Richard von Mises.

Richard Edler von Mises (Lemberg 19 April 1883 - Boston, 14 July 1953) was a scientist who worked on fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, aeronautics, statistics and probability theory. He described his work in his own words shortly before his death as being on Download high resolution version (922x1323, 65 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (922x1323, 65 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Edler (Edler von), was until 1919 a title for the lower nobility in Austria-Hungary, as well as Germany. ... Lviv ( Львів in Ukrainian; Львов, Lvov in Russian; Lwów in Polish; Leopolis in Latin; Lemberg in German—see also cities alternative names) is a city in western Ukraine with 830,000 inhabitants (an additional 200,000 commute daily from suburbs). ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Fluid mechanics is the subdiscipline of continuum mechanics that studies fluids, that is, liquids and gases. ... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ... Aeronautics is the science and practice of aircraft navigation. ... Statistics is a type of data analysis which includes the planning, summarizing, and interpreting of observations of a system possibly followed by predicting or forecasting of future events based on a mathematical model of the system being observed. ... Probability theory is the mathematical study of probability. ...

"practical analysis, integral and differential equations, mechanics, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, constructive geometry, probability calculus, statistics and philosophy"

(in the line of neo-positivist Ernst Mach). Hydrodynamics is fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, oil, and blood. ... Ernst Mach Ernst Mach (February 18, 1838 – February 19, 1916) was an Austrian-Czech physicist and philosopher and is the namesake for the Mach number and the optical illusion known as Mach bands. ...

Historians of the Vienna Circle of logical empiricism which developed in the 1920s recognize a "first phase" from 1907 through 1914 with Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath and Mises. During his time in Istanbul, Mises maintained close contact with Philipp Frank, who was a Professor of Physics in Prague until 1938. His literary interests included the Austrian novelist Robert Musil and the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, on whom he became a recognized expert. The Vienna Circle was a group of philosophers and scientists organized in Vienna under Moritz Schlick. ... Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism) holds that philosophy should aspire to the same sort of rigor as science. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Philipp Frank was an influential philosopher during the first half of the 20th century. ... Hans Hahn (1879 - 1934) was an Austrian mathematician who made many contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory. ... Otto Neurath (December 10, 1882_December 22, 1945) was an Austrian sociologist, political economist and arguably one of the most unorthodox Marxists. ... Shows the Location of the Province İstanbul Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul; a contraction of Greek εις την πολιν into the city, the former Constantinople, Κωνσταντινούπολις) is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Robert Musil (Klagenfurt, Austria, November 6, 1880 – April 15, 1942 in Geneva, Switzerland) was an Austrian writer, author of the unfinished long novel The Man Without Qualities (in German, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften), one of the most important modernist novels. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (born 4 December 1875 in Prague; died 29 December 1926 in Val-Mont (Switzerland)) was an important poet in the German language. ...

Life

Richard von Mises' father was Arthur Edler von Mises, a doctor of technical sciences who worked as an expert for the Austrian State Railways and Adele von Landau. Richard was born in Lemberg, then part of the Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine), 18 months after his brother, the famed Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises. Richard and Ludwig also had a younger brother, who died as an infant. Richard attended the Akademische Gymnasium in Vienna, from which he graduated with honors in Latin and mathematics in Autumn 1901. After graduating in mathematics, physics and engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule (Technical University), he was appointed as Georg Hamel's assistant in Brünn (now Brno). In 1905, still a student, he published an article on "Zur konstruktiven Infinitesimalgeometrie der ebenen Kurven," in the prestigious Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. Lviv ( Львів in Ukrainian; Львов, Lvov in Russian; Lwów in Polish; Leopolis in Latin; Lemberg in German—see also cities alternative names) is a city in western Ukraine with 830,000 inhabitants (an additional 200,000 commute daily from suburbs). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Lviv is a city in western Ukraine, the capital city of the Lviv Oblast (province) and one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. ... The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that rejects opposing economists reliance on methods used in natural science for the study of human action, and instead bases its formalism of economics on relationships through logic or introspection called praxeology. ... An economist is someone who studies Economics. ... Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 - October 10, 1973), was a notable economist and social philosopher. ... A gymnasium is a type of school of secondary education in parts of Europe. ... Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Brno listen â–¶(?) (-Czech, German: Brünn) is the second-largest city of the Czech Republic, located in the southeast of the country, at the confluence of the Svitava and Svratka rivers. ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1908 Mises was awarded a doctorate from Vienna (his dissertation was on "the determination of flywheel masses in crank drives") and he received his habilitation from Brünn (on "Theory of the Waterwheels"), to lecture on engineering. In 1909, at 26, he was appointed professor of applied mathematics in Straßburg, then was part of the [[German Empire (now Strasbourg, France) and received Prussian citizenship. While applying for teaching positions at the Technical University in Brünn, this was interrupted by World War I. 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Spoked flywheel A flywheel is a heavy rotating disk used as a repository for angular momentum. ... An overshot water wheel standing 42 feet high powers the Old Mill at Berry College in Rome, Georgia A water wheel (also waterwheel, Norse mill, Persian wheel or noria) is a hydropower system; a system for extracting power from a flow of water. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... City motto: – City proper (commune) Région Alsace Département Bas-Rhin (67) Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Area 78. ... The national name Prussia (in Prussian: Prusa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian Prusai, Latin: Prussia or Borussia) was used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machine guns, and poison gas World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations and...

A pilot who had lectured on the design of aircraft and given in Straßburg the first university course on powered flight in 1913, he then joined the Austro-Hungarian army and flew as a test pilot and an instructor. In 1915, he supervised the construction of a 600-horsepower (450 kW) aircraft — the "Mises-Flugzeug" (Mises aircraft) for the Austrian army. It was completed in 1916, but never saw action. Test pilots work on developing, evaluating and proving experimental aircraft. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The horsepower (hp) is the name of several non-metric units of power. ... Power kilowatt (symbol: kW) is a unit for measuring power, equal to one thousand watts. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...

After the war Mises held the new chair of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics at the Dresden Technische Hochschule. In 1919 he was appointed director (with full professorship) of the new Institute of Applied Mathematics created at the behest of Erhard Schmidt at the University of Berlin. In 1921 he founded the journal Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik and became its editor. Hydrodynamics is fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, oil, and blood. ... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ... Dresden is the capital city of the German federal state of Saxony, is situated in a valley on the river Elbe. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains. ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

With the rise of the National Socialist (Nazi) party to power in 1933, von Mises, who was a Roman Catholic but had Jewish ancestry, felt his position threatened despite his World War I military service. He moved to Turkey, where he held the newly created chair of Pure and Applied Mathematics at the University of Istanbul. In 1939, amid political uncertainty following the death of Turkish President Kemal Atatürk, he went to the United States, where he was appointed in 1944 Gordon-McKay Professor of Aerodynamics and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. He married Hilda Geiringer in 1943, who had been his assistant at the Institute and followed him to Turkey and then to the U.S. after losing her position in December 1933. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... The University of Istanbul is one of the oldest universities in Europe (founded in 1453), and the oldest in Turkey. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938), until 1934 Mustafa Kemal, Turkish army officer, anti-imperialist and revolutionist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ...

In 1950 Mises declined an offer of honorary membership from the Communist-dominated East German Academy of Science. Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a socialist country that existed from 1949 to 1990. ...

Contributions

In aerodynamics, Richard von Mises made notable advances in boundary-layer-flow theory and airfoil design. He developed the Distortion energy theory of stress, which is one of the most important concepts used by engineers in material strength calculations. On probability, he posed the well-known "birthday problem". von Mises stress in two dimensions Von Mises stress, , is used to estimate yield criteria for ductile materials. ... Figure 1  Stress tensor In physics, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. ... Look up engineer on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

His ideas were not unanimously received, although Aleksander Ostrowski had said of him:

"Only with the appointment of Richard von Mises to the University of Berlin did the first serious German school of applied mathematics with a broad sphere of influence come into existence. Von Mises was an incredibly dynamic person and at the same time amazingly versatile like Runge. He was especially well versed in the realm of technology."

and also wrote:

"Because of his dynamic personality his occasional major blunders were somehow tolerated. One has even forgiven him his theory of probability."

Yet Kolmogorov, whose rival axiomatisation was better received, was less severe: Andrey Kolmogorov Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров) (kahl-mah-GAW-raff) (April 25, 1903 in Tambov - October 20, 1987 in Moscow) was a Russian mathematician who made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. ...

"The basis for the applicability of the results of the mathematical theory of probability to real 'random phenomena' must depend on some form of the frequency concept of probability, the unavoidable nature of which has been established by von Mises in a spirited manner."

The Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) has awarded a Richard von Mises-Preis (Prize) since 1989. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York, 1970-1990.

Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Books by date of publication

• Richard von Mises, Philipp Frank, Heinrich Weber, Bernhard Riemann, Die Differential- und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, 1925, 1930.

• Richard von Mises, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und ihre Anwendungen in der Statistik und theoretischen Physik, 1931.

• Richard von Mises, The critical external pressure of cylindrical tubes under uniform radial and axial load, (Translation of Kritischer Außendruck zylindrischer Rohre, 1917), U.S. Experimental Model Basin, Navy Yard, 1933.

• Richard von Mises, P. Frank, H. Weber and B. Riemann, Die Differential- und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, 2nd expanded. ed., 2 vols. New York, Mary S.Rosenberg: 1943.

• Richard von Mises, W. Prager and G. Kuerti, Theory of Flight, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1945.

• Richard Von Mises, Rilke in English,: A tentative bibliography, The Cosmos press, 1947

• Richard von Mises, Notes on mathematical theory of compressible fluid flow, Harvard University, Graduate School of Engineering, 1948.

• Richard von Mises, On Bergman's integration method in two-dimensional compressible fluid flow, Harvard University, Graduate School of Engineering, 1949.

• Richard von Mises, On the thickness of a steady shock wave, Harvard University, Dept. of Engineering, 1951

• Presented to Richard von Mises by Friends, Colleagues and Pupils, Studies in Mathematics and Mechanics, New York, 1954.

• Richard von Mises, Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding, G. Braziller, 1956. ISBN 0-486-21867-8 (Paperback, Dover, 1968 ISBN 0-486-21867-8).

• Richard von Mises, Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow. New York, Academic Press, 1958.

• Richard von Mises, Theory of Flight, New York, Dover, 1959. ISBN 0-486-60541-8

• Richard von Mises, Selected Papers of Richard von Mises, 2 volumes, AMS, Rhode Island, 1963, 1964.

• Richard von Mises, Mathematical Theory of Probability and Statistics, New York, Academic Press, 1964.

• Richard von Mises, Probability and Statistics, General, American Mathematical Society, 1964.

• Heinrich Sequenz ed. 150 Jahre Technische Hochschule in Wien. 1815–1965, Festschrift in 3 Volumes, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 1965, .

• Richard von Mises and K. O. Friedrichs, Fluid Dynamics, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971. ISBN 0-387-90028-4

• M. Pinl & L. Furtmüller, Mathematicians under Hitler, In Year Book XVIII of the Leo Baeck Institute, London, 1973.

• Richard von Mises, Theodore Von Karman, Advances in Applied Mechanics, Academic Press, 1975. ISBN 0-12-002015-7

• W. Roeder & H. A. Strauss, International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933–1945, Saur, München, New York, London, Paris, 1980–1983.

• Richard von Mises, Probability, Statistics and Truth, 2nd rev. English ed., New York, Dover, 1981. ISBN 0-486-24214-5

• Richard von Mises, Kleines Lehrbuch des Positivismus. Einführung in die empiristische Wissenschaftsauffassung, Suhrkamp, 1990. ISBN 3-518-28471-1

• Richard von Mises, Wolfgang Gröbner, Wolfgang Pauli, Österreichische Mathematik und Physik, Die Zentralbibliothek, 1993. ISBN 3-900490-03-1

• Robert Winter, Das Akademische Gymnasium in Wien. Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Wien, Köln, Weimar 1996.

• R. Siegmund-Schultze, Mathematiker auf der Flucht vor Hitler. Quellen und Studien zur Emigration einer Wissenschaft, Braunschweig und Wiesbaden, Vieweg, 1998.

Philipp Frank was an influential philosopher during the first half of the 20th century. ... Weber is best known for his outstanding text Lehrbuch der Algebra published in 1895 and it is his work in algebra and number theory. ... Bernhard Riemann. ... William Prager (May 23, 1903, Karlsruhe - 1980) was a German-born US applied mathematician. ...

Articles by alphabetical order of authors

• A Basch, "Richard von Mises zum 70. Geburtstag", Osterreich. Ing.-Arch. 7, 1953, pp. 73-76.
• B. Bernhardt, "Skizzen zu Leben und Werk von Richard Mises", in Österreichische Mathematik und Physik, Wien, Zentralbibliothek für Physik, 1993, pp. 51–62.
• H Bernhardt, "Zum Leben und Wirken des Mathematikers Richard von Mises", NTM Schr. Geschichte Natur. Tech. Medizin 16 (2), 1979, pp. 40-49.
• G Birkhoff, "Richard von Mises' years at Harvard", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 63 (7), 1983, pp. 283-284.
• L Collatz, "Richard von Mises als numerischer Mathematiker", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (7), 1983, pp. 278-280.
• H Cramér, "Richard von Mises' work in probability and statistics", Ann. Math. Statistics 24, 1953), pp. 657-662.
• D.v. Dalen, "The War of the Frogs and the Mice or the Crisis of the 'Mathematische Annalen'", The Mathematical Intelligencer 12 (1990), No.4, pp. 17-31.
• H Föllmer and K Küchler, "Richard von Mises", in Mathematics in Berlin, Berlin, 1998, pp. 55-60.
• J Förste, "Zum 100. Geburtstag von Richard von Mises", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 63 (7), 1983, p. 277.
• P Frank, "The work of Richard von Mises: 1883-1953", Science 119, 1954, pp. 823-824.
• Haussner, A, "Geschichte der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Brünn 1849–1924." In Festschrift der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Brünn zur Feier ihres fünfundsiebzigjährigen Bestandes im Mai 1924, Verlag der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule, Brünn, 1924, pp. 5–92.
• G S S Ludford, "Mechanics in the applied- mathematical world of von Mises", Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 63 (7), 1983, pp. 281-282.
• R. v. Mises, "Zur konstruktiven Infinitesimalgeometrie der ebenen Kurven," Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 52, 1905, pp. 44–85.
• R. v. Mises, "Zur Theorie der Regulatoren", Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau 37, 1908, pp. 783–789.
• R. Sauer, "Nachruf: Richard von Mises", Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Jbuch. 1953, pp.194-197.
• R. Sauer, "Richard von Mises 19. 4. 1883 - 14. 7. 1953" (in German), Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Jbuch. 1953, pp. 194-197
• R. Siegmund-Schultze, Hilda Geiringer von Mises, Charlier Series, "Ideology, and the human side of the emancipation of applied mathematics at the University of Berlin during the 1920s", Historia Mathematica 20, 1993, 364-381.
• P. Sisma, "Georg Hamel and Richard von Mises in Brno", Historia Mathematica, 29, 2002, pp. 176–192.
• A. Szafarz, "Richard von Mises : l'échec d'une axiomatique", Dialectica 38 (4), 1984, pp. 311-317.
• M. van Lambalgen, "Randomness and foundations of probability : von Mises' axiomatisation of random sequences", in Statistics, probability and game theory, Hayward, CA, 1996, pp. 347-367.
• Weinhold, J., "Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Brünn, Rückblicke und Vergleiche", Südetendeutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste, Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1991, pp. 372–450.

External links

• St. Andrew's biography of Richard von Mises
• Biography, in Czech

• Note regarding personal names: Edler is a title, not a first or middle name.