anne of Denmark (the queen of King James I of England) and afterwards used by Queen Henrietta Maria) is one of the most important buildings in British architectural history. ... Banqueting House, Whitehall, London // Banqueting House redirects here. ... Upper: Steel-plate engraving of Ruskin as a young man, made circa 1845, scanned from print made circa 1895. ... The Cambridge Camden Society, known also as the Ecclesiological Society, was a learned architectural society founded in 1839 by undergraduates at Cambridge University to promote the study of Gothic Architecture, and of Ecclesiastical Antiques. ... This 1840s drawing shows the corridors around the central saloon at first floor level The Reform Club in London viewed from Pall Mall, with the Travellers Club immediately to its left The Reform Club is gentlemens club on the south side of Pall Mall (at number 104), in central... The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster, Barrys most famous building. ... A mid-18th century engraving of Palazzo Farnese by Giuseppe Vasi Palazzo Farnese, Rome (housing the French Embassy), is the most imposing Italian palace of the sixteenth century (Sir Banister Fletcher) (1). ... Charles Garnier may refer to Saint Charles Garnier, a Jesuit missionary, martyred in Canada in 1649. ... Louis Henri Sullivan (September 3, 1856 â€“ April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the father of modernism. ...

Bibliography

The Gillette Factory on the Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex. ... Helen Gardner (1909-1986) was an English literary critic. ... Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 â€“ August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ...

Contents

Historiography GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Principal phases

Quattrocento

High Renaissance

Mannerism

From Renaissance to Baroque

Characteristics of Renaissance architecture

Influences on the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy

Development of Renaissance architecture in Italy - Early Renaissance

Brunelleschi

Michelozzo

Alberti

The Spread of the Renaissance in Italy

High Renaissance

Bramante

Sangallo

Raphael

Mannerism

Peruzzi

Giulio Romano

Michelangelo

Giacomo della Porta

Andrea Palladio

Progression from Early Renaissance through to Baroque

Spread of Renaissance architecture beyond Italy

France

Netherlands

England

Scandinavia

Germany

Spain

Portugal

Poland

Kingdom of Hungary

Russia

Legacy of Renaissance architecture

References

Bibliography

See also

External links

Historiography