Robert Michels (9 January 1876, Cologne, Germany — 3 May 1936, Rome, Italy) was a German sociologist who wrote on the political behavior of intellectual elites. He is best known for his book Political Parties, which contains a description of the "iron law of oligarchy." He was a student of Max Weber and moved from the Socialist Party to become one of the Italian Fascists. Jump to: navigation, search January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The article about perfume can be found at Eau de Cologne. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Iron law of oligarchy is a political theory, first developed by the German sociologist Robert Michels, who at the time was an anarcho-syndicalist (he later became an important ideologean of Mussolinis fascist regime in Italy). ... Maximilian Weber (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern, antipositivistic study of sociology and public administration. ... Socialist Party is the name of several different political parties around the world that are explicitly called Socialist though some are Social Democratic and some are not. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

He moved to Italy where he became a revolutionary syndicalist. Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ...

Biography

Michels studied in England, in Paris (at the Sorbonne), and at universities in Munich, Leipzig (1897), Halle (1898), and Turin. He became a Socialist while teaching at the University of Marburg, and became active with the radical wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany; he left the party in 1907. At the University of Turin, he taught economics, political science, and sociology. In 1914, he became the professor of economics at the University of Basel; where he taught until 1926. His last years were spent in Italy teaching economics and the history of doctrines at the University of Perugia. Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK... Jump to: navigation, search The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The Sorbonne is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris or the University of Paris in its entirety. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the 2005 Steven Spielberg film, see Munich (film) Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich (German: München (pronounced listen) is the state capital of the German state of Bavaria. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of Germany showing Leipzig Leipzig [â–¶] [ˈlaiptsɪç] (Polish; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the federal state (Bundesland) of Saxony in Germany. ... Halle is the name of two cities in Germany, and both a municipality and a town in Belgium. ... Jump to: navigation, search Turin (Italian Torino) is a major industrial city in north-western Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... The University of Marburg, officially called Philipps-Universität Marburg after its founder, the Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse (usually called the Magnanimous), was founded in 1527 and is the worlds first and oldest Protestant university. ... Jump to: navigation, search SPD redirects here. ... The University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is the university of Turin in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy. ... U.S. Economic Calendar Economics at the Open Directory Project Economics textbooks on Wikibooks The Economists Economics A-Z Institutions and organizations Bureau of Labor Statistics - from the American Labor Department Center for Economic and Policy Research (USA) National Bureau of Economic Research (USA) - Economics material from the organization... The Politics Series Politics Politics Portal Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Ideology Democracy Democracy Representative democracy History of democracy Referenda Liberal democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Elections Elections Elections by country Elections by calendar Political parties Political party Parties by country Parties by name... Jump to: navigation, search Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The University of Basel (German: Universität Basel) is located at Basel, Switzerland. ... Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ... University of Perugia (Università degli studi di Perugia) is a public-owned university based in Perugia, Italy. ...

Writings of Michels

• Syndicalisme & socialisme ... (1908)
• Proletariato e la borghesia nel movimento socialista italiano (1908; 1975)
• Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens (1911, 1925; 1970). Translated, as Sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna : studi sulle tendenze oligarchiche degli aggregati politici, from the German original by Dr. Alfredo Polledro, revised and expanded (1912). Translated, from the Italian, by Eden and Cedar Paul as Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (Hearst's International Library Co., 1915; Free Press, 1949; Dover Publications, 1959); republished with an introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset (Crowell-Collier, 1962; Transaction Publishers, 1999, ISBN 0765804697)
• Grenzen der Geschlechtsmoral. Italian translation, Morale sessuale; versione dal tedesco del dott revised and expanded by Alfredo Polledro (Fratelli Bocca, 19-?). Translated as Sexual Ethics: A Study of Borderland Questions (Walter Scott, George Allen & Unwin, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914); republished with a new introduction by Terry R. Kandal (Transaction Publishers, 2001-2, ISBN 0765807432)
• Probleme der Sozialphilosophie (1914)
• Imperialismo italiano, studi politico-demografici (1914)
• Amour et chasteté; essais sociologiques (1914)
• Organizzazione del commercio estero (1925)
• Sozialismus und fascismus in Italien (1925)
• Storia critica del movimento socialista italiano : dagli inizi fino al 1911 (La Voce, 1926)
• Corso di sociologia politica (1927). Translated, and introduced by Alfred de Grazia, as First lectures in political sociology (University of Minnesota Press, 1949; Arno Press, 1974, ISBN 0405055153)
• Sittlichkeit in ziffern? Kritik der moralstatistik (1928)
• Patriotismus, prolegomena zu seiner soziologischen analyse (1929)
• Einfluss der faschistischen Arbeitsverfassung auf die Weltwirtschaft (1929)
• Italien von heute ; politische und wirtschaftliche Kulturgeschichte von 1860 bis 1930 (1930)
• Introduzione alla storia delle dottrine economiche e politiche (1932)
• Boicottaggio, saggio su un aspetto delle crisi (1934)
• Boycottage international (1936)
• Verelendungstheorie; Studien und Untersuchungen zur internationalen Dogmengeschichte der Volkswirtschaft, witha foreword by Heinz Maus (1970)
• Elite e/o democrazia (G. Volpe, 1972)
• Antologia di scritti sociologici; edited by Giordano Sivini (1980)
• Works on paper, 1918-1930 (Barbara Mathes Gallery, 1984)
• Critique du socialisme : contribution aux débats du début du XXè siècle; articles selected and presented by Pierre Cours-Salies and Jean-Marie Vincent (Editions Kimé, 1992, ISBN 2908212439)

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References

• "Robert Michels And the "Iron Law of Oligarchy"," chapter 12 of Revolution and Counterrevolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structures by Seymour Lipset Martin
• Entwicklung zum faschistischen Führerstaat in der politischen philosophie von Robert Michels by Frank Pfetsch (1965)
• Robert Michels; vom sozialistisch-syndikalistischen zum faschistischen Credo by Wilfried Röhrich (Duncker & Humblot, 1971, ISBN 3428026101).
• Organizzazione, partito, classe, politica e legge ferrea dell'oligarchia in Roberto Michels by Giorgio Sola (1972)
• Sociology and estrangement: three sociologists of Imperial Germany by Arthur Mitzman (Knopf, 1973, ISBN 0394446046). Republished with a new introduction by the author (Transaction Books, 1987, ISBN 0887386059).
• The anti-democratic sources of elite theory : Pareto, Mosca, Michels by Robert A. Nye (SAGE, 1977, ISBN 0803998724).
• Dilemmi della democrazia moderna : Max Weber e Robert Michels by Francesco Tuccari (Laterza, 1993, ISBN 8842042439)
• Intelectuales, masas y élites : una introducción a Mosca, Pareto y Michels by María de los Angeles Yannuzzi (UNR Editora, 1993, ISBN 9506730415).
• Robert Michels : die Herausbildung der modernen politischen Soziologie im Kontext von Herausforderung und Defizit der Arbeiterbewegung by Joachim Hetscher (1993)
• Robert Michels und das eherne Gesetz der Oligarchie by Gustav Wagner in "Wer wählt, hat seine Stimme abegeben" Graswurzel Revolution pp. 28

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ... Vilfredo Pareto (July 15, 1848 - August 19, 1923) made several important contributions to economics, sociology and moral philosophy, especially in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals choices. ... SAGE Sector Control Room. ...

External links

• Biography of Robert Michels at BookRags.com
• Robert Michels index, a site featuring a PDF of Political Parties.
• Robert Michels - Oligarchy taken from Oscar Grusky and George A. Miller, The Sociology of Organizations: Basic Studies (Free Press, 1970, pp. 25-43). Reprints from Political Parties.
• Books and Articles on: Robert Michels at Questia.