NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He is highly regarded for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and controversial philosopher. Roger Penrose is the son of scientist Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes, and the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and correspondence chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. He was born in Colchester, Essex, England. Image File history File links Penrose3. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Colchester is a town and is the main settlement of the Essex borough of Colchester in the East of England. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Mathematical physics is the scientific field in between mathematics and physics; it studies the problems inspired by physics within a mathematically rigorous framework. ... Birkbeck, University of London, sometimes referred to by its former name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a College of the University of London. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... University College London, commonly known as UCL, or simply UC is one of the colleges that makes up the University of London. ... John Arthur Todd (23 August 1908 - 22 December 1994) was a British geometer. ... Tristan Needham is the author of the highly original book Visual Complex Analysis (Oxford, 1997) in which he uses a geometric approach to develop complex analysis (which he says was inspired by Isaac Newtons original geometric approach to ordinary calculus). ... A Penrose tiling A Penrose tiling is an aperiodic tiling of the plane discovered by Roger Penrose in 1973. ... Loop quantum gravity (LQG), also known as loop gravity and quantum geometry, is a proposed quantum theory of spacetime which attempts to reconcile the seemingly incompatible theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ... In physics, spacetime is a mathematical model that combines three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time into a single construct called the space-time continuum, in which time plays the role of the 4th dimension. ... Confusingly, there are two prominent awards in the field of theoretical physics and mathematics commonly known as the Dirac Prize, awarded by different organizations. ... Jonathan Penrose (born October 7th 1933, in Colchester) is an English chess player (International Master (1961) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1983) who won the British Chess Championship ten times from 1958 to 1969. ... Oliver Penrose (born 1929) is a British mathematician. ... Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972) was a British geneticist, psychiatrist, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on inherited mental illnesses. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Mathematical physics is the scientific field in between mathematics and physics; it studies the problems inspired by physics within a mathematically rigorous framework. ... Emeritus (IPA pronunciation: or ) is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. ... The Rouse Ball Professorship of Mathematics is one of the senior chairs in Mathematics at Cambridge University, and was founded in 1927 by a bequest from the mathematician Rouse Ball. ... The Mathematical Institute is the mathematics department at the University of Oxford, England. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... Wadham College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... General relativity (GR) [also called the general theory of relativity (GTR) and general relativity theory (GRT)] is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ... Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... Recreational mathematics includes many mathematical games, and can be extended to cover such areas as logic and other puzzles of deductive reasoning. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972) was a British geneticist, psychiatrist, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on inherited mental illnesses. ... Oliver Penrose (born 1929) is a British mathematician. ... The title International Grandmaster is awarded to superb chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. It is a lifetime title, in chess literature usually abbreviated as GM or IGM (this is in contrast to WGM for Woman Grandmaster and IM for International Master). ... Jonathan Penrose (born October 7th 1933, in Colchester) is an English chess player (International Master (1961) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1983) who won the British Chess Championship ten times from 1958 to 1969. ... Colchester is a town and is the main settlement of the Essex borough of Colchester in the East of England. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ...

Career

Penrose graduated with a degree in mathematics from University College London. In 1955, while still a student, Penrose reinvented the generalized matrix inverse (also known as Moore-Penrose inverse, see Penrose, R. "A Generalized Inverse for Matrices." Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 406-413, 1955.) University College London, commonly known as UCL, or simply UC is one of the colleges that makes up the University of London. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In mathematics, and in particular linear algebra, the pseudoinverse of a matrix is a generalization of the inverse matrix [IG2003]. More precisely, this article talks about the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse which was apparently independently described by Moore [Moore1920] and Penrose [Penrose1955]. A common use of the pseudoinverse is as an...

Penrose earned his Ph.D. at Cambridge (St John's College) in 1958, writing a thesis on tensor methods in algebraic geometry under the well known algebraist and geometer John A. Todd. In 1965 at Cambridge, Penrose proved that singularities (such as black holes) could be formed from the gravitational collapse of dying immense stars. (Ferguson, 1991: 66). Shown within Cambridgeshire Geography Status: City (1951) Region: East of England Admin. ... Full name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient I Often Remember Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist, Cambridge, named after John the Evangelist Previous names Incorporates part of what was Merton Hall which no longer exists Established... John Arthur Todd (23 August 1908 - 22 December 1994) was a British geometer. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... For non-mathematical singularity theories, see singularity. ... A black hole is an object predicted by general relativity,[1] with a gravitational field so powerful that even electromagnetic radiation (such as light) cannot escape its pull. ... This article is about the astronomical object. ...

In 1967, Penrose invented the twistor theory which maps geometric objects in Minkowski space into the 4-dimensional complex space with the metric signature (2,2). In 1969 he conjectured the cosmic censorship hypothesis. This proposes (rather informally) that the universe protects us from the inherent unpredictability of singularities (such as the one in the center of a black hole) by hiding them from our view behind an event horizon. This form is now known as the weak censorship hypothesis; in 1979, Penrose formulated a stronger version called the strong censorship hypothesis. Together with the BKL conjecture and issues of nonlinear stability, settling the censorship conjectures is one of the most important outstanding problems in general relativity. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1154x835, 373 KB) Summary Oil painting of Roger Penroses 5-fold tile configuration Artist: Urs Schmid Photo by: Urs Schmid Date: drawn in 1995 Urs Schmid sent this photo to info@wikipedia. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1154x835, 373 KB) Summary Oil painting of Roger Penroses 5-fold tile configuration Artist: Urs Schmid Photo by: Urs Schmid Date: drawn in 1995 Urs Schmid sent this photo to info@wikipedia. ... A Penrose tiling A Penrose tiling is an aperiodic tiling of the plane discovered by Roger Penrose in 1973. ... For other uses of the word rhombus, see Rhombus (disambiguation) This shape is a rhombus In geometry, a rhombus (or rhomb; plural rhombi) is a quadrilateral in which all of the sides are of equal length, i. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The twistor theory, originally developed by Roger Penrose in 1967, is the mathematical theory which maps the geometric objects of the four dimensional space-time (Minkowski space) into the geometric objects in the 4-dimensional complex space with the metric signature (2,2). ... In physics and mathematics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) is the mathematical setting in which Einsteins theory of special relativity is most conveniently formulated. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For non-mathematical singularity theories, see singularity. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... General relativity (GR) [also called the general theory of relativity (GTR) and general relativity theory (GRT)] is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. ...

Roger Penrose is well-known for his 1974 discovery of Penrose tilings, which are formed from two tiles that can only tile the plane aperiodically. In 1984, similar patterns were found in the arrangement of atoms in quasicrystals, and in 2007 Penrose tilings were found to have been previously utilized by medieval Islamic artists^[1]. Another noteworthy contribution is his 1971 invention of spin networks, which later came to form the geometry of spacetime in loop quantum gravity. He was influential in popularizing what are commonly known as Penrose diagrams (causal diagrams). 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... A Penrose tiling A Penrose tiling is an aperiodic tiling of the plane discovered by Roger Penrose in 1973. ... In geometry, a tiling (also called tessellation, mosaic or dissection) of a given shape S consists of a collection of other shapes which precisely cover S. Often the shape S to be tiled is the Euclidean plane, but other shapes and three-dimensional objects are considered as well. ... An aperiodic tiling is a tiling of the plane by a set of prototiles that can only be tiled in a non-repeating (non-periodic) pattern. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Quasicrystals are aperiodic structures which produce diffraction. ... â€“ 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... A spin network is a (directed) graph whose edges are associated with irreducible representations of a compact Lie group, G and vertices are associated with intertwiners of the edge reps adjacent to it. ... In physics, spacetime is a mathematical model that combines three-dimensional space and one-dimensional time into a single construct called the space-time continuum, in which time plays the role of the 4th dimension. ... Loop quantum gravity (LQG), also known as loop gravity and quantum geometry, is a proposed quantum theory of spacetime which attempts to reconcile the seemingly incompatible theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ... In theoretical physics, a Penrose diagram (named after Roger Penrose who invented them) is usually a two-dimensional diagram that captures the causal relations between different points in spacetime. ...

In 2004 Penrose released The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, a 1,099-page book aimed at giving a comprehensive guide to the laws of physics. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Road to Reality is a book by the British mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, published in 2004. ... A physical law, scientific law, or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior. ...

In the June 2005 issue of Discover magazine, Penrose outlined his interpretation of quantum mechanics. Discover Magazine is a science magazine that publishes articles about science. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Fig. ...

Physics and consciousness

Penrose has written controversial books on the connection between fundamental physics and human consciousness. In The Emperor's New Mind (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of human consciousness. Penrose hints at the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he terms correct quantum gravity, CQG). He notes that the present computer is unable to have intelligence because it is a deterministic system that for the most part simply executes algorithms, as a billiard table where billiard balls act as message carriers and their interactions act as logical decisions. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the human mind are completely algorithmic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer -- this is in contrast to views, e.g., Biological Naturalism, that human behavior but not consciousness might be simulated. This is based on claims that human consciousness transcends formal logic systems because things such as the insolubility of the halting problem and Gödel's incompleteness theorem restrict an algorithmically based logic from traits such as mathematical insight. These claims were originally made by the philosopher John Lucas of Merton College, Oxford. This is a list of controversial non-fiction books aimed at the general reader which discuss controversial issues, or are (or were at the time of writing) controversial for other reasons. ... The Emperors New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a procedure (a finite set of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state. ... Biological Naturalism states that consciousness is a higher level function of the human brains physical capabilities. ... Logic (from ancient Greek λόγος (logos), meaning reason) is the study of arguments. ... In computability theory the halting problem is a decision problem which can be informally stated as follows: Given a description of a program and a finite input, decide whether the program finishes running or will run forever, given that input. ... In mathematical logic, GÃ¶dels incompleteness theorems are two celebrated theorems proven by Kurt GÃ¶del in 1931. ... John Randolph Lucas (born 18 June 1929) is a British philosopher. ... College name The House of Scholars of Merton Named after Walter de Merton Established 1264 Sister College Peterhouse Warden Prof. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ...

In 1994, Penrose followed up The Emperor's New Mind with Shadows of the Mind and in 1997 with The Large, the Small and the Human Mind, further updating and expanding his theories. Penrose's views on the human thought process are not widely accepted in scientific circles. According to Marvin Minsky, because people can construe false ideas to be factual, the process of thinking is not limited to formal logic. Furthermore, he says that AI programs can also conclude that false statements are true, so error is not unique to humans. 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness is a 1994 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, and serves as a followup to his 1989 book The Emperors New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Personification of thought (Greek Î•Î½Î½Î¿Î¹Î±) in Celsus Library in Ephesos, Turkey Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. ... Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927), sometimes affectionately known as Old Man Minsky, is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MITs AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. ... Hondas humanoid robot AI redirects here. ...

Penrose and Stuart Hameroff have constructed a theory in which human consciousness is the result of quantum gravity effects in microtubules, which they dubbed Orch-OR (orchestrated object reduction). But Max Tegmark, in a paper in Physical Review E, calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the decoherence time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in his support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's John Smolin, say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior', he says." The Tegmark paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose-Hameroff proposal. It has been claimed by Hameroff to be based on a number of incorrect assumptions (see linked paper below from Hameroff, Hagan and Tuszyński), but Tegmark in turn has argued that the critique is invalid (see rejoinder link below). In particular, Hameroff points out the peculiarity that Tegmark's formula for the decoherence time includes a factor of $sqrt{T}$ in the numerator, meaning that higher temperatures would lead to longer decoherence times. Tegmark's rejoinder keeps the factor of $sqrt{T}$ for the decoherence time. Stuart Hameroff, MD, is an anesthesiologist and professor at the University of Arizona known for his promotion of the scientific study of consciousness, and his speculative theories of the mechanisms of consciousness. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... Microtubules are protein structures found within cells, one of the components of the cytoskeleton. ... Orch OR (â€œOrchestrated Objective Reductionâ€) is a theory of consciousness put forth in the mid-1990s by British theoretical physicist Sir Roger Penrose and American anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff. ... Max Tegmark Max Tegmark born 1967 in Sweden to Karin Tegmark and Harold S Shapiro, is a cosmologist formerly at the University of Pennsylvania and now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an Associate Professor. ... In quantum mechanics, quantum decoherence is the mechanism by which quantum systems interact with their environments to exhibit probabilistically additive behavior - a feature of classical physics - and give the appearance of wavefunction collapse. ...

Awards

Roger Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1972. In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose were jointly awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1985, he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics in 1988. In 1989 he was awarded the Dirac Medal and Prize of the British Institute of Physics. In 1990 Roger Penrose was awarded the Albert Einstein Medal for outstanding work related to the work of Albert Einstein by the Albert Einstein Society. In 1991, he was awarded the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society. In 1994 he was knighted for services to science. In 1998, he was elected Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit. In 2004 he was awarded the De Morgan Medal for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics. To quote the citation from the London Mathematical Society: A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ... The Eddington Medal, named after Sir Arthur Eddington, is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society nominally once every two years for investigations of outstanding merit in theoretical astrophysics. ... The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research (mainly carried on at the time by gentleman astronomers rather than professionals). ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London were established by King George IV. They were further supported with certain changes to their conditions, by King William IV and Queen Victoria. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ... Past winners of the Wolf Prize in Physics: 1978 Chien-Shiung Wu 1979 George Eugene Uhlenbeck, Giuseppe Occhialini 1980 Michael E. Fisher, Leo P. Kadanoff, Kenneth G. Wilson 1981 Freeman J. Dyson, Gerard t Hooft, Victor F. Weisskopf 1982 Leon M. Lederman, Martin M. Perl 1983/4 Erwin L. Hahn... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Confusingly, there are two prominent awards in the field of theoretical physics and mathematics commonly known as the Dirac Prize, awarded by different organizations. ... The Institute of Physics (IOP) is the United Kingdoms professional body for physicists. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Albert Einstein Medal is an award presented by the Albert Einstein Society in Bern. ... (March 14, 1879 â€“ April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ... The Albert Einstein Society was founded on 28th June 1977 by Dr Max FlÃ¼ckiger. ... The London Mathematical Society (LMS) is the leading mathematical society in England. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The De Morgan Medal is a prize for outstanding contribution to mathematics, awarded by the London Mathematical Society (LMS). ...

In 2005 Sir Roger Penrose was awarded an honorary doctorate (Honoris Causa) by Warsaw University and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium), and in 2006 by the University of York. He is also a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Honoris causa (plural: Causae) is a Latin term meaning for the sake of honor, abbreviated as . ... Warsaw University (Polish: ) is one of the largest universities in Poland. ... The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven in English - also the translated name of its French-speaking sister university) or K.U. Leuven is a Flemish university, located in the town of Leuven in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking (northern) region of Belgium. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The University of York is a campus university in York, England. ... The British Humanist Association is an organisation of the United Kingdom which promotes Humanism. ...

Miscellany

The ErdÅ‘s number, honouring the late Hungarian mathematician Paul ErdÅ‘s, one of the most prolific writers of mathematical papers, is a way of describing the collaborative distance, in regard to mathematical papers, between an author and ErdÅ‘s. ... The Eddington Medal, named after Sir Arthur Eddington, is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society nominally once every two years for investigations of outstanding merit in theoretical astrophysics. ... Past winners of the Wolf Prize in Physics: 1978 Chien-Shiung Wu 1979 George Eugene Uhlenbeck, Giuseppe Occhialini 1980 Michael E. Fisher, Leo P. Kadanoff, Kenneth G. Wilson 1981 Freeman J. Dyson, Gerard t Hooft, Victor F. Weisskopf 1982 Leon M. Lederman, Martin M. Perl 1983/4 Erwin L. Hahn... Confusingly, there are two prominent awards in the field of theoretical physics and mathematics commonly known as the Dirac Prize, awarded by different organizations. ... Modern genera Aptenodytes Eudyptes Eudyptula Megadyptes Pygoscelis Spheniscus For prehistoric genera, see Systematics Some penguins are curious. ... Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972) was a British geneticist, psychiatrist, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on inherited mental illnesses. ... Maurits Cornelis Escher (June 18, 1898 â€“ March 27, 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints which feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture, and tessellations. ... Waterfall is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M.C. Escher which was first printed in October, 1961. ...

Personal life

Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972) was a British geneticist, psychiatrist, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on inherited mental illnesses. ... Oliver Penrose (born 1929) is a British mathematician. ... Jonathan Penrose (born October 7th 1933, in Colchester) is an English chess player (International Master (1961) and International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1983) who won the British Chess Championship ten times from 1958 to 1969. ...

Books

The Emperors New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose. ... The Aventis Prizes for Science Books is an annual award for the previous years best general science writing and best science writing for children, sponsored by the Aventis Foundation. ... Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness is a 1994 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, and serves as a followup to his 1989 book The Emperors New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ... The Road to Reality is a book by the British mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, published in 2004. ...

Contents

Career

Physics and consciousness

Awards

Miscellany

Personal life

Books

See also

References

External links