Romany (or Romani) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as "Gypsies". The Indo-Aryan Romany language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia. ... The Indo-Iranian languages are the language links between India and Iran. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code Twenty-two of the languages have two three-letter codes: a code for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B) a code for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... The Carpathian Romany language is an Indo-European language, spoken in the Czech Republic (220 000 speakers), Hungary (3 000), Poland, Romania, Slovakia (220 000) and Ukraine. ... Vlax Romany is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in Southeastern Europe by Roma people. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone = sound/voice) is the study of sounds (voice). ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Roma people (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom), often referred to as Gypsies, are an ethnic group who live primarily in Europe. ... Sinti is the name nomadic people of north-western Europe prefer to call themselves by, who were referred to by the local population as Zigeuner in German, Gypsies in English or Zingari in Italian. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. ... Romance languages in the World Blue-French; Green-Spanish; Orange-Portuguese; Yellow-Italian; Red-Romanian The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...

Classification and status

Analysis of the Romany language has shown that it is closely related to those spoken in northern India, Punjabi in particular. This linguistic relationship is believed to indicate the Roma's and Sinti's geographical origin. Loanwords in Romany make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration west. They came originally from the Indian Subcontinent or what is now northern India and parts of Pakistan. The Romany language is usually included in the Central Zone languages (together with Western Hindi, Bhili, Gujarati, Khandeshi, Rajasthani etc.). Current conjecture is that the origin of the name Sinti is the same as that of the toponym for the Sindh region of southeastern Pakistan and far western India (Rajasthan and Gujarat), around the lower Indus River. It was primarily through comparative linguistic studies of the Romany language with various north Indian dialects and languages that the origins of the Roma people were traced back to India. Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjābÄ« in ShāhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjabi people of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Composite satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia. ... Hindi (हिन्दी hind), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in North, Central, and Western India, is one of the national languages of India. ... Bhili is a Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the region east of Ahmadabad. ... Gujarati (ગુજરાતી GujarātÄ«; also sometimes Gujrati) is one of the 22 official language and 14 regional languages spoken in India. ... The Rajasthani languages are a group of related languages spoken in India and Pakistan . ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: سنڌ ;Urdu: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, Muhajirs and various other groups. ... Rajasthan (राजस्थान) is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... Gujarat (Gujarati: , Hindi: ; , IPA ; also spelled Gujrat and sometimes Gujarath) contained many of the former Princely states of India, and is the second-most industrialized state in the Republic of India after Maharashtra. ... The Indus River in northern Pakistan, near the rock Aornus. ... Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. ...

Romany, Punjabi, and Pothohari share some identical words and similar grammatical systems. One recent theory reported in Nature, however, suggests that Romany is most closely related to Sinhala. Pothohari can mean either an inhabitant of Pothohar, an area in the north of now Pakistani Punjab province, or the language spoken in the region. ... Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... a resource to look at current viewpoints Categories: Indo-Aryan languages | Languages of Sri Lanka | Wikipedia cleanup | Language stubs ...

The Romany language is considered alternatively a group of dialects or a collection of related languages that comprise all the members of a single genetic subgroup.

While the language is nowhere official, there are attempts currently aimed at the creation of a standard language out of all variants (such as those from Romania, the USA, Sweden). Also, different variants of the language are now in the process of being codified in those countries with high Roma populations (for example, Slovakia).

History

There are no sure historical documents about the early phases of the Romany language. It was cited in the epic Shah Name by the 11th century Persian poet Firdausi. He wrote about the 10,000 or 12,000 Desi musicians who were given in the 5th century AD by King Shankal of Kanauj (in Sindh) to Bahram Gur the King of Persia and it was pointed out that they should be the ancestors of the Roma. The Persians of Iran are an Iranian people who speak the Persian language and share a common culture and history. ... فردوسی Ferdowsi Ferdowsi Ferdowsi Tousi (فردوسی طوسی in Persian) (more commonly transliterated Firdausi) (935–1020) is considered to be one of the greatest Persian poets to have ever lived. ... Desi (pronounced , , or , and alternatively spelled Deshi), is a term used by South Asians to refer to themselves (in a manner that avoids any allusion to the specific state of origin and pointing to a common broader identity). ... Kanauj, or Kannauj, is an ancient city of Uttar Pradesh state of India (1991 pop. ... Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: سنڌ ;Urdu: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, Muhajirs and various other groups. ... One of the worlds longest-lasting monarchies, the Iranian monarchy went through many transformations over the centuries, from the days of Persia to the creation of what is now modern day Iran. ...

However, new research (Masica, 1991:221) shows this to be unlikely. The Romany language proves to be a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), as it would have to be to fit Firdausi's scheme. It has only two genders (masculine and feminine). Until around the year 1000, the Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) had three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter). By the turn of the 2nd millennium they changed into the NIA phase, losing the neuter gender. Most of the neuter nouns became masculine while a few feminine, like the neuter अग्नि (agni) in the Prakrit became the feminine आग (āg) in Hindi and याग (yag) in Romany. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romany and other NIA languages is proposed to prove that the change occurred in the Subcontinent. It is therefore believed that it was not possible that the Romas' ancestors left there prior to 1000. In linguistics, noun classes, also called grammatical gender is a type of inflection. ...

It is known that the period of time around 1000 AD was one of great turmoil in the northern part of the Indian Subcontinent. The Muslim invasions wrought havoc and led to massive population movements. The scholar Ian Hancock and also W.R. Rishi wrote that the Roma ancestors left the Subcontinent as a result of these circumstances. Between the years 1001 and 1026, the Muslim Afghans and Turks known as Ghaznavids made seventeen invasions in the Punjab and Sindh areas, fighting against the local Hindus. The Rajputs played a major role in the resistance. They were a mixture of different jāti (castes) brought together by a common desire to repel the foreign invaders. There are accounts that many of them were captured and sent to Central Asia to be used as conscripts in further fighting, and that others left the war zone, heading west. During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in India. ... Ian Hancock is a renowned Romani scholar. ... The Ghaznavid Empire was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 963 to 1187. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Jatis (the word literally means births) comprise the subcastes found within the four major castes, or varnas, of the Indian caste system. ...

These movements of population involved many categories, because the Rajputs would go to war with their families and their associates frequently. The Romany language sustains the claimed Rajputic ancestry: most of the words related to war are of Indo-Aryan ancestry like bust (spear), patava (gaiters), xanrro (sword), tover (axe)[1]. The name for those who are not Roma, gaje derives from Prakritic gajja (civilian, domestic, non-military). There is an 80% match of Romany words of Persian origin with the Persian words in Urdu. The latter is the Indo-Aryan language (with many Persian and Arabic loans) that evolved in the new society of Desi converts to Islam or those captured by the Muslims (Urdu means army). Also there are cultural similarities between Roma and Rajputs and DNA research demonstrates genetic proximity. Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति), original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Persian (known variously as: فارسی Fârsi, local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, پارسی Pârsi, older, local name still used by some speakers, Tajik, a Central Asian dialect, or Dari, another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan) is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia... The phrase Zaban Urdu Mualla written in Urdu Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Turkish, and Arabic influence in Indian subcontinent during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... Desi (pronounced , , or , and alternatively spelled Deshi), is a term used by South Asians to refer to themselves (in a manner that avoids any allusion to the specific state of origin and pointing to a common broader identity). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For other uses, see DNA (disambiguation). ...

The short-lived Ghaznavid Empire was polyglot, but Persian was official. This could explain the share of Persian loanwords in Romany, loans from no earlier than 10th century Persian. However, the greatest changes to the Romany language occurred much further West. The Seljuks (who defeated the Ghaznavids in 1038), also defeated Armenia in 1071 and conquered eastern Anatolia. The Ghaznavid Empire was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 963 to 1187. ... Polyglot has several meanings: Look up Polyglot on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The property of speaking multiple languages A polyglot is a person that can speak many languages A polyglot is a book that contains the same text in more than one language, usually a bible such as the first... A loanword is a word directly taken into by one language from another with little or no translation. ... The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq;in Turkish Selçuklu, in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān ; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa;) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turkics and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ...

Historical documents relate the subsequent movement of populations from Central Asia to eastern Anatolia. It seems that it was here that, according to Ian Hancock's thesis, the Romany language evolved as a koine from the many Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the ancestors of the Roma. The original status of Romany as a lingua franca is supported by the vocabulary of Indo-Aryan origin. It cannot be linked to a certain area, but it includes words from all across the northern Subcontinent. During its development, it underwent a certain degree of influence from the local Greek. This influence is secondary in weight after the Indo-Aryan ancestry of the language, both in vocabulary and in grammar (there are some suffixes of Greek origin). Other Anatolian languages contributed to the creation of Romany as well (most notably Armenian). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The literal meaning of the Greek word koine (κοινή) is common. It is used in several senses: Koiné Greek (Κοινή Ἑλληνική), a Greek dialect that developed from the Attic dialect (of Athens) and became the spoken language of Greece at the time of the Empire of Alexander the Great. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...

This is also when it seems that the Roma developed their identity as a distinct people, abandoning the jātī differences. Moreover, they had to adapt to the life of the foreign lands and find economic niches for survival. Analysis of Romany vocabulary indicates that the Romas' ancestors were not originally nomadic. Indo-Aryan words like kher (house), udar (door), gav (village), thagar (king), balo (pig), khaini (chicken) seem to indicate a settled society instead. Words related to nomadism come from Anatolia, where this lifestyle first became a common for the Roma. For example, grast (horse) and char (grass) are from Armenian, vurdon (waggon, cart) is from Kurdish, drom (road) and petalo (horseshoe) are from Greek. Also the skills of metalworking were acquired here: the words for metals (except for those for gold, silver and iron, which are Indo-Aryan) are from Greek and Armenian, as well as for the tools used in this field. The Kurdish language (Kurdî in Kurdish) is spoken in the region loosely called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey [1]. Kurdish is an official language in Iraq while it is banned in Syria. ... Turned chess pieces Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith Look up Metal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) surrounded by a sea of delocolised... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

The Mongol invasion of Europe beginning in the first half of the 13th Century triggered another westward migration. The Roma arrived in Europe and afterwards spread to the other continents. The great distances between the scattered Romany groups led to the development of local community distinctions. The differing local influences have greatly affected the modern language, splitting it into a number of different (originally exclusively regional) dialects. The Mongol invasions of Europe were centered in their destruction of the Rus states, especially Kiev. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ...

Today Romany is spoken by small groups in 42 European countries [2]. A project at Manchester University in England is transcribing Romany dialects, many of which are on the brink of extinction, for the first time. [3] University of Manchester Motto: Cognitio Sapientia Hvmanitas Knowledge, wisdom, humanity. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st...

Modern language

Today's dialects of Romany are differentiated by the vocabulary accumulated since their departure from Anatolia, as well as through divergent phonemic evolutions and grammatical features. Many Roma no longer speak the language or speak various new contact languages from the local language with the addition of Romany vocabulary. Sound shift can refer to: Chain shift Vowel shift This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ...

A long-standing common categorisation was a division between the Vlax (from Vlach) from non-Vlax dialects. Vlax are those Roma who lived many centuries in the territory of Romania. The main distinction between the two groups is the degree to which their vocabulary is borrowed from Romanian. Vlax-speaking groups include the great number of speakers (between half and two-thirds of all Romany speakers). Bernard Gillad Smith made first this distinction and coined the term Vlax in 1915 in the book The Report on the Gypsy tribes of North East Bulgaria. Subsequently, other groups of dialects were recognized, primarily based on geographical and vocabulary criteria, including: Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ...

• Balkan Romany: in Turkey, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine
• Romany of Wales
• Romany of Finland
• Sinte: in Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, and Switzerland
• Carpathian Romany: in the Czech Republic, Poland (particularly in the south), Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine
• Baltic Romany: in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (particularly in the north), Belarus, Ukraine and Russia
• Turkish dialects:
  • Rumely (Thrace) dialect (Thrace, Uskudar, a district on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus): most loanwords are from Greek
  • Anatolian dialect. Most loanwords are from Turkish, Kurdish and Persian
  • Posha dialect, Armenian Gypsies from eastern Anatolia mostly nomads although some have settled in the region of Van, Turkey. The Kurds call them Mytryp (settled ones).

In the past several decades, some scholars have worked out a categorisation of Romany dialects from a linguistic point of view on the basis of historical evolution and isoglosses. In a series of articles (beginning from 1982), Marcel Courthiade proposed a new classification. He concentrates on the dialectal diversity of Romany in three successive strata of expansion, using the criteria of phonological and grammatical changes. Finding the common linguistic features of the dialects, he presents the historical evolution from the first stratum (the dialects closest to the Anatolian Romany of the 13th century) to the second and third strata. He also names as "pogadialects" (after the Pogadi dialect from Great Britain) those which have only a Romany vocabulay grafted into a non-Romany language. The Carpathian Romany language is an Indo-European language, spoken in the Czech Republic (220 000 speakers), Hungary (3 000), Poland, Romania, Slovakia (220 000) and Ukraine. ... Thrace (Greek Θρᾴκη, ThrákÄ“, Bulgarian Тракия, Trakija, Turkish Trakya; Latin: Thracia or Threcia) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe spread over southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece (Western Thrace), and European Turkey. ... Üsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ... Fatih Sultan Mehmed Bridge over the Bosporus seen from over Rumelihisarı This article is about the strait; Bosphorus is also a Turkish Boğaziçi or İstanbul Boğazı) is a strait that separates the European part (Rumeli) of Turkey from its Asian part (Anadolu), connecting the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi) with... The Kurdish language (Kurdî in Kurdish) is spoken in the region loosely called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey [1]. Kurdish is an official language in Iraq while it is banned in Syria. ... Persian (known variously as: فارسی Fârsi, local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, پارسی Pârsi, older, local name still used by some speakers, Tajik, a Central Asian dialect, or Dari, another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan) is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ... Isoglosses on the Faroe Islands An isogloss is the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic feature, e. ...

A table of some dialectal diferencies:

The first stratum includes the oldest dialects: Mechkari, Kabuji, Xanduri, Drindari, Erli, Arli, Bugurji, Mahajeri, Ursari (Rićhinari), Spoitori (Xoraxane), Karpatichi, Polska Roma, Kaale (from Finland), Sinto-manush, and the so-called Baltic dialects. The Baltic Sea The terms Baltic countries, Baltic Sea countries, Baltic states, and Balticum refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. ...

In the second there are Chergari, Gurbeti, Jambashi, Fichiri, Filipiji and a subgroup of the Vlax dialects of Romania and Bulgaria.

The third comprises the rest of the so-called Vlax dialects, including Kalderash, Lovari, Machvano.

Standardization

There are independent groups currently working toward standardizing the language, including groups in Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, the USA, Sweden, etc. A standardized form of Romany is used in Serbia, and in Serbia's autonomous province of Vojvodina Romany is one of the officially recognized languages of minorities having its own radio stations and news broadcasts. In Romania, the country with the largest identifiable Roma population, there is a unified teaching system of the Romany language for all dialects spoken in the country. This is primarily a result of the work of Gheorghe Sarău, who made Romany textbooks for teaching Roma children in the Romany language. He teaches a purified, mildly prescriptive language, choosing the original Indo-Aryan words and grammatical elements from various dialects. The pronunciation is mostly like that of the dialects from the first stratum. When there are more variants in the dialects, the variant that most closely resembles the oldest forms is chosen, like byav instead of abyav, abyau, akana instead of akanak, shunav instead of ashunav or ashunau, etc. In linguistics, prescription is the laying down or prescribing of normative rules of the language. ...

An effort is also made to derive new words from the vocabulary already in use, i.e., xuryavno (airplane), vortorin (slide rule), palpaledikhipnasko (retrospectively), pashnavni (adjective). There is an ever-changing set of borrowings from Romanian as well, including such terms as vremea (weather, time), primariya (town hall), frishka (cream), sfïnto (saint, holy). Neologisms taken from Hindi include bijli (bulb, electricity), misal (example), chitro (drawing, design), lekhipen (writing) and from English (printisarel, prezidento). A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) —often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Language standardization is presently also being employed in the revival of the Romany language among various groups (in Spain, Great Britain and elsewhere), which have ceased to speak the language. In these cases, a specific dialect is not revived, but rather a standardized form derived from many dialects is learned.

Romany loanwords in English

Romany has lent many words to English, including posh, pal, and lollipop. These mostly turn up in slang—such as gadgie (man), shiv or chiv (knife), or cooshtie (good) — and in regional dialects, such as radge (adj bad or angry, noun a state of irritation) and jougal (dog) in south east Scotland and parni (water) and bewer (woman) in West Yorkshire in England, also seen as beor in Corkonian slang within Hiberno-English. Urban British slang shows an increasing level of Romany influence, with some words becoming accepted into the lexicon of standard English (for example, chav from an assumed Anglo-Romany word, possibly charvy meaning either "baby" or "mate" depending on context, chavi meaning male child or charver meaning prostitute). The White Yorkshire rose. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st... Cork (Corcaigh in Irish) is the second city of the Republic of Ireland. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Look up chav and charva in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Distribution

• Romania - 273,500 (1.2%)
• Slovakia - 253,943 (4.8%)
• Czech Republic - 200,000 (1.7%)
• Bulgaria - 187,900 (2.48%)
• Hungary - 150,000 (1.5%)
• Albania - 60,000 (1.67%)
• Greece - 40,000 (0.36%)
• Sweden - 20,000 (0.22%)
• Turkey - 10,633-1960 census

See also

• Romany alphabet
• Caló, or Ibero-Romani.
• Boyash
• Romano-Serbian language
• Posha (Armenian speaking Gypsies from Anatolia)

The Romany alphabet (Romani šib) is the official standard alphabet for writing the Romany language, in all of its many dialects. ... Caló (originally zincaló) or Spanish Romani is a jargon spoken by the Gitanos or Zincarli originating from Spain: Caló blends native Romany vocabulary with Spanish grammar (1), as Spanish Gypsies lost the full use of their ancestral language. ... Boyash (also known as Bayash; Hungarian: Beás) are a Roma (Gypsy) ethnic group living mainly in Hungary. ... The Romano-Serbian language is a language in the Western group of South Slavic languages. ... Armenian speaking gypsies who live in Eastern Anatolia. ...

External links

Romany language edition of Wikipedia

• Romani language tree
• A part of the works of Ian Hancock
• Detailed discussion of the language
• Romany - English Dictionary
• Partial Romany/English Dictionary : Compiled by Angela Ba'Tal Libal and Will Strain
• Romani project @ Karl-Franzens-University in Graz
• Romani project @ Manchester University

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: [] or []), The Free Encyclopedia, is a website that hosts a multilingual free-content knowledge database that is editable by anyone. ...

References

• Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin." Nature. 426, 435-439.
• Hancock, Ian - Ame sam e rromane džene / We are the Romani People, The Open Society Institute, New York, 2001
• Masica, Colin, - The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: The University Press, 1991
• Sarău, Gheorghe - Rromii, India şi limba rromani, Bucuresti, 1997
• Sarău, Gheorghe - Dicţionar rrom-român / Dikcionaro rromano-rumunikano, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2000 ISBN 973-35-0987-6
• http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/psych/research/Evolution/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf