"Holdup" redirects here. For the contract bridge playing technique, see Holdup (bridge).
 Ronin robbing a merchant's house in Japan around 1860 (1) Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation. More precisely, at common law, robbery was defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear. It should be noted, in common with most legal terms, the precise definition of robbery varies between jurisdictions. Robbery is also when there is forced intimidation placed upon the victim/victims. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Robbery is a 1967 crime film directed by Peter Yates. ...
Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking card game of skill and chance (the relative proportions depend on the variant played). ...
Holdup is a play in contract bridge, whereby the declarer ducks one or more trick to opponents, usually in notrump contracts, in order to cut their communications. ...
Friedrich Schiller “Schiller†redirects here. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
English law is a formal term of art that describes the law for the time being in force in England and Wales. ...
This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...
In many common law jurisdictions (e. ...
A hybrid offence or dual offence are the special offences in Canadian criminal law where the prosecution may choose whether to proceed with a summary offence or an indictment. ...
Regulatory offences are a class of crime in which the standard for proving culpability has been lowered so as not to require any fault elements. ...
A lesser included offense, in criminal law, is a crime for which all of the elements necessary to impose liability are also elements found in a more serious crime. ...
The actus reus — sometimes called the external element of a crime — is the Latin term for the guilty act which, when proved beyond a reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, i. ...
Causation is the bringing about of a result, and in law it is an element in various tests for legal liability. ...
The mens rea is the Latin term for guilty mind used in the criminal law. ...
In the criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability crime. ...
In English criminal law, intention is one of the types of mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) that, when accompanied by an actus reus (Latin for guilty act) constitutes a crime. ...
In the criminal law, recklessness (sometimes also termed willful blindness which may have a different meaning in the United States) is one of the three possible classes of mental state constituting mens rea (the Latin for guilty mind). To commit an offence of ordinary as opposed to strict liability, the...
Criminal negligence, in the realm of criminal common law, is a legal term of art for a state of mind which is careless, inattentive, neglectful, willfully blind, or reckless; it is the mens rea part of a crime which, if occurring simultaneously with the actus reus, gives rise to criminal...
In the criminal law, corporate liability determines the extent to which a corporation as a fictitious person can be liable for the acts and omissions of the natural persons it employs. ...
The legal principle of vicarious liability applies to hold one person liable for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity. ...
In criminal law, strict liability is liability where mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) does not have to be proved in relation to one or more elements comprising the actus reus (Latin for guilty act) although intention, recklessness or knowledge may be required in relation to other elements of the...
In the criminal law, an omission or failure to act will constitute an actus reus (Latin for guilty act) and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty. ...
For other uses, see concurrency. ...
Ignorantia juris non excusat or Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (Latin for ignorance of the law does not excuse) is a public policy holding that a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely because he or she was unaware of its content...
An inchoate offence is the crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime. ...
In English criminal law, incitement is an anticipatory common law offence and is the act of persuading, encouraging, instigating, pressuring, or threatening so as to cause another to commit a crime. ...
In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ...
An accessory is a person who assists in or conceals a crime, but does not actually participate in the commission of the crime. ...
The crime of attempt occurs when a person does an act amounting to more than mere preparation for a criminal offense, with specific intent to commit a crime, if that act tends but fails to effect the commission of the offense intended. ...
In criminal law, the doctrine of common purpose, common design or joint enterprise refers to the situation where two or more people embark on a project with a common purpose that results in the commission of a crime. ...
In the criminal law, consent may be an excuse and prevent the defendant from incurring liability for what was done. ...
For the law in other criminal jurisdictions, see diminished responsibility. ...
For a general discussion of the principles, see duress In English law, duress is a defence which allows a limited excuse in favour of those who commit crimes because they are forced or compelled to do so against their will by the threats of another. ...
The MNaghten Rules are used to establish insanity as an excuse to potential criminal liability, but the definitional criteria establish insanity in the legal and not the psychological sense. ...
For the discussion on general principles and policy, see necessity In English law, the defence of necessity recognises that there may be situations of such an overwhelming urgency, that a person must be allowed to respond by breaking the law. ...
For an description of the general principles, see provocation (legal). ...
In English criminal law, the defence of self-defence provides for the right of people to act in a manner that would be otherwise unlawful in order to preserve the physical integrity of themselves or others or to prevent any crime. ...
In criminal law, a common assault is a crime when the defendant apprehends immediate use of unlawful violence or actually commits a battery. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Actual Bodily Harm (often abbreviated to ABH) is a type of criminal assault defined under English law. ...
Grievous bodily harm or GBH is a phrase used in English criminal law which was introduced in ss18 and 20 Offences Against The Person Act 1861. ...
The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (OAP, 24 & 25 Victoria, Cap. ...
Corporate manslaughter is a criminal offence in English law, being an act of homicide committed by a company. ...
Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. ...
Under English law, the Criminal Damage Act 1971 is the main statute covering damage to property. ...
The Malicious Damage Act of 1861 is a law now mostly concerned with damage to property in the transport sector of society. ...
The Public Order Act 1986 creates offences commonly used by United Kingdom police to deal with public disorder and violence: Section 1: Riot Section 2: Violent Disorder Section 3: Affray Section 4: Fear or Provocation of Violence Section 4a: Intentional Harassment, Alarm or Distress Section 5: Harassment, Alarm or Distress...
Nuisance is a common law tort. ...
The Theft Act 1968 (1968 c. ...
A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
Dishonesty is a term which in common usage may be defined as the act of being dishonest; to act without honesty; a lack of probity, to cheat, lying or being deliberately deceptive; lacking in integrity; to be knavish, perfidious, corrupt or treacherous; charlatanism or quackery. ...
TWOC is an acronym standing for Taken Without Owners Consent. ...
For the purposes of English law, deception is defined in s15(4) Theft Act 1968 and applies to the deception offences in the Theft Act 1968, and to the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft (Amendment) Act 1996. ...
In English law, the main deception offences are defined in the Theft Act 1968 (TA68), the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft (Amendment) Act 1996. ...
For other uses, see Blackmail (disambiguation). ...
For the turning characteristics of land vehicles, see Car handling. ...
The Theft Act 1978 supplemented the earlier deception offences in English law contained in sections 15 and 16 of the Theft Act 1968 by reforming some aspects of those offences and adding new provisions. ...
Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ...
The Fraud Act 2006 (2006 c. ...
Computer crime, cybercrime, e-crime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. ...
Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ...
Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. ...
Modern Obstruction of Justice, in a common law state, refers to the crime of offering interference of any sort to the work of police, investigators, regulatory agencies, prosecutors, or other (usually government) officials. ...
Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated the criminal law. ...
A contract is any promise or set of promises made by one party to another for the breach of which the law provides a remedy. ...
In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
In the common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the testator) regulates the rights of others over his property or family after death. ...
The law of trusts and estates is generally considered the body of law which governs the management of personal affairs and the disposition of property of an individual in anticipation and the event of such persons incapacity or death, also known as the law of successions in civil law. ...
The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (964x594, 56 KB) Photo from Sketches of Japanese Manners and Customs, by J. M. W. Silver, Illustrated by Native Drawings, Reproduced in Fac-simile by Means of Chromo-lithography, published in London in 1867 Source: Project Gutenberg: This eBook is for...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (964x594, 56 KB) Photo from Sketches of Japanese Manners and Customs, by J. M. W. Silver, Illustrated by Native Drawings, Reproduced in Fac-simile by Means of Chromo-lithography, published in London in 1867 Source: Project Gutenberg: This eBook is for...
Graves of the forty-seven Ronin at Sengaku-ji Ronin robbing a merchants house in Japan around 1860 (1) For other uses, see Ronin (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Violence (disambiguation). ...
Intimidation is generally used in the meaning of criminal threatening. ...
Common issues in differentiating robbery from simple theft is the degree of force required and when the force is applied. For example, in a purse snatch the thief takes a purse off his victim shoulder. The victim might not have noticed. The question as to whether this is an example of robbery or theft is not clear. What if, in pulling the purse the victim is pulled to the ground, but still does not have time to offer resistance? Or if the purse strap is cut by the thief with a knife? The answers to these questions will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
The element of force differentiates robbery from embezzlement, larceny, and other types of theft. Piracy (robbery at sea) is a type of robbery. Armed robbery involves the use of a weapon. Aggravated robbery involves the use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or "Mugging" takes place outside and in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force. In the United States, larceny is a common law crime involving stealing. ...
A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
This article is about maritime piracy. ...
For other uses, see Weapon (disambiguation). ...
Look up Mugging in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
General public redirects here. ...
Carjacking is the crime of stealing a motor vehicle when the vehicle is occupied. ...
Informally, robbery may be used to denote other kinds of theft that are not robbery, such as burglary. People returning home and finding their possessions stolen may well exclaim, "We've been robbed!", though actually they've been burglarized. Some have also argued that taxation is a form of robbery, as a government is depriving people of what they own, along with the threat of force or imprisonment. US President Grover Cleveland referred to taxation as robbery as it is "stealing from one man to give to another man and it is of no difference that it is being done by government". Burglars attempted to break into an apartment by pulling away the lock. ...
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908), the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, was the only President to serve non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). ...
English law Under section 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968, robbery is an indictable only offence which occurs if the defendant: The Theft Act 1968 (1968 c. ...
In many common law jurisdictions (e. ...
- steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force.
The elements of the offense are:
Steals This requires evidence to prove a theft as set out in s.1(1) Theft Act, 1968. A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
Actual or threatened force against the person The threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft intentionally or recklessly in order to commit it. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery. It may however constitute another criminal offense, such as assault. In the criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability crime. ...
In the criminal law, recklessness (sometimes also termed willful blindness which may have a different meaning in the United States) is one of the three possible classes of mental state constituting mens rea (the Latin for guilty mind). To commit an offence of ordinary as opposed to strict liability, the...
A young waif steals a pair of boots “Stealing†redirects here. ...
Puts or seeks to put anyone in fear The threat or use of force against the person must be made immediately before or at the time of the theft and in order to commit it. Where a threat of force is used it must amount to a threat of then and there subjecting the victim, or some other person to force.
A robbery would be committed if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if he used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. If, however, the defendant simply cut the strap of a bag carried over the shoulder by the victim, this would not constitute robbery unless the victim was in fear. The victim of the theft need not be the person who is threatened or assaulted.
A robbery would also be committed where the aggressor steals from a jeweller by threatening to assault a customer visiting the shop in order to force the jeweller to hand over his stock. A threat must be immediate - a threat that the victim will then and there be subjected to force.
A theft accompanied by a threat to damage property in order to commit it will not constitute robbery, but may (depending on the other requirements of that offence) disclose an offense of blackmail. For other uses, see Blackmail (disambiguation). ...
Property stolen during a robbery remains stolen and thus its disposal or realization etc. will still constitute an offence of handling stolen property. For the turning characteristics of land vehicles, see Car handling. ...
Following R v Mitchell (2005) All ER (D) 74, the sentencing guidelines provided in Attorney General's References (Nos 4 and 7 of 2002) (2002) EWCA Crim 127 no longer apply to street robbery involving the use of guns for which more severe deterrent sentences will almost invariably be required. In November 2005, the Sentencing Guidelines Council [1] issued new draft guidelines concerning robbery, but they are not yet in force.
Assault with intent to rob
Lampião, the most famous bandit (turned into popular myth) of Brazilian Cangaço An alternative offence under s8(2) of the 1968 Act is assault, i.e. any act which intentionally or recklessly causes another to fear the immediate and unlawful use of force, with an intention to rob. So this offence is an option instead of charging an attempt if the defendant is unsuccessful in his or her attempt to steal, but uses or threatens the use of force. Lampião, the most famous bandit (turned into popular myth) of Brazilian Cangaço. ...
Lampião Lampião (Oil Lamp in Portuguese) was the nickname of Captain Virgulino Ferreira da Silva, the most famous leader of a Cangaço band (marauders and outlaws who terrorized the Brazilian Northeast in the 1930s). ...
Cangaço is the name given to a form of social banditry in Nordeste of Brazil in late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...
Sentence The maximum sentence is life imprisonment. Robbery and assault with intent to rob are also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (2003, c. ...
Etymology The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g. deraubare) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub- = "clothes", as in old times (before modern cheap mechanized mass production of clothes) one main target of robbers was often the victim's clothes. Vulgar Latin (in Latin, sermo vulgaris) is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken mostly in the western provinces of the Roman Empire until those dialects, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages — a distinction usually assigned to about the ninth century. ...
(See also List of types of clothing) Introduction Humans often wear articles of clothing (also known as dress, garments or attire) on the body (for the alternative, see nudity). ...
During the English Civil War, Cromwell's supporters castigated Prince Rupert by calling him "Prince Robber". For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ...
Cromwell is the name of the following places: Cromwell, New Zealand Cromwell, Connecticut, United States of America Cromwell, Indiana, United States of America Cromwell, Iowa, United States of America Cromwell, Minnesota, United States of America Cromwell Township, Minnesota, United States of America Cromwell Township, Pennsylvania, United States of America People...
for the city in British Columbia, see Prince Rupert, British Columbia Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619-1682), soldier and inventor, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, and the nephew of King Charles I of England. ...
References
Bibliography - Allen, Michael. (2005). Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927918-7.
- Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
- Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 0-421-19960-1
- Ormerod, David. (2005). Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, London: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-406-97730-5
- Smith, J. C. (1997). Law of Theft. London: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-406-89545-7
Stanislav Petrov Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 483 pixelsFull resolution (1240 × 749 pixel, file size: 346 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 483 pixelsFull resolution (1240 × 749 pixel, file size: 346 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Jacques Courtois (1621 - May 20, 1676?) was a French painter. ...
Look up marauder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
See also It has been suggested that Safecatch be merged into this article or section. ...
Snatch thieves in action. ...
Folk image of a mounted highwayman Highwayman was a term used particularly in Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries to describe robbers who targeted people traveling by stagecoach and other modes of transport along public highways. ...
Look up pirate and piracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Vigilante (disambiguation). ...
For other senses of this word, see outlaw (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Hajduk (disambiguation). ...
Brigandage refers to the life and practice of brigands; highway robbery and plunder. ...
Literally the term shanlin means mountain and forest in Chinese and was frequently used to describe bandits in Manchuria from the time of the Qing dynasty, and was apt for they knew the local terrain very well. ...
Look up thug in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Dacoity is a term used in the Indian subcontinent for armed robbery. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about the criminal society. ...
// When one conjures up an image of street gangs in the U.S. it is usually influenced by media portrayals of gun-toting youths engaged in disputes over territory and disrespect. ...
Klephts (Greek κλÎφτης, pl. ...
Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ...
Look up marauder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
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