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România Romania Flag Coat of arms Motto:  (each main institution has its own motto) Anthem: Deşteaptă-te, române! Location of  Romania  (orange) – on the European continent  (camel & white) – in the European Union  (camel)                 [ Legend] Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Image File history File links Romania_Coat_of_Arms. ... The national flag of Romania is a vertical tricolor of blue, yellow, and red. ... Coat of Arms of Romania The Coat of Arms of Romania consists of an eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a sword in its claws. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... Romania has no official motto. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... DeÅŸteaptă-te, române (variously translated as Awaken thee, Romanian!, Awaken, Romanian!, or Wake Up, Romanian!) is Romanias national anthem. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 711 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Romania ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Capital (and largest city) Bucharest (Bucureşti) 44°25′N, 26°06′E Official languages Romanian1 Demonym Romanian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic  -  President Traian Băsescu  -  Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Independence  -  Declared 9 May 1877 (O.S.)²   -  Recognised 13 July 1878³  EU membership January 1, 2007 Area  -  Total 238,392 km² (82nd) 92,043 sq mi   -  Water (%) 3 Population  -  July 2007 estimate 22,276,056 (50th)  -  2002 census 21,680,974   -  Density 93/km² (104th) 236/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate  -  Total $256.9 billion (43rd)  -  Per capita $10,661[1] (64th) GDP (nominal) 2007 estimate  -  Total $157,6 billions (41th)  -  Per capita $7,311 (65th) Gini? (2003) 31 (medium)  HDI (2004) 0.805 (high) (60th) Currency Leu (RON) Time zone EET (UTC+2)  -  Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Internet TLD .ro .eu4 Calling code +40 1 Other languages, such as Hungarian, German, Romani, Croatian, Ukrainian and Serbian, are official at various local levels. ² Romanian War of Independence. ³ Treaty of Berlin. 4 The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Romania (Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country in Southeastern Europe. It shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea. It is located roughly in the lower basin of the Danube and almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. Not to be confused with capitol. ... About 89. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official record) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km² (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. ... Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... Călin-Constantin-Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu () (born January 14, 1952) is a Romanian politician who has been the Prime Minister of Romania since December 28, 2004. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Old Style redirects here. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Austria Poland Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech   Rep. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... The purchasing power parity (PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their purchasing power. ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... Countries by nominal GDP. Source: IMF (2005) This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... Map of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita for the year 2006. ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Developpment Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... For the Moldovan currency, see Moldovan leu. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... UTC redirects here. ... Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .ro is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Romania. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Country Code: 40 In the last years, landline usage started to drop as the mobile phones market was growing fast. ... This article is about the language spoken by Roma people. ... Serbian (; ) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ... Combatants Russian Empire Romania Ottoman Empire Commanders Carol I of Romania Nikolai Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Russia Ahmed Muhtar Pasha Casualties 10,000 The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. ... Bulgarian autonomy after the Treaty of Berlin - Lithography Nikolay Pavlovich. ... Romania may refer to: Romania (Rumania, Roumania) - the modern nation-state in southeastern Europe. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Danube River. ... Danube Delta - Landsat satellite photo (2000) The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării in Romanian), split between Tulcea County of Romania and Odessa Oblast of Ukraine, is the largest and best preserved of European deltas, with an area of 3446 km², after the Volga Delta. ...

Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. As a nation-state, the country was formed by the merging of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and it gained recognition of its independence in 1878. Later, in 1918, they were joined by Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia. At the end of World War II, parts of its territories (roughly the present day Moldova) were occupied by USSR and Romania became a member of Warsaw Pact. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Romania started a series of political and economic reforms that peaked with Romania joining the European Union. States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Bulgarian autonomy after the Treaty of Berlin - Lithography Nikolay Pavlovich. ... This article is about the region in Romania. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Not to be confused with the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Warsaw Pact countries to the east of the Iron Curtain are shaded red; NATO members to the west of it — blue. ... Combatants Securitate and other loyalist forces Anti-Ceauşescu protesters, discontented Communist party members, Romanian Army defectors Commanders Nicolae Ceauşescu† Various independent leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the...

Romania has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 2007, and has the ninth largest territory in the EU and with 22 million people ^[2] it has the 7th largest population among the EU member states. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti /bu.kuˈreʃtʲ/ (help· info)), the sixth largest city in the EU with almost 2 million people. In 2007, Sibiu, a large city in Transylvania, was chosen as European Capital of Culture.^[3] Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and is also a member of the Latin Union, of the Francophonie and of OSCE. is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This is a list of European Union member states by area (area inside the Union only). ... This is a list of European Union member states by population. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official record) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km² (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... Image File history File links Ro-BucureÅŸti. ... This list includes the most up-to-date official census figures or census estimates with regards to the population of the largest cities in the European Union. ... County Status County capital Mayor Klaus Johannis, from the Democratic Forum of Germans of Romania, since 2000 Area 121. ... The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Headquarters Paris, France Official languages Catalan, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian Membership 37 (plus 3 observers) Leaders  -  General Secretariat Bernardino Osio Establishment 15 May 1954 Website http://www. ... Motto Égalité, Complémentarité, Solidarité Members and participants of La Francophonie. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ...

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Romania

The name of Romania (România) comes from Român (Romanian) which is a derivative of the word Romanus ("Roman") from Latin. The fact that Romanians call themselves a derivative of Romanus (Romanian: Român/Rumân) is mentioned as early as the 16th century by many authors among whom were Italian Humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia.^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} The oldest surviving document written in the Romanian language is a 1521 letter (known as "Neacşu's Letter ^[8] from Câmpulung") which notifies the mayor of Braşov about the imminent attack of the Ottoman Turks. This document is also notable for having the first occurrence of "Rumanian" in a Romanian written text, Wallachia being here named The Rumanian Land - Ţeara Rumânească (Ţeara (Latin Terra = land). In the following centuries, Romanian documents use interchangeably two spelling forms: Român and Rumân.^[9] Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 17th century lead to a process of semantic differentiation: the form "rumân", presumably usual among lower classes, got the meaning of "bondsman", while the form "român" kept an ethno-linguistic meaning.^[10] After the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the form "rumân" gradually disappears and the spelling definitively stabilises to the form "român", "românesc".^[11] The name "România" as common homeland of all Romanians is documented in the early 19th century.^[12] Romanians are a people living in Central and South-Eastern Europe speaking a Romance language. ... Motto: (none) Motto of the Kingdom (1866-1947): Nihil Sine Deo Anthem: DeÅŸteaptă-te, române! Capital {{{capital}}} Largest city Bucharest Official language(s) Romanian Government President Prime Minister republic Traian Băsescu Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Independence - Declared - Recognised Romanian War of Independence 10 May 1877 13... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the region in Romania. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Romanian (limba română, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ... NeacÅŸus letter is the oldest surviving document written in Romanian NeacÅŸu was a 16th century Wallachian trader. ... Câmpulung (Câmpulung Muscel) is a city in the Arges county, Romania. ... Location of BraÅŸov Coordinates: , Country County Status County capital Government  - Mayor George Scripcaru (Democratic Party) Area  - County capital 267. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Romanian is: Of or pertaining to Romania The Romanian people The Romanian language Romanian can also refer to The Romanian Orthodox Church This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Motto: (none) Motto of the Kingdom (1866-1947): Nihil Sine Deo Anthem: DeÅŸteaptă-te, române! Capital {{{capital}}} Largest city Bucharest Official language(s) Romanian Government President Prime Minister republic Traian Băsescu Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Independence - Declared - Recognised Romanian War of Independence 10 May 1877 13...

History

Main article: History of Romania

Outline of the Dacian Kingdom at its greatest extent

This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ... Dacian Kingdom, under the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Made with Xara X - ask User:Bogdangiusca for vectorial Xara-X sources, if you need them. ... Dacian Kingdom, under the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Made with Xara X - ask User:Bogdangiusca for vectorial Xara-X sources, if you need them. ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ...

Prehistory and Antiquity

Main articles: Prehistoric Romania and Dacia, and Roman Dacia

In 2002, the oldest modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens) remains in Europe were discovered in the "Cave With Bones" (Peştera cu Oase) near Anina in present day Romania.^[13] The remains (the lower jaw) are approximately 42,000 years old and have been nicknamed "John of Anina" (Ion din Anina). As Europe’s oldest remains of Homo sapiens, they may represent the first such people to have entered the continent.^[14] The remains are especially interesting because they present a mixture of archaic, early modern human and Neanderthal morphological features.^{[15] [16] [17] [18]} Prehistoric Romania is the period in the human occupation (including early hominins) of the geographical area encompassing present-day Romania, which extended through prehistory, and ended when the first written records appeared. ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ... The provinces of the Roman Empire in 120, with Dacia highlighted. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... PeÅŸtera cu Oase (The Cave with Bones) is a system of 12 karstic galleries and chambers located N. 45° 01’; E. 21° 50’ in south-western Romania, where the oldest modern human remains in Europe have been discovered. ... Anina is a town in southwestern Romania (Caras-Severin county); Population: 10,886 (2000). ... In 2002, the oldest modern human remains in Europe were discovered in a cave near Anina, Romania. ... Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ...

Dacian wars depicted on Trajan's column

The earliest written evidence of people living in the territory of the present-day Romania comes from Herodotus in 513 BC.^[19] In one of his books, he writes that the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great during his campaign against the Scythians.^[20] Image File history File links RomansoldiersvsDacianwarriors. ... Image File history File links RomansoldiersvsDacianwarriors. ... Combatants Dacians Roman Empire Commanders Decebal Trajan Strength around 100,000 (based on population estimate) 70,000-80,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Dacian Wars (101-102, 105-106) were two short wars between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajans rule. ... Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Senate. ... Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Hērodotos Halikarnāsseus) was a Greek historian from Ionia who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ... The Getae (Γέται, singular Γέτης; Getae) was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria, and north of the Lower Danube, in the Muntenian plain (todays southern Romania), and especially near modern Dobruja. ... Persia redirects here. ... Darius the Great (c. ... The Scythians (, also ) or Scyths ([1]; from Greek ), a nation of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who spoke an Iranian language[2], dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. ...

Dacians (Lat. Daci, Gr. Dákai) are a branch of Thracians that inhabitanted Dacia (corresponding to modern Romania and Moldova) and parts of Moesia (mostly in northern Bulgaria) in southeastern Europe). The Dacian kingdom reached its maximum expansion during King Burebista. The region came under the scrutiny of Rome when the Roman province, bordering along the Danube, Moesia, was attacked by the Dacians in 87 AD during Emperor Domitian's reign. The Dacians were eventually defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 AD to 106 AD,^[21] and the core of their kingdom was turned into the Roman province of Dacia. Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC The Dacians (Lat. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική) is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. ... Thracian peltast, fifth to fourth century BC. Thracian Roman era heros (Sabazius) stele. ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: Мизия, Miziya; Serbian: Мезија, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Burebista,[1] the greatest king of Dacia, ruled between 70 BC and 44 BC. He unified the Thracian population from Hercynia (todays Moravia) in the west, to the Bug River in the east, and from the northern Carpathians to Dionysopolis... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: Мизия, Miziya; Serbian: Мезија, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Combatants Dacians Roman Empire Commanders Decebal Trajan Strength around 100,000 (based on population estimate) 70,000-80,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Dacian Wars (101-102, 105-106) were two short wars between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajans rule. ... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ...

Roman Dacia

Because the province was rich in ores, and especially silver and gold ,^[22] the Romans heavily colonized the province,^[23] brought with them Vulgar Latin and started a period of intense romanization (giving birth to proto-Romanian).^{[24] [25]} But in the 3rd century AD, with the invasions of migratory populations such as Goths, the Roman Empire was forced to pull out of Dacia in 270 AD, thus making it the first province to be abandoned. ^{[26] [27]} Image File history File links Roman_Dacia. ... Image File history File links Roman_Dacia. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire — different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Languages can be romanized in a variety of ways, as shown here with Mandarin Chinese In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dacia (disambiguation). ...

Middle Ages

Main articles: Romania in the Early Middle Ages and Romania in the Middle Ages

In either 271 or 275 the Roman army and administration left Dacia, which was invaded by the Goths^[28]. The Goths lived with the local people until the 4th century, when another nomadic people, the Huns, arrived. ^[29] The Gepids ^{[30] [31]} and the Avars and their Slavic subjects ^[32] ruled Transylvania until the 8th century. It was then invaded by Bulgarians ^[33], thereafter being incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire (marking the end of Romania's dark age) where it remained a part until the 11th century. The Pechenegs,^[34] the Cumans ^[35] and Uzes were also mentioned by historic chronicles on the territory of Romania, until the founding of the Romanian principalities of Wallachia by Basarab I around 1310 in the High Middle Ages,^[36] and Moldavia by Dragoş around 1352. ^[37] This article (also known as Romania in the Dark Ages) treats the history of Romania and of the Romanian people, and refers to the time period roughly from the 5th century to the 10th century, that is between the Hunnic invasion, to the last phase of the Age of Migrations. ... // Main article: Romania in the Dark Ages The Dark Ages in what is now Romania ended around the 11th century, following the period in which the Romanian lands had been part of the First Bulgarian Empire (802-1018). ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... This article is about the region in Romania. ... Imperial Emblem Bulgarian Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Armenian: Badzinag, Bulgarian/Russian: Pechenegi (Печенеги), Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi (Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι) or less commonly Πατζινακίται, Hungarian: BesenyÅ‘, Latin: Расinасае, Old Turkish (assumed): *Beçenek, Turkish: Peçenekler) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. ... Cuman, also called Polovtsy, Polovtsian, or the Anglicized Polovzian (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Turkish: , Bulgarian: , Romanian: , Hungarian: ), is a Western European exonym for the western Kipchaks. ... Uzès is a picturesque town and commune in the Gard département, Languedoc, about 15 miles north-northeast of Nîmes. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Posada Battle Basarab I was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia, known as ÃŽntemeietorul (The Founder) (c. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ...

The city of Sighisoara first attested in the 12th century, is nowadays famous for its Medieval Festival

Several competing theories have been generated to explain the origin of modern Romanians. Linguistic and geo-historical analyses tend to indicate that Romanians have coallesced as a major ethnic group both South and North of the Danube. ^[38] For further discussion, see Origin of Romanians. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Sighişoara (Hungarian: Segesvár, German: Schäßburg) is a town in Mureş, Transylvania, Romania. ... The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ... This article is about the Danube River. ... The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ...

In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three distinct principalities: Wallachia (Romanian: Ţara Românească - "Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) and Transylvania. Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10-11th century until the 16th century, ^[39] when it became the independent. Principality of Transylvania ^[40] until 1711.^[41] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... This article is about the region in Romania. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ердељ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ...

Bran Castle built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique architecture, the castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of Vlad III Dracula.

Independent Wallachia has been on the border of the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century and slowly fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during 15th. One famous ruler in this period was Vlad III the Impaler (also known as Vlad Dracula or Vlad Ţepeş, IPA: ['tsepeʃ]), Prince of Wallachia in 1448, 1456–62, and 1476.^{[42] [43]} In the English-speaking world, Vlad is best known for the legends of the exceedingly cruel punishments he imposed during his reign and for serving as the primary inspiration for the vampire main character in Bram Stoker's popular Dracula (1897) novel. As king, he maintained an independent policy in relation to the Ottoman Empire, and in Romania he is viewed by many as a prince with a deep sense of justice ^[44] and a defender of both Wallachia and European Christianity against Ottoman expansionism. Image File history File links Bran_Castle. ... Image File history File links Bran_Castle. ... This article is about Bran Castle, known commonly as Draculas Castle. For the stage show, see Castle Dracula. ... This article is about building architecture. ... For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Vlad III in the Innsbruck Ambras Castle Vlad III Basarab (other names: Vlad Å¢epeÅŸ IPA: in Romanian, meaning Vlad the Impaler; Vlad Draculea in Romanian, transliterated as Vlad Dracula in some documents; Kazıklı Bey in Turkish, meaning Impaler Prince), (November or December, 1431 – December 1476). ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... Suzerainty (pronounced or ) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... Vlad Tepes redirects here. ... Portrait of Vlad III Vlad III Dracula (Also known as Vlad Ţepeş /tsepesh/ in Romanian or Vlad the Impaler) born November/December, 1431 - died December 1476, and reigned as Prince of Wallachia 1448, 1456-1462 and 1476. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Philip Burne-Jones, The Vampire, 1897 Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings that subsist on human and/or animal lifeforce. ... Count Dracula is a fictional character, the titular antagonist of Bram Stokers 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula. ... Abraham Bram Stoker (November 8, 1847 – April 20, 1912) was an Irish writer, best remembered as the author of the influential horror novel Dracula. ... Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Look up Ottoman, ottoman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Voroneţ Monastery built in 1488 by Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great) after his victory at the Battle of Vaslui.

The principality of Moldavia reached its most glorious period under the rule of Stephen the Great between 1457 and 1504. ^[45] His rule of 47 years was unusually long, especially at that time - only 13 rulers were recorded to have ruled for at least 50 years until the end of 15th century. He was a very successful military leader (winning 47 battles and losing only 2 ^[46]), and after each victory, he raised a church, managing to build 48 churches or monasteries, ^[47] some of them with unique and very interesting painting styles. For more information see Painted churches of northern Moldavia listed in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites. Stephen's most prestigious victory was over the Ottoman Empire in 1475 at the Battle of Vaslui for which he raised the Voroneţ Monastery. For this victory, Pope Sixtus IV deemed him verus christianae fidei athleta (true Champion of Christian Faith). However, after his death, Moldavia would also come under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... VoroneÅ£ is a monastery in Romania, found near the town of Gura Humorului. ... Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul ÃŽnalt) (January 10, 1475) was fought between the Moldavian (Romanian) Prince, Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) and the Ottoman General Suleiman Pasha. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c. ... The list of longest reigning Monarchs of all time details monarchs and lifelong leaders who reigned for more than 50 years, sorted by length of service: Note (1): Pepi II Neferkares length of reign is questionable; some Egyptologists favour a shorter reign length of 64 years given the absence... The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately between 1487 and 1532. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul ÃŽnalt) (January 10, 1475) was fought between the Moldavian (Romanian) Prince, Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) and the Ottoman General Suleiman Pasha. ... VoroneÅ£ is a monastery in Romania, found near the town of Gura Humorului. ... For other uses, see Pope (disambiguation). ... Sixtus IV, born Francesco della Rovere (July 21, 1414 - August 12, 1484) was Pope from 1471 to 1484, essentially a Renaissance prince, the Sixtus of the Sistine Chapel where the team of artists he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance to Rome with a masterpiece. ... For other uses of Moldavia or Moldova, see Moldova (disambiguation). ... Suzerainty (pronounced or ) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. ... Ottoman redirects here. ...

Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600). Briefly, during his reign the three principalities largely inhabited by Romanians were for the first time united under a single rule.^[48] After his death, as vassal tributary states, Moldova and Wallachia had complete internal autonomy and an external independence, which was finally lost in the 18th century. Engraving of Michael the Brave Mihai Viteazu redirects here. ... List of rulers of Wallachia, since the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube, until the creation of Romania (in 1866, after the union with Moldavia of 1859). ... List of rulers of Transylvania, from the first mention of a ruler in the tenth century, until 1867. ... This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...

Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania at the end of the XVIth century

Image File history File links Mihai_1600. ... Image File history File links Mihai_1600. ...

Independence and Kingdom

Main articles: Early Modern Romania, National awakening of Romania, Romanian War of Independence, and Kingdom of Romania

During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania, and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were in the situation of being second-class citizens (or even non-citizens)^[49] in a territory where they were forming the majority of the population. ^{[50] [51]} In some Transylvanian cities, such as Braşov (at that time the Transylvanian Saxon citadel of Kronstadt), Romanians were not even allowed to reside within the city walls.^[52]