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Foundations Jesus Christ Church · Theology New Covenant · Supersessionism Dispensationalism Apostles · Kingdom · Gospel History of Christianity · Timeline Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... 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Supersessionism (sometimes referred to as replacement theology by its critics) is a belief that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Old Testament, and that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Messiah are not being faithful to the revelation that God has given them, and they therefore fall... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a current in Protestant Christian theology... For other uses, see Twelve Apostles (disambiguation). ... 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Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology concerned with the divine origin of the Bible and what the Bible teaches about itself. ... Biblical Hermeneutics, part of the broader hermeneutical question, relates to the problem of how one is to understand Holy Scripture. ... Christian theology Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) History of · Theology · Apologetics Creation · Fall of Man · Covenant · Law Grace · Faith · Justification · Salvation Sanctification · Theosis · Worship Church · Sacraments · Eschatology Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Christian theology is reasoned... 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Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Faith in Christianity centers on faith in the Resurrection of Christ (1 Corinthians 15:1-4) ... the gospel I preached to you. ... The Harrowing of Hell as depicted by Fra Angelico In Christian theology, justification is Gods act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God. ... In theology, salvation can mean three related things: being saved from something, such as suffering or the punishment of sin - also called deliverance; being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God - also called redemption Salvation can also be understood in terms of social... Sanctification or in its verb form, sanctify, literally means to set apart for special use or purpose, that is to make holy or sacred (compare Latin sanctus holy). 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This article is about the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement and churches that have a historical and/or theological connection to it (e.g., Churches of Christ, Christian Churches, and the Disciples of Christ denomination. For more general information about the 19th century religious movements that attempted to restore the Christian church, see Restorationism. For information related to dispensational Christian views regarding Jews in the end times, see restorationism (supersessionism). For information relating to the restoration movement established by Joseph Smith, Jr., see Latter Day Saint movement.

The Restoration Movement (also known historically as the "Stone - Campbell Movement") is a Christian reform movement traced to the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States during the Second Great Awakening. Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell were leading figures of four independent movements with like principles who merged together into two religious movements of significant size. These churches have a total population of about 4,000,000 in the United States. Restorationism sought to renew the whole Christian church, on the pattern set forth in the New Testament, without regard to the creeds developed over time in Catholicism, Orthodoxy, or Protestantism, which allegedly kept Christianity divided. Churches are now found throughout the globe, claiming to "concentrate on the essential aspects of the Christian faith, allowing for a diversity of understanding with non-essentials." The Churches of Christ discussed in this article are not part of the United Church of Christ; the Disciples of Christ; the International Churches of Christ; the Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science); the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints or any other denomination within the Latter Day... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other usages, see... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a current in Protestant Christian theology... // In the three Abrahamic Religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), the End Times are depicted as a time of tribulation that precede the predicted coming of a Messiah figure. ... Supersessionism (sometimes referred to as replacement theology by its critics) is a belief that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Old Testament, and that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Messiah are not being faithful to the revelation that God has given them, and they therefore fall... The Latter Day Saint movement is a religious movement that can be said to have been founded primarily by Joseph Smith, Jr. ... The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. ... Barton W. Stone (December 24, 1772 - November 9, 1844) was a religious reformer of the early 19th century associated with the Restoration Movement. ... Alexander Campbell Alexander Campbell (September 12, 1788 – March 4, 1866) was an early leader of a movement that began in 1800 with the goal of removing divisions between Christians, by returning believers in the New Testament to principles of Truth and Union. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other usages, see... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a Christian ecclesiastical... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms...

Among key practices are the weekly celebration of the Lord's Supper on the first day of each week and a commitment to believer's baptism by immersion in water. The Lords Supper is a variation of the name and the service of The Last Supper or Eucharist. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Modern branches

Four modern North American religious groups trace their heritage back to roots in the Stone-Campbell Restoration movement:

• The Christian Churches (Disciples of Christ) - about 850,000 members in North America^{[citation needed]}
• The "mainstream" Churches of Christ (a cappella) - about 1,200,000 members in the U.S.("Church of Christ Growth Chart." Christian Chronicle <http://www.christianchronicle.org/mischtml/church-growth-stats.html>.)
• The churches of Christ (non-institutional) - about 140,000 members worldwide^{[citation needed]}
• The (instrumental) Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ - about 6,000 congregations, about 1,150,000 members worldwide; approx. 70,000 members in the United States as of 2001^{[citation needed]} .

The other large groups of the movement are: The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... The Churches of Christ discussed in this article are not part of the United Church of Christ; the Disciples of Christ; the International Churches of Christ; the Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science); the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints or any other denomination within the Latter Day... The label non-institutional refers to a distinct fellowship within the Churches of Christ who do not agree with the support of church or para-church organizations (colleges, orphans homes, etc. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

• The Churches of Christ in Australia
• The United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom (also affiliated with the Reformed Church movement)
• The Fellowship of Churches of Christ in the United Kingdom
• The Associated Churches of Christ in New Zealand

Although they disassociate themselves from the Stone-Campbell Movement and have the least in common with the other branches, the Christadelphians share a heritage from the movement. The Churches of Christ in Australia is part of the Restoration Movement. ... Logo of The United Reformed Church The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Christian denomination (church) in the United Kingdom. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... Christadelphians (From the Greek Brothers in Christ) are a Christian denomination which developed in the United Kingdom and North America in the 19th century. ...

The Christian — Churches of Christ — Disciples of Christ family of Churches are linked through the World Convention of Churches of Christ. They will meet for the XVIIth World Convention of Churches of Christ in Nashville, Tennessee in July-August 2008. Also see Jesse Moran Bader The World Convention of Churches of Christ is a Christian world communion that links an international familiy of churches known by a range of names including Christian Churches, Churches of Christ and Disciples of Christ. ... For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Bader, Jesse Moren (1886-1963) Twentieth Century evangelist, ecumenist and global leader. ...

Pioneers of the movement

Although Barton W. Stone, Thomas and Alexander Campbell, and Walter Scott were to become the best-known and most influential early leaders of the movement, others preceded them and laid the foundation for their work.

• Barton W. Stone (1772-1844) - Texts
• Thomas Campbell (1763-1854) - Texts
• Alexander Campbell (1788-1866) - Texts
• Walter Scott (1796-1861) - Texts
• James O'Kelly (1735?-1826), Durham, North Carolina - Texts
• Rice Haggard (1769-1819) - Texts
• Elias Smith (1764-1846) - Texts
• Abner Jones (1772-1841) - Texts

Scholars such as C. Leonard Allen at Abilene Christian University say that, besides the New Testament, the Restoration Movement was also influenced by the philosophy of John Locke and Scottish common sense philosophy. Barton W. Stone (December 24, 1772 - November 9, 1844) was a religious reformer of the early 19th century associated with the Restoration Movement. ... Thomas Campbell (1763–1854) was a Presbyterian minister who, with his son Alexander Campbell, helped found the Restoration Movement. ... Alexander Campbell Alexander Campbell (September 12, 1788 – March 4, 1866) was an early leader of a movement that began in 1800 with the goal of removing divisions between Christians, by returning believers in the New Testament to principles of Truth and Union. ... James OKelly (1735--October 16, 1826) was an American clergyman during the Second Great Awakening and an important figure in the early history of Methodism in America. ... This article is about John Locke, the English philosopher. ...

Early churches

According to the records of the Old Philadelphia congregation of the Church of Christ, this congregation came into existence in 1804. The records are in the possession of the church in Warren County, Tennessee. In 1807, a congregation gathered at Antioch in the Alabama Territory and moved, in 1847, two miles south to Rocky Springs, Jackson County, Alabama near where Bridgeport, Alabama is now. The records are in the possession of the Church of Christ at Rocky Springs. There were people who wanted to form a central control of congregations but this did not materialize.

The 200th Dinner-on-the Ground is in September 2007.

Key principles

• Christianity should not be divided, Christ intended the creation of one church.
• Creeds divide, but Christians should be able to find agreement by standing on the Bible itself (from which they believe all creeds are but human expansions or constrictions) instead of on the opinions of people about the Bible.
• Ecclesiastical traditions divide, but Christians should be able to find common ground by following the practice (as best as it can be determined) of the early church.
• Names of human origin divide, but Christians should be able to find common ground by using biblical names for the church (i.e., "Christian Church," "Church of God" or "Church of Christ" as opposed to "Methodist" or "Lutheran", etc.). It is in this vein that conservative members of the Churches of Christ object to the phrase "Stone-Campbell Movement."

Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Christ is the English... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A Christian () is a...

The Christian Connection

Inextricably related to and intertwined with the Restoration Movement is the Christian Connection (sometimes spelled as Connexion). This religious movement began in several places and were secessions from three different denominations during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1792, James O’Kelley (O'Kelly), dissatisfied with the role of bishops in the Methodist Episcopal Church, separated from this body. O’Kelley’s movement, centering in Virginia and North Carolina, was originally called Republican Methodists. The Methodist Episcopal Church, sometimes referred to as the M.E. Church, officially began at the Baltimore Christmas Conference in 1784. ... This article contains a trivia section. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ...

The denominational name was dropped in 1794 favor of the name “Christian” and a commitment to use the Bible as the only “rule of faith and practice.” During the first several years of the 19th century, two Baptist ministers in New England espoused similar views to O’Kelley and began exclusively using the name “Christian.” Working independently at first, Elias Smith of Vermont and Abner Jones of New Hampshire joined together in their efforts. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Official language(s) None Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area  Ranked 45th  - Total 9,620 sq mi (24,923 km²)  - Width 80 miles (130 km)  - Length 160 miles (260 km)  - % water 3. ... Official language(s) English Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Area  Ranked 46th  - Total 9,359 sq mi (24,239 km²)  - Width 68 miles (110 km)  - Length 190 miles (305 km)  - % water 3. ...

In 1801, the Cane Ridge Revival in Kentucky would plant the seed for a movement in Kentucky and the Ohio River valley to disassociate from denominationalism. Barton W. Stone and four others separated from the Springfield Presbytery in 1804 preferring to be known only as “Christians.” Interestingly enough, Rice Haggard who suggested that the Republican Methodists use only the name Christian was the impetus behind Stone's western group doing the same. Cane Ridge, Kentucky, USA was the site, in 1801, of a large camp meeting which drew thousands of people and had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... Barton W. Stone (December 24, 1772 - November 9, 1844) was a religious reformer of the early 19th century associated with the Restoration Movement. ...

By 1808, O’Kelley’s followers and the Smith/Jones movement were united; Stone’s Christians in Kentucky would soon follow suit. This loose fellowship of churches was called by the names “Christian Connection/Connexion” or “Christian Church.”

When Stone and Alexander Campbell’s Reformers (also known as Disciples and Christian Baptists) united in 1832, only a minority of Christian Churches participated. The participating churches largely were from Kentucky, Indiana, and southern Ohio. Those who did not unite with Campbell continued to use the name Christian Church as did the Disciples — thus beginning the confusion over names among the various factions of the Restoration Movement which continues today. Alexander Campbell is one of the most prevalent personal names in Scotland and among Scottish emigrant populations. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 270 miles (435 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ...

The Christian Church merged with the Congregational Church in 1931 to form the Congregational Christian Church. The Evangelical and Reformed Church formed in 1934 as a merger of the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. In 1957, the Congregational Christian Church and the Evangelical and Reformed Church after twenty years of discussion forged the United Church of Christ. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation indepedently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The Evangelical and Reformed Church was an American Protestant denomination formed by the merger (1934) of the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. ... Disambiguation: This article is about the United States denomination known as United Church of Christ. ...

In 1989, the UCC and Disciples of Christ agreed to participate in full communion with each other while remaining separate denominations. The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ...

Sources

Murch, James DeForest. Christians Only. Cincinnati: Standard Publishing, 1962.

Jennings, Walter Wilson. Origin and Early History of the Disciples of Christ Cincinnati: Standard Publishing, 1919.

Morrill, Milo True. History of the Christian Denomination in America. Dayton: The Christian Publishing Association, 1912.

A Short Course in UCC History: The Christian Churches

UCC-Disciples Ecumenical Partnership

A Short Course in UCC History: The Congregational Christian Churches

A Short Course in UCC History: The Evangelical and Reformed Church

Churches of Christ/Disciples of Christ split

In 1906 the Churches of Christ and the Disciples of Christ split over many issues that ran back to the Campbell-Stone Union in 1824. Actually, it is more correct to say that a split which had been brewing for decades was formalized in 1906, when the U.S. Census Bureau listed the groups separately for the first time in its religious census. One of the issues that lead to the split was exclusivism. In 1836 Campell and Stone noticed a growing "furious zeal for orthodoxy". The exclusivism faction never comprised a majority within the whole of the Restoration Movement, but it did eventually dominate the majority of the Southern churches. In the American South, churches of the Restoration tradition tend to identify themselves with the name Church of Christ and argue that it was their faction that remained true to the original principles of the Restoration Movement, not vice versa. Alternate meanings: see Church of Christ (disambiguation). ... The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... The U.S. Southern states or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ...

On October 23, 1849, a group of individuals met in Cincinnati, Ohio with the intention of creating a "general church organization for the furtherance of the work by the church collectively." This action caused immediate disagreements among the churches, because such organizations had previously been abolished. Barton W. Stone himself had in fact taken part in the abolition of the Springfield Presbytery, and authored at that time a very influential document, The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery, which contained within it the idea that the existence of all such bodies was necessarily divisive and hence sinful. October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Springfield Presbytery was dissolved by the Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Last Will and Testament of The Springfield Presbytery ...

About a decade later, L. L. Pinkerton, who was a member of the Midway, Kentucky church brought a melodeon into the church building. One of the elders of that assembly removed the melodeon that evening but it was soon replaced by another. Until that time all singing in the churches had been a cappella. Generally speaking, the bulk of the urban congregations, particularly in the Northern states, were not totally averse to this development, which was also gaining momentum in the other religious groups around them, while rural congregations, particularly in the Southern United States, tended to oppose this trend. Midway is a city located in Woodford County, Kentucky. ... The terms melodeon and melodion can refer to any of several related musical instruments of the free reed aerophone family: A type of 19th century reed organ with a foot-operated vacuum bellows, and a piano keyboard. ... A cappella music is vocal music or singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. ... Crowded Shibuya, Tokyo shopping district An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52... Historic Southern United States. ...

Approximately forty years later, the U.S. Census Bureau, in consultation with the leaders of the two factions, decided to list the members of these two movements separately. Although exclusivism was one of the factors involved in the split, it was not the only factor. Other issues revolving around baptism, plus the missionary society and instrumental music issues noted above, also contributed to the split. In most Churches of Christ, it is maintained that the prime issue was that of instrumental music in services of worship. Baptism in early Christian art. ...

After the split the Churches of Christ generally became more exclusive, while the Disciples of Christ became more inclusive. The Churches of Christ remained more conservative in biblical interpretation, while the Disciples of Christ became more liberal and closer to "mainline" Protestant groups. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      In the United States...

By 1926 a split began to form within the Disciples over the future direction of the church. Conservatives within the group began to have problems with the perceived liberalism of the leadership, upon the same grounds described earlier in the accepting of instrumental music in worship. In 1927 they held the first North American Christian Convention, and the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ began to emerge as a distinct group from the Disciples, although the break was not totally formalized until the late 1960s. By this time the decennial religious census was a thing of the past and it is impossible to use it as a deliniation as it was in 1906. The North American Christian Convention is an annual meeting of ministers and other active leaders in the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, a branch of the Restoration Movement. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Disciples of Christ today are still not totally devoid of the conservative-liberal tension. A related movement known as the Disciple Heritage Fellowship<http://www.disciple-heritage.org> (originally "Disciples Renewal"), has been particularly critical of perceived liberalism in the denomination and purports to call the church back to its Restorationist roots. It is closely related to the Confessing Movement found in several other mainline denominations. The Confessing Movement is a neo-Evangelical movement within several American mainline Protestant denominations to return those churches to what the members of the movement see as theological orthodoxy. ...

Church of Christ schisms and fellowship efforts

After the distinction between the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ movements, other issues would later distinguish various Churches of Christ from one another. The Churches of Christ discussed in this article are not part of the United Church of Christ; the Disciples of Christ; the International Churches of Christ; the Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science); the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints or any other denomination within the Latter Day... The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ...

Since the members of the Churches of Christ agreed that there was no scriptural basis for a hierarchal government or a synod for congregations, the churches were all independent and autonomous. All disagreements in doctrine were handled locally, although open discussion was encouraged on a national or international basis. Many issues were discussed by the publishers of religious periodicals, who used their periodicals to present their own views and to debate the views of others. Between 1920 and 1960, various doctrinal issues were promoted that divided fellowship between some congregations in various locales. Some critics charged, and many within Churches of Christ voiced concerns, that the Churches of Christ had in some ways become a series of denominations within the body. This situation still exists to some extent today in some circles while many in Churches of Christ also extend fellowship to others regardless of a person's or a congregation's stand on various issues. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ... This article is about the magazine as a published medium. ...

Largest subgroups

The most notable subgroups outside the mainstream Churches of Christ are:

• One Cup belief, made up of those who consider the use of only one cup during the Lord's Supper to be acceptable. Most commonly in Churches of Christ, multiple cups are used.

• The non-Sunday school group, made up of those who believe that Sunday School is wrong, since it is mentioned nowhere in the Bible and unheard of prior to the 18th century (this view is also held by many primitive Baptist churches).

There is a considerable overlap between the first two groups listed. Almost all of the "one-cup" belief churches reject Sunday School, while around half of the non-class churches take the "one-cup" position. Almost all of congregations of one of these persuasions also reject institutions, though they have little association with churches classified in the third group (see below). These groups largely divided from the mainstream churches in the early twentieth century. Non-class churches in the United States number around 1100 (8% of Churches of Christ, or around 2% of membership), while about half these are also one-cup groups.

Some of the churches in those groups (and others to a much lesser extent) have been at odds over whether to hire a full-time "minister" for a congregation. They asked whether this was in fact an acceptance and endorsement of the extra-Biblical concept of clergy. Many of them believe that preaching is properly done by male members of the church, perhaps occasionally reinforced by a travelling evangelist engaged only for a specific event or series of events. There has also been discussion in some churches about whether anyone now living truly meets what are seen as the New Testament requirements for the office of elder.

• The "non-institutional" brethren (sometimes perjoratively referred to as "anti" churches within the broader Church of Christ), objected to centralized institutions such as church sponsored orphanages. Adherents of this view contend that ministries may not be conducted outside of the local congregation or individual life, prohibiting the use of a congregation's money for collective ministry ventures. The basis of such belief is the idea that such ventures threaten a local church's autonomy. Furthermore, church funds are at the heart of this philosophy as congregations of this persuasion generally place greater restrictions on the use of church funds and facilities than the majority of Churches of Christ. For example, part of this veiwpoint includes the belief that church funds may only be used for the specifics of worship and evangelism. Therefore, since a church facility is purchased with church money, that facility should be used only for worship and teaching. This therefore excludes having any type of meal or other social activity in a church facility. The fundamental basis for these beliefs is that the church has the specific collective purposes of worship and evangelism, therefore funds can only be used for these. Even benevelonce is considered to be the individual Christian's responsibility rather than that of the church as a whole. There are about 2,000 of these congregations (around 15% of churches and 9% of membership of the Churches of Christ).

• Premillennialist Faction --While Premillennialism is mainstream doctrine in many Protestant denominations, it has never been so in Churches of Christ, but has had enough adherents that they were a visible subgroup. Division over this issue occurred in the 1920s, and churches espousing this position number around 80.^{[citation needed]}

The Lords Supper is a variation of the name and the service of The Last Supper or Eucharist. ... Sunday school, Indians and whites. ... Primitive Baptists are a group of Baptists that have an historical connection to the missionary / anti-missionary controversy that divided Baptists of America in the early part of the 19th century. ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... A religious elder (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος [presbyteros]) is valued for his or her wisdom, in part for their age, on the grounds that the older one is then the more one is likely to know. ... The label non-institutional refers to a distinct fellowship within the Churches of Christ who do not agree with the support of church or para-church organizations (colleges, orphans homes, etc. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about Premillennialism in Christian... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Other issues

At one time, pacifism was an issue of serious concern. Prominent Church of Christ leaders before World War II such as David Lipscomb, J.W. McGarvey, Moses E. Lard, Robert Milligan, and Tolbert Fanning held pacifist positions. Post-World War II, the pacifist faction has largely died out as a recognizable subgroup. Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... David Lipscomb (1831-1917) David Lipscomb (1831–1917) was an important minister, editor, and educator in the American Restoration Movement and one of the leaders of the theologically conservative faction of that movement, which, by 1906, had formalized the division between itself as the Church of Christ and the more... Tolbert Fanning Tolbert Fanning (1810-1873) was born in Cannon County, Tennessee. ...

Another schism was the Crossroads Movement which started in the 1960s and 1970s (also called the "Boston Movement" or "Discipling Movement"). The Crossroads Movement was an evangelistic effort (originated by Chuck Lucas) that started in Gainseville, Florida as a campus outreach to the University of Florida. It later spread into some other Churches of Christ. The Crossroads Church of Christ utilized informal Bible Studies, called "Soul Talks" to evangelize entire campuses. They also believed in the use of "Prayer Partners" which paired believers together to work on spiritual issues. The Soul Talk Leaders held weekly meetings to discuss the spiritual development of the brothers and sisters in their small groups. The Crossroads Movement started at the 14th Street Church of Christ in Gainesville, Florida, which became known as "Crossroads Church of Christ", an incubator for the future International Churches of Christ. In the early 1980's, the focus of the movement moved to Boston, Massachusetts where Kip McKean and the Boston Church of Christ became prominently associated with the trend. It was there that the International Churches of Christ became a distinct denominataion, officially dissociated from Churches of Christ and the Restoration Movement. This new designation in actuality made a distinction that was already in existence between those involved with the Crossroads/Boston Movement and Churches of Christ. Much of the outside literature during this period refers to it as the "Boston Movement" or occasionally the "Discipling Movement," after the practice of assigning each new church member a mentor who was to "disciple" the newer member through prayer and advice about a wide range of day-to-day decisions. This movement appears to be directly related to the Shepherding Movement that was gaining influence in the wider Evangelical world at the time. Alternate meanings: International Churches of Christ discussed in this article are not part of Portland International Church of Christ (Portland Movement or International Christian Churches ), the Churches of Christ (Campbellites) ,Independent Christian Churches, the Disciples of Christ, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United Church of... Downtown Clock Tower, housing the restored clock bell from the 1885 courthouse Gainesville is the largest city and county seat of Alachua County, Florida. ... Alternate meanings: International Churches of Christ discussed in this article are not part of Portland International Church of Christ (Portland Movement or International Christian Churches ), the Churches of Christ (Campbellites) ,Independent Christian Churches, the Disciples of Christ, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United Church of... Thomas Kip McKean (born May 31, 1954) is a Christian preacher, religion reformer, a formerly influential leader in the Boston Church of Christ, which evolved into an organization known as the International Churches of Christ. ... The Shepherding Movement (sometimes called the Discipleship Movement) was an influential movement within American charismatic churches in the 1970s and early 1980s. ...

Christian Churches and Churches of Christ Reunion Efforts

These two traditions within the Restoration Movement are practically identical in doctrine, church structure, and worship, with the exception of instruments being used in Christian Churches. Therefore, there is a significant amount of interaction that occurs between several of these members and congregations in various places. Also, special efforts were made on the national scene in 2006 to create more intentional fellowship between Christians from both branches. This was in conjunction with the one hundredth anniversary of the "official" designation of these being two religious groups by the U.S. Census in 1906.

The Restoration Movement internationally

Restoration Movement churches are found around the world and the World Convention of Churches of Christ provides a link for them. The World Convention of Churches of Christ is a Christian world communion that links an international familiy of churches known by a range of names including Christian Churches, Churches of Christ and Disciples of Christ. ...

Their genealogies are representative of developments in North America. Their theological orientation ranges from fundamentalist to liberal to ecumenical. In some places they have joined with churches of other traditions to form united churches at local, regional or national level.

These trends can be seen with the Churches of Christ in Australia. The Churches of Christ in Australia is part of the Restoration Movement. ...

See also

• Restorationism
• Second Great Awakening
• List of famous people with Restoration Movement ties

Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other usages, see... The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. ... There are many politicians, writers, thinkers, athletes, entertainers as well as other well-known people associated with the Restoration Movement churches. ...

External links

• Churches of Christ in Australia
• Restoration Movement Pages, Memorial University of Newfoundland
• The Christian - Churches of Christ - Disciples of Christ family of Churches XVIIth World Convention of Churches of Christ in Nashville, Tennessee, July-August 2008.
• The Christian Restoration Association
• The Christian Standard (periodical).
• Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ Locator
• The LookOut (periodical).
• North American Christian Convention
• Restoration Movement Colleges, Universities, and Seminaries
• Ministry Employment Network
• Restoration Movement Internet Portal.
• RestorationUnity.com Representing greater unity among restoration churches

A different view of the history of this movement (from a "non-institutional" viewpoint) may be discovered by studying the publications of Truth Magazine Publications and Florida College publications. External links for these two publishing sources are: For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... This article is about the magazine as a published medium. ... This article is about the magazine as a published medium. ...

• Florida College Bookstore
• Truth Magazine Bookstore

History and Sources

• Historical Texts, Images, and Interpretations of the Restoration Movement: Disciples of Christ, Christian Churches, Churches of Christ

References

• North, James B. (1994). Union in Truth: An Interpretive History of the Restoration Movement. Cincinnati, Ohio: The Standard Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7847-0197-0.
• Flavil R. Yeakley, ed., The Discipling Dilemma: A Study of the Discipling Movement Among Churches of Christ (Nashville: Gospel Advocate Co., 1988).
• C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of Churches of Christ (Abilene, TX: ACU Press, 1988)
• Martin Edward Wooten, "The Boston Movement as a 'Revitalization Movement'" (D.Min. thesis, Harding Graduate School of Religion, 1990)
• Jerry Jones, What Does the Boston Movement Teach? vols. 1-3 (Bridgeton, MO: Jerry Jones, 12880 Bittick, 1991-93)
• United States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census, Religious Bodies, 1906 (United States Printing Office, 1910), 236
• West, Earl Irvin (2002). The Search for the Ancient Order Vol. 1. Gospel Light Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89225-154-9
• Douglas A. Foster (Editor), Paul M. Blowers (Editor), Anthony L. Dunnavant (Editor), D. Newell Williams (Editor). The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. ISBN 0-8028-3898-7
• Douglas A. Foster, Jack Reese, Jeff W. Childers, The Crux of the Matter: Crisis, Tradition, and the Future of Churches of Christ. ACU Press. ISBN 0-89112-035-1