Robert I
King of Scots
Reign	1306–1329
Coronation	1306
Born	July 11, 1274(1274-07-11)
Birthplace	probably Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire
Died	June 7, 1329 (aged 54)
Place of death	Cardross
Buried	Dunfermline Abbey
Predecessor	John
Successor	David II
Consort	i) Isabella of Mar ii) Elizabeth de Burgh
Issue	Marjorie Bruce with Isabella, David, John, Matilda and Margaret with Elizabeth and several illegitimate children
Royal House	Bruce
Father	Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale
Mother	Marjorie, Countess of Carrick

Robert I, King of Scots (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce (Mediaeval Gaelic:Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; ) was King of the Scots from 1306 until his death. This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... King Robert I of Scotland File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish, 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy. ... See also Cardross (Australia). ... Dunfermline Abbey and Church - illustration from Cassells History of England circa 1902 Dunfermline Abbey is the remains of a great Benedictine abbey founded in 1070 by Queen Margaret, wife of Malcolm Canmore and granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, King of England. ... King John, his crown and sceptre symbolically broken as depicted in the 1562 Forman Armorial, produced for Mary, Queen of Scots. ... David II (March 5, 1324 – February 22, 1371) king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. ... Isabella of Mar (circa 1277 - 1296) was the first wife of Robert Bruce. ... Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh, from the Seton Armorial. ... Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December, 1296 - March 2, 1316) was the oldest daughter of Robert I of Scotland, by his first wife Isabella of Mar. ... David II (March 5, 1324 – February 22, 1371) king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. ... The House of Bruce was a Scottish Royal House in the 14th century. ... Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale, Earl of Carrick jure uxoris was a feudal lord in Scotland and Northern England during prelude stages of Wars of Scottish Independence. ... Marjorie of Carrick (1256-1292), was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and is most famous today as the mother of Robert the Bruce. ... Look up king in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy. ... Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the form of the Irish language from the 10th to 16th centuries; it is therefore a contemporary of Middle English. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Although his paternal ancestors were of Scoto-Norman heritage (originating in Brieux, Normandy)^[1], his maternal ancestors were Scottish-Gaels. He became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the Kingdom of England. He claimed the Scottish throne as a great-great-great-great-grandson of David I of Scotland. Robert I, King of Scots (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce (Mediaeval Gaelic:Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; ) was King of the Scots from 1306 until his death. ... The term Scoto-Norman (also Scotto-Norman, Franco-Scottish or Franco-Gaelic) is used to described people, families, institutions and archaeological artifacts that were of Norman, Anglo-Norman, French or even Flemish origin, but came to be associated with Scotland in the Middle Ages. ... Heritage can refer to: Cultural heritage Cultural traditions Heritage tourism Inheritance Kinship and descent Natural heritage A novel in the BBC Books series See also English Heritage UNESCO World Heritage Site This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ... Mother with her child (Sculpture) A mother is typically the biological or social female parent of a child or offspring while the male parent is the father. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Warrior (disambiguation). ... // Traditionally, a generation has been defined as “the average interval of time between the birth of parents and the birth of their offspring. ... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. ... Motto Dieu et mon droit(French) God and my right Territory of the Kingdom of England Capital Winchester; London from 11th century Language(s) Old English (de facto, until 1066) Anglo-Norman language (de jure, 1066 - 15th century) English (de facto, gradually replaced French from late 13th century) Government Monarchy... Linguistic division in early twelfth century Scotland. ...

His body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey. His heart was to be taken on crusade eventually to the Holy Land, but only reached Moorish Granada, where it acted as a talisman for the Scottish contingent at the Battle of Teba. Dunfermline Abbey and Church - illustration from Cassells History of England circa 1902 Dunfermline Abbey is the remains of a great Benedictine abbey founded in 1070 by Queen Margaret, wife of Malcolm Canmore and granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, King of England. ... Melrose Abbey, June 2004 Melrose Abbey, located in Melrose, Scotland, was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... For other uses, see Holy Land (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire. ... Combatants Castile Granada Commanders Alfonso XI of Castile Sir James Douglas Muhammed IV, Sultan of Granada The Battle of Teba took place on the 25th August 1330, below the Castello de la Estrella, Teba, a small settlement in Andalusia. ...

Background and Early Life

Robert was the first child of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale (d. 1304) and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick, (d. 1292) ^[2] daughter of Niall, Earl of Carrick. His mother was by all accounts a formidable woman who, legend would have it, kept Robert Bruce's father captive until he agreed to marriage. From his mother he inherited the Gaelic Earldom of Carrick, and through his father a Royal lineage that would give him a claim to the Scottish throne. Although his date of birth is definitely known^[3], his place of birth is less certain, but it was probably Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire.^[4] Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale, Earl of Carrick jure uxoris was a feudal lord in Scotland and Northern England during prelude stages of Wars of Scottish Independence. ... Marjorie of Carrick (1256-1292), was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and is most famous today as the mother of Robert the Bruce. ... Níall mac Donnchaidh of Carrick was the second man to bear the title Mormaer, or Earl, of Carrick. ... The Earldom of Carrick has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and once in the Peerage of Ireland. ... Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish, 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ...

Very little is known of his youth. He could have been sent to be fostered with a local family, as was the custom. We can presume that Bruce was raised speaking all the languages of his lineage and nation and was almost certainly fluent in Gaelic and Norman French, with Latin. Although there is no direct evidence, it is perfectly plausible that he also knew English. Robert's first appearance in history is on a witness list of a charter issued by Alasdair MacDomhnaill, Lord of Islay. His name appears in the company of the Bishop of Argyll, the vicar of Arran, a Kintyre clerk, his father and a host of Gaelic notaries from Carrick. // Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The Norman language is a Romance language, one of the Oïl languages. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Islay (pronounced ; Scottish Gaelic: , or ee-luh), a Scottish island, known as The Queen of the Hebrides, is the southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides. ... The Isle of Arran (Scots Gaelic: Eilean Arainn) is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde with an area of 430 km² (167 square miles). ... Kintyre shown within Argyll Kintyre is a peninsula in western Scotland in the south-west of Argyll. ...

He saw the outcome of the 'Great Cause' in 1292, which gave the Crown of Scotland to his distant relative, John Balliol, as unjust. As he saw it, it prevented his branch of the family from taking their rightful place on the Scottish throne. Soon afterwards, his grandfather, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale—the unsuccessful claimant—resigned his lordship to Robert de Brus, Bruce's father. Robert de Brus had already resigned the Earldom of Carrick to Robert Bruce, his son, on the day of his wife's death in 1292, thus making Robert Bruce the Earl of Carrick. Both father and son sided with Edward I against Balliol. In 1290, after the death of Margaret I of Scotland, the Crown of Scotland was without an immediate heir; however, there existed many distant heirs. ... King John, his crown and sceptre symbolically broken as depicted in the 1562 Forman Armorial, produced for Mary, Queen of Scots. ... Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert de Brus) (c 1220s - 31 March 1295), 5th Lord of Annandale, was a feudal lord in Scotland and northern England during prelude stages of Wars of Scottish Independence, a regent of Scotland in mid-13th century and finally a leading contender to be... In 1290, after the death of Margaret I of Scotland, the Crown of Scotland was without an immediate heir; however, there existed many distant heirs. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver or the English Justinian because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and tried to do the same to Scotland. ...

In April 1294, the younger Bruce had permission to visit Ireland for a year and a half, and, as a further mark of King Edward's favour, he received a respite for all the debts owed by him to the English Exchequer.

In 1295, Robert married his first wife, Isabella of Mar (d. before 1302) the daughter of Domhnall I, Earl of Mar (d. after July 1297) by his wife Helen (b. 1246 d. after Feb 1295). Isabella of Mar (circa 1277 - 1296) was the first wife of Robert Bruce. ... Domhnall I of Mar - Domhnall mac Uilleim (Donald, Williams son) - was the seventh known Mormaer of Mar, ruling from 1276 until his death somewhere between 1297 and 1302. ...

Some sources claim that Helen was the daughter of the Welsh Ruler Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn 'The Great' (1173–1240) and his spouse Joan, Lady of Wales, an illegitimate child of King John of England. However, as both Llywelyn and Joan were dead by 1246, that theory would most likely be incorrect. However, there are suggestions that Helen may have in fact been the daughter of Llywelyn's son Dafydd ap Llywelyn and his Norman wife Isabella de Braose, of the south Wales dynasty of Marcher Lords. Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ( 1173–April 11, 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd. ... This article is about the country. ... Joan, Lady of Wales, or Joan of England (died March 1236) was the wife of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd and effective ruler of most of Wales. ... This article is about the King of England. ... Dafydd ap Llywelyn (c. ... Isabella de Braose (c. ... A Marcher Lord is the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman empire) In this context the word march means a border region or frontier, and is cognate with the verb to march, both ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *mereg-, edge or boundary. ...

Beginning of the Wars of Independence

In August 1296 Bruce and his father swore fealty to Edward I of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert joined in the Scottish revolt against King Edward in the following year. Urgent letters were sent ordering Bruce to support Edward's commander, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, (to whom Bruce was related), in the summer of 1297; but instead of complying, Bruce laid waste the lands of those who adhered to Edward. On 7 July, Bruce and his friends were forced to make terms by a treaty called the Capitulation of Irvine. The Scottish Lords were not to serve beyond the sea against their will, and were pardoned for their recent violence, in return for swearing allegiance to King Edward. The Bishop of Glasgow, James the Steward, and Sir Alexander Lindsay became sureties for Bruce until he delivered his infant daughter Marjorie as a hostage. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver or the English Justinian because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and tried to do the same to Scotland. ... Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ... For other uses, see Carlisle (disambiguation). ... John de Warenne (1231? – September 27, 1304), 7th Earl of Surrey or Warenne, was prominent during the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. During his long life he fought in the Barons War and in Edward Is wars in Scotland. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Bruce defected to the Scots; Annandale was wasted and he burned the English-held castle of Ayr. Yet, when King Edward returned to England after his victory at the Battle of Falkirk, Annandale and Carrick were excepted from the Lordships and lands which he assigned to his followers; Bruce was being treated as a waverer whose allegiance might still be retained. Combatants Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders Andrew de Moray† William Wallace John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey Hugh de Cressingham† Strength 300 cavalry 10,000 infantry 1000 - 3000 cavalry 15,000 - 50,000 infantry Casualties Comparatively light 6,000 - 25,000 killed The Battle of Stirling Bridge... -1... Combatants Scotland England Commanders William Wallace Edward I of England Strength 500 cavalry, 9,500 infantry 2,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry. ... The name Annandale refers firstly to Annandale, Scotland in the valley of the River Annan. ... The ex-comital district of Carrick today forms part of South Ayrshire, Scotland. ...

Robert The Bruce at the entrance to Edinburgh Castle

After William Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland after the Battle of Falkirk, he was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint Guardians, but they could not see past their personal differences. As a nephew and supporter of John Balliol, and as someone with his own claim to the Scottish throne, Comyn was Bruce's enemy. In 1299, William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third, neutral Guardian to try and maintain order between Bruce and Comyn. The following year Bruce finally resigned as joint Guardian and was replaced by Sir Gilbert, 1st Lord de Umfraville (d. before 13 October 1307), Earl of Angus (in right of his mother, Maud, Countess of Angus). King Robert I of Scotland File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... King Robert I of Scotland File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other persons named William Wallace, see William Wallace (disambiguation). ... The Guardians of Scotland were the de facto heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1290-1292, and the Second Interregnum of 1296-1306. ... There were two Battles of Falkirk: Battle of Falkirk (1298) Battle of Falkirk (1746) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch or John the Red, also known simply as the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306), was a Scottish nobleman who was Lord of Badenoch. ... William de Lamberton, sometimes modernized as William Lamberton, was Bishop of St. ... The Bishop of St. ... Umfraville, the name of an English baronial family, derived from Amfreville in Normandy. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 18 - German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia. ...

In May 1301, de Umfraville, Comyn and Lamberton also resigned as joint Guardians and were replaced by Sir John de Soules as sole Guardian. Soules was appointed largely because he was part of neither the Bruce nor the Comyn camps and was a patriot. He was an active Guardian, and made renewed efforts to have King John returned to the Scottish throne. Sir John de Soules (or de Soulis or Soules) (d. ...

In July, King Edward I launched his sixth campaign into Scotland. Though King Edward captured Bothwell and Turnberry Castle, he did little to damage the Scots' fighting ability and, in January 1302 agreed to a nine-month truce. It was around this time that Robert the Bruce submitted to King Edward, along with other nobles, even though he had been on the side of the patriots until now. Bothwell is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, that lies on the right bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Hamilton and nine miles east-south-east of Glasgow. ... Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish, 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. ...

There were rumours that Balliol would return to regain the Scottish throne. Soules, who had probably been appointed by King John, supported his return, as did most other nobles, but the return of John as King would lead to the Bruces losing any chance of ever gaining the throne themselves.

Robert the Bruce and Isabella of Mar

However, though recently pledged to support King Edward, it is interesting to note that Robert the Bruce sent a letter to the monks at Melrose Abbey in March 1302 which effectively weakened his usefulness to the English King. Apologising for having called the monks' tenants to service in his army when there had been no national call-up, Bruce pledged that, henceforth, he would "never again" require the monks to serve unless it was to "the common army of the whole realm", for national defence. Bruce also married his second wife that year, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. 26 October 1327), the daughter of Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, (d. 1326). By Elizabeth he had four children: David II, John (died in childhood), Matilda (who married Thomas Isaac and died at Aberdeen 20 July 1353), and Margaret (who married William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland in 1345). Melrose Abbey, June 2004 Melrose Abbey, located in Melrose, Scotland, was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland. ... Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh, from the Seton Armorial. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - Edward III becomes King of England. ... Richard Og de Burgh (1259 –1326, Athassil monastary), also known as Richard de Burgh, was the 2nd Earl of Ulster, 3rd Lord of Connacht. ... David II (March 5, 1324 – February 22, 1371) king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio. ...

In 1303, Edward invaded again, reaching Edinburgh, before marching to Perth. John Comyn, who was by now Guardian, could not hope to defeat King Edward's forces. King Edward stayed in Perth till July, then proceeded via Dundee, Brechin and Montrose, to Aberdeen, where he arrived in August. From here he marched through Moray, before his progress continued to Badenoch, before re-tracing his path back south to Dunfermline. With the country now under submission, all the leading Scots, except for William Wallace, surrendered to King Edward in February 1304. Terms of submission were negotiated by John Comyn. For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ... Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ... For other uses, see Dundee (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Brechin (disambiguation). ... , Montrose is a port, tourist resort and royal burgh in Angus, on the east coast of Scotland. ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ... Moray (pronounced Murray, spelled A Moireibh in Gaelic) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Badenoch, a district of south-east Inverness-shire in Scotland, bounded on the north by the Monadhliath mountains, on the east by the Cairngorms and Braemar, on the south by Atholl and the Grampians, and on the west by Lochaber. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... For other persons named William Wallace, see William Wallace (disambiguation). ...

The laws and liberties of Scotland would be as they had been in the day of Alexander III, and any that needed alteration would be with the advice of King Edward and the advice and assent of the Scots nobles. Coronation of King Alexander on Moot Hill, Scone. ...

On 11 June 1304, with both of them having witnessed the heroic efforts of their countrymen during King Edward's siege of Stirling Castle, Bruce and William Lamberton made a pact that bound them, each to the other, in “friendship and alliance against all men.” If one should break the secret pact, he would forfeit to the other the sum of ten-thousand pounds. Though both had already surrendered to the English, the pact indicated their deep patriotism and commitment to their future perseverance for the Scots and their freedom. They now intended to bide their time until the death of the now elderly King of England. is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events 20 July - Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence. ... Stirling Castle southwest aspect from the Kings Knot Parterre below the castle crags. ...

With Scotland defenseless, King Edward set about absorbing her into England. Homage was again obtained from the nobles and the burghs, and a parliament was held to elect those who would meet later in the year with the English parliament to establish rules for the governance of Scotland. For all the apparent participation by Scots in the government, however, the English held the real power. The Earl of Richmond, King Edward's nephew, was to head up the subordinate government of Scotland. The title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England. ...

While all this took place, William Wallace was finally captured near Glasgow and executed on August 23, 1305. For other persons named William Wallace, see William Wallace (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events August 5 - English troops capture William Wallace Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Got, was elected as Pope Clement V. Philip IV of France accused the Knights Templar of heresy. ...

Coronation as King of Scots

In September 1305, Edward ordered Robert Bruce to put his castle at Kildrummy, "in the keeping of such a man as he himself will be willing to answer for," suggesting that King Edward suspected Robert was not entirely trustworthy and may have been plotting behind his back, however an identical phrase appears in an agreement between Edward and his lieutenant and life-long friend Aymer de Valence. Bruce, as Earl of Carrick and now 7th Lord of Annandale, held huge estates and property in Scotland and a Barony and some minor properties in England and had a claim to the Scottish throne. He also had a large family to protect. If he claimed the throne, he would throw the country into yet another series of wars, and if he failed, he would be sacrificing everyone and everything he knew. Kildrummy Castle is a ruined castle near Kildrummy, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1270-1324) was an English nobleman. ... The Earldom of Carrick has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland and once in the Peerage of Ireland. ... ...

Bruce, like all his family, had a complete belief in his right to the throne. However his actions of supporting alternately the English and Scottish armies had led to a great deal of distrust towards Bruce among the “Community of the Realm of Scotland”. His ambition was further thwarted by the person of John Comyn. Comyn had been much more resolute in his opposition to the English, he was the most powerful noble in Scotland and was related to many more powerful nobles both within Scotland and England. He also had a powerful claim to the Scottish throne through both his descent from the ancient Celtic monarchy and through his being the nephew of John Balliol. To neutralise this threat, Bruce invited him to a meeting under truce in Dumfries on 10 February 1306. John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch or John the Red, also known simply as the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306), was a Scottish nobleman who was Lord of Badenoch. ... John Balliol and his wife. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 25 - Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland June 19 - Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruces Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property In London, a city ordinance degrees that heating with...

Bruce attacked Comyn before the high altar of the church of the Greyfriars monastery and fled. On being told that Comyn had survived the attack and was being treated, two of Bruce's supporters, Roger de Kirkpatrick and John Lindsay, went back into the church and finished Comyn off. Bruce was excommunicated for this crime, which eventually led to the excommunication of the Barons who supported him, and then the excommunication of the entire country.^[5] Realising that the 'die had been cast' and he had no alternative except to become King or a fugitive, Bruce asserted his claim to the Scottish crown. He was crowned King of Scots as Robert I at Scone, near Perth on 25 March, by Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, (alleged by the English to be his mistress) who claimed the right of her family, the Macduff Earl of Fife, to place the Scottish King on his throne. Though now King, Bruce did not yet have a Kingdom, and his efforts to obtain it were unsuccessful until after the death of King Edward I. The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... (Taken from the Origin of the Kirkpatrick Coat of Arms) The tradition runs that Robert the Bruce of Scotland quarrelled with the Red Comyn ( John Comyn ) in a church in Dumfries over the accession to the throne of Scotland. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... Scone is a large village, a mile north of Perth, Scotland. ... Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Isabella MacDuff (Scottish Gaelic: ; d. ... The title of Earl of Fife was created several times in the Peerages of Scotland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. ...

From Scone to Bannockburn

In June 1306 he was defeated at the Battle of Methven and in August he was surprised in Strathfillan, where he had taken refuge. The ladies of his family were sent to Kildrummy in January 1307. Bruce, almost without a follower, fled to Rathlin Island off the northern coast of Ireland. Combatants Scotland England Commanders Robert I of Scotland Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Strength 4,500 soldiers 3,000 soldiers Casualties 3,500+  ? The Battle of Methven took place at Methven in Scotland in 1306, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. ... Rathlin Islands location Bird sanctuary on Rathlin Island False-colour NASA Landsat image showing Rathlin, the Antrim coast, and Kintyre Rathlin Island (Irish: Reachlainn) is an island off the coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland, and is the northernmost point of the region. ...

King Edward I marched north again in the spring. On his way he granted the Scottish estates of Bruce and his adherents to his own followers and published a bill excommunicating Bruce. Bruce's Queen, Elizabeth, his daughter Marjorie, and his sister, Mary, were captured in a sanctuary at Tain, while his brother Niall was executed. But, on 7 July, King Edward I died, leaving Bruce to now be opposed by his feeble son, Edward II, and the odds turned to Bruce's favour. Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December, 1296 - March 2, 1316) was the oldest daughter of Robert I of Scotland, by his first wife Isabella of Mar. ... Mary Bruce was a sister of King Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce). ... Tain (Ordnance Survey grid reference NH779821) is a royal burgh in the county of Ross and Cromarty, in the Highland area of Scotland. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Edward II, (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until deposed in January, 1327. ...

Bruce and his followers returned to the Scottish mainland in February in two groups. One, led by himself and his brother Edward landed at Turnberry Castle and began a guerrilla war in southwest Scotland. The other, led by his brothers Thomas and Alexander landed slightly further south in Loch Ryan; but they were soon captured and executed. In April Bruce won a small victory over the English at the Battle of Glen Trool before defeating Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke at the Battle of Loudoun Hill. Leaving his brother Edward in command in Galloway, he travelled North, capturing Inverlochy and Urquhart Castles, burning Inverness Castle and Nairn to the ground, then unsuccessfully threatening Elgin. // Edward Bruce (Edubard a Briuis as he was known in medieval Gaelic), (c. ... Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish, 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... Loch Ryan is a Scottish sea loch that furnishes a natural sheltered anchorage for ships. ... The Battle of Glen Trool was a battle in the Scottish Wars of Independence in March 1307. ... Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1270-1324) was an English nobleman. ... The Battle of Loudon Hill was fought in 1307 between the Scots and the English. ... Galloway (Scottish Gaelic, Gall-Ghàidhealaibh or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Scotland. ... The ruins of the older Inverlochy Castle, painted by Horatio McCulloch in 1857. ... Urquhart Castle, main tower Urquhart Castle ( ; Ordnance Survey grid reference NH530286) sits beside Loch Ness in Scotland along the A82 road, between Fort William and Inverness. ... Inverness Castle Inverness Castle Inverness Castle Today Inverness Castle sits on a cliff overlooking the River Ness, in Inverness, Scotland. ... For people named Nairn, see Nairn (surname). ... Elgin, Moray (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh and a former parliamentary burgh in Moray, Scotland. ...

Transferring operations to Aberdeenshire in late 1307, he threatened Banff before succumbing to a serious illness, probably owing to the hardships of the lengthy campaign. Recovering, leaving John Comyn, 3rd Earl of Buchan unsubdued at his rear, Bruce returned West to take Balvenie and Duffus Castles, then Tarradale Castle on the Black Isle. Looping back via the hinterlands of Inverness and a second failed attempt to take Elgin, Bruce finally achieved his landmark defeat of Comyn at the Battle of Inverurie in May 1308, then overran Buchan and slaughtered the English garrison at Aberdeen. The traditional county of Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain in Gaelic) borders Banffshire and Inverness-shire to the west, Perthshire, Angus and Kincardineshire to the south, and the North Sea to the north and east. ... This article is about the towns in Scotland. ... John Comyn, Earl of Buchan (died 1308) was a Scottish nobleman and an important opponent of King Robert I of Scotland in the civil war that paralleled the War of Scottish Independence. ... Balvenie Castle is a ruined castle near Dufftown in the Grampian region of Scotland. ... Duffus Castle Duffus Castle, near Elgin, Moray, Scotland, was a motte-and-bailey castle and served as a fortress-residence from c. ... The Black Isle (Scottish Gaelic: an t-Eilean Dubh) is an eastern area of Ross and Cromarty. ... John Comyn, Earl of Buchan (died 1308) was a Scottish nobleman and an important opponent of King Robert I of Scotland in the civil war that paralleled the War of Scottish Independence. ... Combatants Scottish Royal Army Scottish opponents of Bruce Commanders Robert Bruce John Comyn, 3rd Earl of Buchan Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Inverurie, also known as the Battle of Barra, was fought in May 1308 in the north-east of Scotland. ... The Harrying of Buchan (aka. ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ...

He then crossed to Argyll and defeated another body of his enemies at the Battle of Pass of Brander and took Dunstaffnage Castle, the last major stronghold of the Comyns.^[6] Argyll, archaically Argyle (Airthir-Ghaidheal in Gaelic, translated as [the] East Gael, or [the] East Irish), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a traditional county of Scotland. ... // Battle of the Pass of Brander The Battle of the Pass of Brander forms a small part of the wider struggle known as the Wars of Scottish Independence, and a large part of the civil war between the Bruce and Balliol factions, a parallel and overlaping conflict. ... Dunstaffnage Castle. ...

In March 1309, he held his first Parliament at St. Andrews, and by August he controlled all of Scotland north of the River Tay. The following year, the clergy of Scotland recognised Bruce as King at a general council. The support given to him by the church in spite of his excommunication was of great political importance. See St Andrews, New South Wales for St Andrews, Sydney, Australia. ... The River Tay looking eastwards from Perth The River Tay, in terms of flow (193 kilometres or 120 miles), is the longest river in Scotland. ...

The next three years saw the capture and reduction of one English held castle or outpost after another: Linlithgow in 1310, Dumbarton in 1311, and Perth, by Bruce himself, in January 1312. Bruce also made raids into northern England and, landing at Ramsey in the Isle of Man, then laid siege to Castle Rushen in Castletown capturing it on June 21st 1313 to deny the island's strategic importance to the English. In the spring of 1314, Edward Bruce laid siege to Stirling Castle, whose Governor, Philip de Mowbray, agreed to capitulate if not relieved before 24 June 1314. In March 1314 Sir James Douglas captured Roxburgh, and Randolph captured Edinburgh Castle. In May Bruce again raided England and subdued the Isle of Man. Linlithgow town in the background, the Loch in the mid-ground with the Palace in the foreground Linlithgow (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Iucha, Scots Lithgae) is a town and Royal Burgh in Scotland. ... Dumbarton (Dùn Breatainn in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. ... Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ... Castle Rushen seen across Castletown Harbour, the entrance to the Silverburn river Castle Rushen is a medieval castle located in Castletown in the south of the Isle of Man. ... // Edward Bruce (Edubard a Briuis as he was known in medieval Gaelic), (c. ... Stirling Castle southwest aspect from the Kings Knot Parterre below the castle crags. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events June 24 - Battle of Bannockburn. ... James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton (1658-1712), eldest son of William Douglas, Duke of Hamilton and of Duchess Anne, succeeded his mother, who resigned the dukedom to him in 1698, and at the accession of Queen Anne he was regarded as leader of the Scottish national party. ... Historically, the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh (Gaelic: Rosbrog), in the Scottish Borders, was an important trading burgh in the economy of Scotland. ... Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (d. ... The castle dominates the Edinburgh skyline as seen here from Princes Street Gardens Edinburgh Castle is an ancient fortress which, from its position atop Castle Rock, dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh, and is Scotlands second most visited tourist attraction, after the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and...

Bruce Reviewing troops before the battle of Bannockburn.

The eight years of exhausting but deliberate refusal to meet the English on even ground have caused many to consider Bruce as one of the great guerrilla leaders of any age. This represented a transformation for one raised as a feudal knight. Bruce secured Scottish independence from England militarily — if not diplomatically — at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Download high resolution version (800x616, 58 KB)Battle of Bannockburn - Bruce addresses troops Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it... Download high resolution version (800x616, 58 KB)Battle of Bannockburn - Bruce addresses troops Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it... Knights Dueling, by Eugène Delacroix For other uses, see Knight (disambiguation) or Knights (disambiguation). ... Combatants Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders Robert Bruce Edward II Strength about 6,500 20,000 Casualties unknown but light about 9,000 The Battle of Bannockburn (Blàr Allt a Bhonnaich in Gaelic) (June 24, 1314) was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. ...

Freed from English threats, Scotland's armies could now invade northern England. Bruce also drove back a subsequent English expedition north of the border, and launched raids into Yorkshire and Lancashire. Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England. ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ...

Bruce and Ireland

Buoyed by his military successes, Bruce's forces also invaded Ireland in 1315, to free the country from English rule, and to open a second front in the continuing wars with England. The Irish even crowned Edward Bruce as High King of Ireland in 1316. Robert later went there with another army to assist his brother. This does not cite its references or sources. ...

To go with the invasion, Bruce popularised an ideological vision of a "Pan-Gaelic Greater Scotia" with his lineage ruling over both Ireland and Scotland. This propaganda campaign was aided by two factors. The first was his marriage alliance from 1302 with the de Burgh family of the Earldom of Ulster in Ireland; second, Bruce himself on his mother's side of Carrick, was descended from Gaelic royalty - in Scotland. Thus, lineally and geopolitically, Bruce attempted to support his anticipated notion of a pan-Gaelic alliance between Scottish-Irish Gaelic populations, under his kingship.

This is revealed by a letter he sent to the Irish chiefs, where he calls the Scots and Irish collectively nostra nacio (our nation), stressing the common language, customs and heritage of the two peoples:

The diplomacy worked to a certain extent, at least in Ulster, where the Scots had some support. The Irish chief, Donal O'Neill, for instance, later justified his support for the Scots to Pope John XXII by saying "the Kings of Lesser Scotia all trace their blood to our Greater Scotia and retain to some degree our language and customs." ONeill (also spelled ONeil, ONeal) may refer to: In places: ONeill, Nebraska, a US city ONeil, Florida, a US town In business: ONeill (brand), a wetsuit and surf clothing manufacturer In education: ONeill Collegiate and Vocational Institute, a school in Oshawa, Ontario People... Pope John XXII, born Jacques Duèze or dEuse (1249 – December 4, 1334), was the son of a shoemaker in Cahors. ...

The Bruce campaign to Ireland was characterised by some initial military success. However, the Scots failed to win over the non-Ulster chiefs, or to make any other significant gains in the south of the island, where people couldn't see the difference between English and Scottish occupation. Eventually it was defeated when Edward Bruce was killed at the Battle of Faughart. The Irish Annals of the period described the defeat of the Bruces by the English as one of the greatest things ever done for the Irish nation due to the fact it brought an end to the famine and pillaging brought on the Irish by both the Scots and the English.^[7] The Battle of Faughart was fought in 1318 between the forces of England, and a Scots-Irish army. ...

Diplomacy

Robert Bruce's reign also witnessed some diplomatic achievements. The Declaration of Arbroath of 1320 strengthened his position, particularly vis-à-vis the Papacy. Pope John XXII eventually lifted Bruce's excommunication. In May 1328 King Edward III of England signed the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, which recognised Scotland as an independent kingdom, and Bruce as its king. The Declaration of Arbroath was a declaration of Scottish independence, and set out to confirm Scotlands status as an independent, sovereign state and its use of military action when unjustly attacked. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Pope John XXII, born Jacques Duèze or dEuse (1249 – December 4, 1334), was the son of a shoemaker in Cahors. ... This article is about the King of England. ... Prior to the Treaty of Edinbugh-Northampton, Edward II claimed he adhered to a truce, but he allowed English privateers to attack Flemish vessels trading with Scotland. ...

Death

The alleged death mask of Robert Bruce, Rosslyn Chapel (1446), Scotland

Robert the Bruce died on 7 June 1329, at the Manor of Cardross, near Dumbarton^[8] He had suffered for some years from what some contemporary accounts describe as an "unclean ailment"; the traditional view is that he died of leprosy, but this has is now disupted[3] with syphilis, psoriasis, motor neurone disease and a series of strokes all proposed as possible alternatives. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1524x1404, 2401 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Robert I of Scotland Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1524x1404, 2401 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Robert I of Scotland Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... For an episode of the television series Rome, see Death Mask (Rome). ... Rosslyn Chapel. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy. ... See also Cardross (Australia). ... Dumbarton (Dùn Breatainn in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. ... For the malady found in the Hebrew Bible, see the article Tzaraath. ... Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete. ... The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ... A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by occlusion (an ischemic stroke- approximately 90% of strokes), by hemorrhage (a hemorrhagic stroke - less than 10% of strokes) or other causes. ...

His body lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey, but according to a death bed decree Sir James Douglas removed and carried his heart 'against the enemies of the name of Christ' , in Moorish Granada, Spain. The decree overrode an earlier written request, dated 13th May 1329 Cardross, that his heart be buried in the monastery at Melrose. Douglas was killed in an ambush whilst carrying out the decree. On realising his imminent death Douglas is said to have thrown the casket containing Bruce's heart ahead of him and shouted "Onward braveheart, Douglas shall follow thee or die." According to legend (Fordun Annals), the heart was later recovered by Sir William Keith and taken back to Scotland to be buried at Melrose Abbey, in Roxburghshire, following his earlier decree. Dunfermline Abbey and Church - illustration from Cassells History of England circa 1902 Dunfermline Abbey is the remains of a great Benedictine abbey founded in 1070 by Queen Margaret, wife of Malcolm Canmore and granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, King of England. ... Arms of The Good Sir James Sir James Douglas (also known as Guid Sir James and the Black Douglas), (1286 – August 25, 1330), was a Scottish soldier and knight who fought in the Scottish Wars of Independence. ... For other uses, see moor. ... For other uses, see Granada (disambiguation). ... Melrose(Am Maol Ros in Gaelic) is a small, historic town in the Scottish Borders. ... William Keith may refer to: William H. Keith, Jr. ... Melrose(Am Maol Ros in Gaelic) is a small, historic town in the Scottish Borders. ... Roxburghshire (Siorrachd Rosbroig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ...

Family and descendants

Robert Bruce had a large family in addition to his wife Elizabeth and his children. There were his brothers, Edward, Alexander, Thomas, and Neil, his sisters Christina, Isabel (Queen of Norway), Margaret, Matilda, and Mary, and his nephews Donald II, Earl of Mar and Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. // Edward Bruce (Edubard a Briuis as he was known in medieval Gaelic), (c. ... Christina (or Christian) Bruce (c. ... Isabel Bruce (fl. ... Mary Bruce was a sister of King Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce). ... Domhnall II of Mar (c. ... Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (d. ...

In addition to his legitimate offspring, Robert Bruce had several illegitimate children by unknown mothers. His sons were Sir Robert (died 12 August 1332 at the Battle of Dupplin Moor); Walter, of Odistoun on the Clyde, who predeceased his father; and Niall, of Carrick, (died 17 October 1346 at the Battle of Neville's Cross). His daughters were Elizabeth (married Walter Oliphant of Gask); Margaret (married Robert Glen), alive as of 29 February 1364; and Christian of Carrick, who died after 1329, when she was in receipt of a pension. Robert Bruce (d. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events November 7 - Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. ... Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of the infant Bruce king and rebels supporting the Balliol claim in 1332. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events Serbian Empire was proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of the South-Eastern Europe Foundation of the University of Valladolid Foundation of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge August 26 Battle of Crecy after which Edward the Black Prince honored the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg... Combatants Scotland England Commanders David II of Scotland William Zouche, Archbishop of York Strength 12,000 3,000-3,500 Casualties 7,000 Unknown but very low The Battle of Nevilles Cross took place near Durham, England on October 17, 1346. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 - 1364 - 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 See also: 1364 state leaders Events Charles V becomes King of France. ...

Robert was succeeded by his only legitimate son, the infant David II. David II (March 5, 1324 – February 22, 1371) king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. ...

Robert's only child by his first marriage, Marjorie Bruce, married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326). She died on 2 March 1316, near Paisley, Renfrewshire, after being thrown from her horse while heavily pregnant, but the child survived. He was Robert II, who succeeded David II and founded the Stewart dynasty. Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December, 1296 - March 2, 1316) was the oldest daughter of Robert I of Scotland, by his first wife Isabella of Mar. ... Walter Stewart or Steward (1293 -1326) was the 6th High steward of Scotland. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Pope John XXII elected to the papacy. ... For other uses, see Paisley (disambiguation). ... Renfrewshire (Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary authority regions in Scotland. ... Robert the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Robert IIs Great Seal, enhanced as a 19th century steel engraving. ...

Bruce's descendants include all later Scottish monarchs (except Edward Balliol whose claim to be a Scottish monarch is debatable) and all British monarchs since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. A large number of families definitely are descended from him^[9] but there is some controversy about some claims. ^[10] Edward Balliol (c. ... The Union of the Crowns refers to the accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the thrones of England and Ireland, in March 1603. ...

Legends

According to legend, at some point while he was on the run during the winter of 1305-06, Bruce hid himself in a cave on Rathlin Island off the north coast of Ireland, where he observed a spider trying to spin a web. Each time the spider failed, it simply started all over again. Inspired by this, Bruce returned to inflict a series of defeats on the English, thus winning him more supporters and eventual victory. The story serves to explain the maxim: "if at first you don't succeed, try try again." Other versions have Bruce defeated for the seventh time by the English, then let him watch the spider spin seven webs, fail, then spin an eighth and succeed^{[citation needed]}.

But this legend appears for the first time in only a much later account, "Tales of a Grandfather" by Sir Walter Scott, and may have originally been told about his companion-in-arms Sir James Douglas (the "Black Douglas"). The entire account may in fact be a version of a literary trope used in royal biographical writing. A similar story is told, for example, in Jewish sources about King David, and in Persian folklore about the Mongolian warlord Tamerlane and an ant.^[11] For the first Premier of Saskatchewan see Thomas Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott (August 14, 1771 - September 21, 1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe. ... Arms of The Good Sir James Sir James Douglas (also known as Guid Sir James and the Black Douglas), (1286 – August 25, 1330), was a Scottish soldier and knight who fought in the Scottish Wars of Independence. ... In literature, a trope is a familiar and repeated symbol, meme, theme, motif, style, character or thing that permeates a particular type of literature. ... For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ...

Criticism

Dr. Bruce Durie, academic manager, genealogical studies at the University of Strathclyde, Said in British daily newspaper, The Guardian, Friday 21 March 2008 : "that despite his romantic reputation, Robert the Bruce was "an absolute scoundrel". Bruce Durie, BSc PhD FIBiol CBiol FLS FRSA FSAScot (born 1954) is Genealogy Coordinator at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland and a well-known author. ... The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ...

"The first thing he did after taking power was destroy Stirling castle and he was a self-serving, vainglorious opportunist who was determined to be king at any cost," Durie added. ^[12]

The Bruce in Fiction

• The revolt of Robert the Bruce is the topic of the book The King's Swift Rider, written from the view of a young Scot in the revolt.
• In the 1995 film Braveheart, Robert the Bruce is portrayed, somewhat inaccurately, by Scottish actor Angus Macfadyen. The film showed him taking the field at Falkirk as part of the English army. As is the case with many events in the movie, this is wholly unsubstantiated.
• Scottish author Nigel Tranter wrote a well-researched trilogy based on the life of Robert: Robert the Bruce: The Steps to the Empty Throne; Robert the Bruce: The Path of the Hero King; and Robert the Bruce: The Price of the King's Peace. This has also been published in one volume as The Bruce Trilogy.
• Chronicles of the reign of Robert the Bruce (or Robert de Brus) are published in a series titled Rebel King, Hammer of the Scots (2002); Rebel King, The Har'ships (2004); and Rebel King, Bannok Burn (2006). Two more volumes are planned. Historical fiction, but very close to Scottish history, this most comprehensive series on Robert's reign starts in January 1306 and will carry through Robert's death in 1329.

For the moshing term Braveheart, see Wall of death (moshing). ... Angus Macfadyen (born September 21, 1963) is a Scottish actor. ... Nigel Tranter (November 23, 1909 – January 9, 2000) was a Scottish historian and author. ... Nigel Tranter is a Scottish author who wrote many novels based on actual historical events and characters. ...

Miscellaneous

Robert The Bruce was portrayed in £1 banknote of Clydesdale Bank, one of the three Scottish banks with right to issue banknotes, from 1981 to 1989. When Clydesdale Bank discontinued £1 banknotes, Robert The Bruce's portrait was moved into the bank's £20 banknote in 1990 and it has remained there to date.

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