NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Romulus Augustus

Flavius Romulus Augustus (c. 463 – after 476), often called Romulus Augustulus ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor who reigned from 31 October 475 to 4 September 476. Historically, his reign has been used to mark the end of the Roman Empire in the west. He is called the last De Facto Roman Emperor. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Image File history File links RomulusAugustus. ... Tremissis was a currency of the Late Ancient Rome, equal to one-third of solidus. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... See also 475 (number) Events Orestes forces western Roman emperor Julius Nepos to flee and declares his son Romulus Augustus to be emperor. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... The Castellum Lucullanum on an island off the promontory (Monte Echia) that creates two small bays within the Bay of Naples, the modern Castel dellOvo, had a history of occupation that epitomizes social developments of the Roman Empire: pleasure villa, fortified stronghold, Imperial retreat, monastery. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... Flavius Orestes (d. ... Tyrannus (real name Romulus Augustus) is an immortal supervillain in the Marvel Universe. ... Events Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidus against the Visigoths. ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... See also 475 (number) Events Orestes forces western Roman emperor Julius Nepos to flee and declares his son Romulus Augustus to be emperor. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... Romulus Augustus was deposed as Western Roman Emperor in 476 while still young. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Details on Romulus' life are sketchy. His father Orestes, the commanding general of the Roman army, installed Romulus on the throne after deposing the emperor Julius Nepos. Romulus, who may have been little more than a child, acted as a figurehead for his father's rule. Reigning for only ten months, Romulus Augustus was deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and sent to live in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania; he disappears from the historical record afterward. Flavius Orestes (d. ... Magister militum (Latin for Master of the Soldiers) was a top-level command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... In politics, a figurehead, by metaphor with the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship, is a person who holds an important title or office yet executes little actual power. ... In heathen times chieftains were both political and religious leaders, tasked to use their luck to secure the people fred (translated good times - nowadays actually the word for peace). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Castellum Lucullanum on an island off the promontory (Monte Echia) that creates two small bays within the Bay of Naples, the modern Castel dellOvo, had a history of occupation that epitomizes social developments of the Roman Empire: pleasure villa, fortified stronghold, Imperial retreat, monastery. ... For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation). ...

Romulus Augustus' deposition is often given as the official end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages, although the Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453 and Roman authority in Italy and Gaul had all but collapsed by the time of Romulus' reign. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

Image File history File links 628px-Western_and_Eastern_Roman_Empires_476AD(3). ... Image File history File links 628px-Western_and_Eastern_Roman_Empires_476AD(3). ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ...

Life

Romulus' father Orestes was a Roman citizen, originally from Pannonia, who had served as a chief-of-staff to Attila the Hun and later rose through the ranks of the Roman army.^[1] The future emperor was named Romulus after his maternal grandfather, a nobleman in Noricum. Augustus was a common cognomen at the time. Many historians have noted that the last western emperor bore the names of the founder of Rome and its first emperor, but this appears to be coincidental.^[2] Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... Attila (AD 406 - 453), also known as Attila the Hun was Khan of the Hun people from 434 until his death and leader of the Hunnic Empire. ... Noricum in ancient geography was a celtic kingdom in Austria and later a province of the Roman Empire. ... The cognomen (name known by in English) was originally the third name of a Roman in the Roman naming convention. ... {{Infobox_Monarch | name =Romulus | title =King of Rome | image = | reign =April 23, 753 BC - 717 BC | coronation = | predecessor =None | successor =Numa Pompilius | suc-type = | heir = | consort = | issue = | royal house = | royal anthem = | father =Mars | mother =Rhea Silvia | date of birth =771 BC | place of birth =Alba Longa | date of death =717 BC... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... For other uses, see Augustus (disambiguation). ...

He is widely known by the disparaging nickname "Romulus Augustulus", though he ruled officially as Romulus Augustus. The Latin suffix -ulus is a diminutive; hence, Augustulus effectively means "Little Augustus", though "little" in the sense of insignificant or unimportant. Some Greek writers even went so far as to corrupt his name sarcastically into "Momylos", or "little disgrace".^[3] Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. ...

Orestes was appointed master of soldiers by Julius Nepos in 475. Shortly after his appointment, Orestes launched a rebellion and captured Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire since 402, on August 28, 475. Nepos fled to Dalmatia, where his uncle had ruled a semi-autonomous state in the 460s.^[4] Orestes, "from some secret motive,"^[5] refused to become emperor, and installed his son on the throne on October 31, 475. Magister militum (Latin for Master of the Soldiers) was a top-level command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine. ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 61 days remaining. ...

The empire they ruled was a shadow of its former self. Imperial authority had retreated to the Italian borders and parts of southern Gaul,^[6] and the Eastern Empire treated its western counterpart as a client state: the Eastern Emperor Leo, who died in 474, had appointed the western emperors Anthemius and Julius Nepos. As a result, Constantinople viewed Orestes' coup d'etat coolly, and neither Zeno nor Basiliscus, the two generals fighting for the Eastern throne at the time of Romulus' accession, accepted him as ruler.^[3] The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... According to the notion of client states, just as a client of a corporation remains dependent on the corporation for a continued supply of products, and just as it is in the companys interest to make expendable products which need to be replaced regularly, client states of the two... Leo I coin. ... Procopius Anthemius (c. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... Map of Constantinople. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Flavius Zeno (c. ... For the genus of lizards, see Basiliscus (genus). ...

As a proxy for his father, Romulus made no decisions and left no monuments, though coins bearing his name were minted in Rome, Milan, Ravenna, and Gaul.^[3] Several months after Orestes took power, a coalition of Heruli, Scirian and Turcilingi mercenaries demanded that he give them a third of the land in Italy.^[5] When Orestes refused, the tribes revolted under the leadership of the Scirian chieftain Odoacer. Orestes was captured near Piacenza on August 28, 476 and swiftly executed. This article is about the city in Italy. ... Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths, Huns, and Byzantines in the 3rd to 5th centuries. ... Scirians (cf. ... A mercenary, is a person who takes part in an armed conflict and is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, PiasÃ«insa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Odoacer advanced to Ravenna, capturing the city and the youthful Emperor. Romulus was compelled to abdicate the throne on September 4, 476. This act is considered the end of the Western Roman Empire, but Romulus' deposition did not cause any significant disruption at the time. Rome had already lost its hegemony over the provinces, Germans dominated the "Roman" armies and Germanic generals like Odoacer had long been the real powers behind the throne.^[7] Italy would be far more devastated in the next century when Emperor Justinian I re-conquered it. September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Hegemony (pronounced or ) (Greek: ) is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... The phrase power behind the throne refers to a person or group that informally exercises the real power of an office. ... Justinian depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale. ...

After Romulus Augustus's abdication, the Roman Senate, Odoacer, and Julius Nepos sent representatives to the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno. Odoacer petitioned for the position of viceroy in Italy.^[7]^[8] Julius Nepos requested the restoration of his throne. Odoacer's solicitation was accepted under the condition that he become Italy's viceroy for the legitimate Western Emperor Julius Nepos.^[3] Coins bearing Nepos' name were struck in Italy and in the domains in Gaul under the control of Roman general Syagrius until Nepos' death in 480.^[9] The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... The captured Syagrius is brought before Alaric II who orders him sent to Clovis I Afranius Syagrius (born 430, died 486 or 487) was the son of Aegidius, the last Roman magister militum per Gallias, who had preserved a rump state around Soissons after the collapse of central rule in...

After the abdication

Romulus' ultimate fate is unknown. The Anonymous Valesianus wrote that Odoacer, "taking pity on his youth", spared Romulus' life and granted him an annual pension of six thousand solidi before sending him to live with relatives in Campania.^[3]^[10] Jordanes and Count Marcellinus, however, say Odoacer exiled Romulus to Campania, and do not mention any reward from the German king.^[3]^[10] Image File history File links Ostrogothic_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Ostrogothic_Kingdom. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... Julian solidus, ca. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation). ...

The sources do agree that Romulus took up residence in the Lucullan Villa, an ancient castle originally built by the Scipio family in Campania.^[10] From here, contemporary histories fall silent. In the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon notes that the disciples of Saint Severinus of Noricum were invited by a "Neapolitan lady" to bring his body to the villa in 488, "in the place of Augustulus, who was probably no more."^[11] The villa was converted into a monastery before 500 to hold the saint's remains.^[10] Castel dellOvo. ... Scipio (plural, Scipiones) is a Roman cognomen used by a branch of the Cornelii family. ... The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a major literary achievement of the Eighteenth Century, was written by the English historian, Edward Gibbon. ... Edward Gibbon (1737â€“1794). ... Saint Severinus is known as the apostle to Noricum, (died 482), though it was later claimed that he had been born either in Southern Italy or in the Roman province of Africa, after the death of Attila in 453. ...

Cassiodorus, then a secretary to Theodoric the Great, wrote a letter to a "Romulus" in 507 confirming a pension.^[3] Thomas Hodgkin, a translator of Cassiodorus' works, wrote in 1886 that it was "surely possible" that the Romulus in the letter was the same person as the last western emperor. The letter would match the description of Odoacer's coup in the Anonymous Valesianus, and Romulus could have been alive in the early sixth century. In Early Medieval Europe, author Roger Collins suggests that Romulus likely lived on in quiet retirement until 510 or so. But Cassiodorus does not supply any details about his correspondent or the size and nature of his pension, and Jordanes, whose history of the period abridges an earlier work by Cassiodorus, makes no mention of a pension. The connection between the last western emperor and the "Romulus" in this letter is, at best, uncertain.^[12] Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (ca 484/490 - ca585), commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and great writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ... Thomas Hodgkin (July 29, 1831 - 1913), British historian, son of John Hodgkin (1800-1875), barrister and Quaker minister, and Elizabeth Howard (daughter of Luke Howard). ...

The last emperor: Romulus Augustus or Julius Nepos?

Because Augustus was a usurper, Julius Nepos legally held the title of emperor when Odoacer took power. Some have argued that Nepos, who ruled in Dalmatia until his murder in 480, should be recognized as the last Western Roman Emperor, noting that Odoacer struck coins in Nepos' name and did not take the imperial title for himself. But few of Nepos' contemporaries in Italy (Dalmatia and Gaul has been always loyal to Nepos) were willing to support his cause after he fled this province. Following Odoacer's coup, the Roman Senate sent a letter to Zeno, saying that "the majesty of a sole monarch is sufficient to pervade and protect, at the same time, both the East and the West."^[8] While Zeno told the Senate that Nepos was their lawful sovereign, he did not press the point. The Eastern Emperor acknowledged Odoacer as the Patrician of Italy, and when the latter sent the Imperial ensigns to Constantinople, Zeno accepted them gratefully.^[2] Julius Nepos. ... Julius Nepos. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... Tremissis was a currency of the Late Ancient Rome, equal to one-third of solidus. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. ...

Romulus Augustus in fiction

Romulus Augustulus is the main character of Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play Romulus der Große ("Romulus the Great"), which revolves around the last days of Romulus' emperorship. Friedrich DÃ¼rrenmatt (January 5, 1921 â€“ December 14, 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist. ... Friedrich DÃ¼rrenmatts play Romulus der GroÃŸe (Romulus the Great) shows the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century - which is happily expected by the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustulus. ...

Romulus is also one of the characters in Valerio Massimo Manfredi's book, The Last Legion. In this work of fiction, Romulus survives his fall from power and finds a strange new destiny in Britain. The novel links Romulus to the legends of King Arthur and Merlin. Valerio Massimo Manfredi (born 1943) is an Italian scholar of archaeology, journalist, TV host, mainly famous as historical novelist. ... The Last Legion is a novel by Valerio Massimo Manfredi, published in 2002. ... A bronze Arthur in plate armour with visor raised and with jousting shield wearing Kastenbrust armour (early 15th century) by Peter Vischer, typical of later anachronistic depictions of Arthur. ... Merlin dictating his poems, as illustrated in a French book from the 13th century. ...

The life of Romulus Augustus is the subject of the BBC radio play Caesar: An Empire Without End by Mike Walker. The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion. ... Mike Walker is the name of several people: Mike Walker (radio dramatist) is a dramatist for BBC radio Mike Walker (columnist) is a gossip columnist for the National Enquirer. ...

In Marvel Comics, Romulus Augustus has become the immortal supervillain Tyrannus, an occasional foe of the Incredible Hulk. Marvel Comics is an American comic book line published by Marvel Publishing, Inc. ... This article is about living for infinite period of time. ... Doctor Doom, one of the most archetypal supervillains and his arch-enemies The Fantastic Four (in background). ... Tyrannus (real name Romulus Augustus) is an immortal supervillain in the Marvel Universe. ... The Hulk (Dr. Robert Bruce Banner), sometimes referred to as The Incredible Hulk, is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in the Marvel Comics Universe. ...

Notes

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sources

External links

Categories: Roman emperors | 463 births | Year of death unknown Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free images, sound and other multimedia files. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... Events January 18 - Leo II briefly becomes Byzantine emperor. ... See also 475 (number) Events Orestes forces western Roman emperor Julius Nepos to flee and declares his son Romulus Augustus to be emperor. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a political leader, whether or not he is formally head of state and/or head of government. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22... Events Maximinus Thrax becomes Roman Emperor. ... For other uses, see Augustus (disambiguation). ... Tiberius Caesar Augustus, born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16, 42 BC â€“ March 16 AD 37), was the second Roman Emperor, from the death of Augustus in AD 14 until his own death in 37. ... Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 â€“ January 24, 41), more commonly known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. ... For other persons named Claudius, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... Servius Sulpicius Galba (December 24, 3 BC â€“ January 15, 69) was Roman Emperor from June 8, 68 until his death. ... Emperor Otho. ... Vitellius, Museo Nazionale della CiviltÃ Romana, Rome Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24, 15â€“December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... For other uses, see Titus (disambiguation). ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 â€“ 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... For other uses, see Nerva (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 â€“ July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English was Roman emperor from 117 â€“ 138, as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. ... Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86â€“March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121[1] â€“ March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death. ... Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus Armeniacus (December 15, 130 â€“ 168), known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius (161â€“180), from 161 until his death. ... Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 â€“ December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192. ... Publius Helvius Pertinax (August 1, 126 - March 28, 193) was Roman emperor for a short period in 193. ... Didius Julianus Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133â€“193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 1 June 193. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (b. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 â€“ April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 â€“ 217. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Emperor Maximinus Thrax, ruled 235-238, was the first of the emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Events Maximinus Thrax becomes Roman Emperor. ... For other uses, see number 284. ... Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (c. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus ( 159 â€“ April 12, 238), known in English as Gordian I, was Roman Emperor during the year 238. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (around 192 - April 12, 238), known in English as Gordian II, was Roman emperor during the year of 238. ... Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus, born about 178, was an example of ascension in the Roman hierarchical system due to military success. ... Pupienus Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus and Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus (both died on July 29, 238) were elected co_emperors by the Roman senate on April 22, 238 after the failure of Gordian I and Gordian II to defeat the usurper Maximinus Thrax. ... Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (January 20, 225 - February 11, 244), known in English as Gordian III, was Roman Emperor from 238 to 244. ... Marcus Julius Philippus (c. ... Bust of Traianus Decius. ... Trebonianus Gallus on a coin celebrating Aeternitas. ... Aemilianus celebrating peace-maker Mars god of war. ... Valerian on a coin celebrating goddess Fortuna, associated with health and wealth. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... Quintillus picture on a coin. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus[1] (September 9, 214â€“September 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270â€“275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Emperor Tacitus on a coin. ... Hercules crowning Florianus. ... This antoninianus minted under Probus (c. ... Carus on a posthumous coin. ... Numerian, on a coin as caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus (d. ... Marcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman emperor, 283 - July, 285, was the elder son of the emperor Carus, on whose accession he was appointed governor of the western portion of the empire. ... The Dominate was the despotic last of the two phases of government in the ancient Roman Empire between its establishment in 27 BC and the formal date of the collapse of the Western Empire in AD 476. ... For other uses, see number 284. ... Events After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is divided in an eastern and a western half. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Galerius Maximianus ( 250â€“5 May 311), formally Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311. ... Flavius Valerius Severus as caesar. ... Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius ( 278-28 October 312) was Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 312. ... This article deals with 4th century Roman Emperor. ... As of Licinius Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the obverse). ... Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[2] (27 February ca. ... Constantine II as caesar. ... Flavius Julius Constans (320 - 350), was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331â€“June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361â€“363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... This siliqua of Jovian, ca 363, celebrates his fifth year of reign, as a good omen. ... Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364-375). ... Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ... A coin of Gratian. ... A marble statue of Emperor Valentinian II, Aphrodisias Geyre (Aydin, Anatolia), 387â€“390. ... Eugenius wearing imperial insigna, on a coin celebrateing the VIRTVS ROMANORVM, the (military) value of the Romans. Flavius Eugenius (d. ... An engraving depicting what Theodosius may have looked like, ca. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... Events Gao Zu succeeds Tai Zu as Emperor of the Later Qin Empire in China. ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... Flavius Honorius (September 9, 384â€“August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395) and then Western Roman Emperor from 395 until his death. ... Costantius on a solidus. ... Joannes, Roman Emperor (423 - 425) On the death of the Emperor Honorius (August 27, 423), Theodosius II, the remaining ruler of the House of Theodosius hesitated for some time in announcing his uncles death and in the interregum Honorius patrician at the time of his death, Castinus, elevated Joannes... Solidus minted in Thessalonica to celebrate the marriage of Valentinian III to Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. On the reverse, the three of them in wedding dresses. ... Petronius Maximus on a coin. ... Avitus on a tremissis. ... Majorian on an bronze coin. ... Libius Severus was a Western Roman Emperor. ... Procopius Anthemius (c. ... Anicius Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor (July 11 - October 23, 472), was a member of a noble family and a native of Rome. ... Glycerius (c. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... This is a list of the Roman Emperors with the dates they ruled the Roman Empire. ... Events By Place Roman Empire January 19 - Arcadius is elevated to Emperor. ... April 2 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (Ä°stanbul). ... Idealising bust of Arcadius in the Theodosian style combines elements of classicism with the new hieratic style (Istanbul Archaeology Museum) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arcadius For the Greek grammarian, see Arcadius of Antioch. ... Theodosius II Flavius Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450 ). The eldest son of Eudoxia and Arcadius who at the age of 7 became the Roman Emperor of the East. ... Pulcheria (January 19, 399 â€“ 453) was the daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Aelia Eudoxia. ... Another but lesser Marcian was a son-in-law of Byzantine Emperor Leo I and his queen Verina. ... Leo I coin. ... Imperator Caesar Flavius Leo Augustus or Leo II (467- November 17, 474) served as Eastern Roman Emperor from January 18 to November 17, 474. ... Flavius Zeno (c. ... For the genus of lizards, see Basiliscus (genus). ... Flavius Anastasius. ... Flavius Iustinus Augustus. ... Justinian depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale. ... Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus or Justin The Divine (c. ... Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus or Tiberius II Constantine (c. ... A solidus of Maurikios reign. ... Phocas on a contemporary coin Flavius Phocas Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor (reigned 602â€“610), is perhaps one of the most maligned figures to have held the Imperial title in the long history of Rome and Byzantium. ... Heraclius and his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas. ... Roman coin depicting, on its face, Heraclius and his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas Heraclius Constantine or Constantine III (May 3, 612 - April 20/24 or May 26, 641) was the eldest son of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudocia, and ruled as Emperor for four months... Herakleios with his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas. ... Constans and his son Constantine. ... Mezezius also known as Mecetius, Bizantine usurper in Sicily from 668 to 669. ... Constantine IV on a contemporary coin Constantine IV (649-685); sometimes incorrectly called Pogonatus, meaning the Bearded, like his father; was Byzantine emperor from 668-685. ... Justinian II, known as Rhinotmetus (the Split-nosed) (669-711) was a Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty, reigned from 685 to 695 and again from 704 to 711. ... Leontios, showing the symbols of power: the crown, the globus cruciger, and the akakia. ... Tiberius III, the German commander Apsimar. ... Philippikos (FILIPICUS) coin, celebrating the victories of the emperor (VICTORIA AVGU). ... Anastasios II kept his name, Artemios, also on his coinage; this solidus bears the legend APTEMIUS ANASTASIUS. Anastasios II or Anastasius II (Greek: Î‘Î½Î±ÏƒÏ„Î¬ÏƒÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î’Î„), (died 718), Byzantine emperor, from 713 to 715. ... Theodosios III or Theodosius III (Greek: Î˜ÎµÎ¿Î´ÏŒÏƒÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î“Î„), was Byzantine Emperor from 715 to March 25, 717. ... Leo the Isaurian and his son Constantine V. Leo III the Isaurian or the Syrian (Greek: Î›ÎÏ‰Î½ Î“Î„, LeÅn III ), (c. ... Constantine V Copronymus (The Dung-named) was Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775. ... Artavasdos (erroneously Artabasdos or Artabasdus), (Greek: Î‘ÏÏ„Î±ÏÎ±ÏƒÎ´Î¿Ï‚, Artauasdos, from Armenian: Ô±Ö€Õ¿Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Õ¦Õ¤, Artavazd ), was Byzantine Emperor from June 741 or 742 until November 743. ... Leo IV the Khazar (Greek: Î›ÎÏ‰Î½ Î”Î„, LeÅn IV ), (January 25, 750 â€“ September 8, 780), Byzantine Emperor from 775 to 780. ... Constantine VI (Greek: ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î£Î¤Î„, KÅnstantinos VI; 771â€“797 or 805) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. ... This solidus struck under Irene reports the legend bASILISSH, Basilissa. ... Nikephoros I and his son and successor, Stauracius. ... Staurakios on a coin issued by his father Nikephoros I. Staurakios or Stauracius (Greek: Î£Ï„Î±Ï…ÏÎ¬ÎºÎ¹Î¿Ï‚), (d. ... Michael I on a contemporary coin Michael I Rangabe (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î‘Î„ Î¡Î±Î³Î³Î±Î²Î, MikhaÄ“l I Rangabe), (died January 11, 844) was Byzantine Emperor (811 - 813). ... Contemporary coin of Leo V. Leo V, surnamed The Armenian (775 â€“ December 24, 820), was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 813 to 820, after first distinguishing himself as a general in the reigns of Nicephorus I and Michael I Rhangabes. ... Michael II, called Psellus, the stammerer, or the Amorian (770-829) reigned as Byzantine emperor 820 - 829. ... Theophilus, in the Chronicle of John Skylitzes Theophilos or Theophilus (Greek: Î˜ÎµÏŒÏ†Î¹Î»Î¿Ï‚), (813 â€“ 20 January 842) was Byzantine emperor from 829 to 842. ... Theodora depicted as ruler on this coin, with her son Michael, nominally emperor, and her daughter Thecla on the reverse. ... This coin struck during the regency of Theodora shows how Michael was less prominent than his mother, who is represented as ruler alone on the obverse, and even than his sister Thecla, who is depicted together with the young Michael on the reverse of this coin. ... Basil, his son Constantine, and his second wife, emperess Eudoxia Ingerina. ... This follis by Leo VI bears the Byzantine Emperors official title, BASILEOS ROMAION, Emperor of the Romans. ... A Byzantine Mosaic portrait of Emperor Alexander (870 - 913) which was completed in the Emperors short reign. ... Constantine and his mother ZoÃ«. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, the Purple-born (Greek: ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î–Î„ Î Î¿ÏÏ†Ï…ÏÎ¿Î³ÎÎ½Î½Î·Ï„Î¿Ï‚, KÅnstantinos VII PorphyrogennÄ“tos), (Constantinople, September 905 â€“ November 9, 959 in Constantinople) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. ... Contemporary coin of Romanus I. Romanos I Lekapenos or Romanus I Lecapenus (Greek: Î¡Ï‰Î¼Î±Î½ÏŒÏ‚ Î‘Î„ Î›Î±ÎºÎ±Ï€Î®Î½Î¿Ï‚, RÅmanos I LakapÄ“nos) (c. ... Romanus II (939 - 963) succeeded his father Constantine VII as Byzantine emperor in 959 at the age of twenty-one, and died, poisoned, it was believed, by his wife, Theophanu in 963. ... Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas Nikephoros II Phokas or Nicephorus II Phocas (Greek: ÎÎ¹ÎºÎ·Ï†ÏŒÏÎ¿Ï‚ Î’Î„ Î¦Ï‰ÎºÎ¬Ï‚, NikÄ“phoros II PhÅkas), (c. ... Ioannes, protected by God and the Virgin Mary. ... Painting of Basil II, from an 11th century manuscript. ... Constantine VIII (in Greek Konstantinos VIII, written Κωνσταντίνος Η) (960 – November 15, 1028), Byzantine emperor (December 15, 1025 – November 15, 1028) was the son of the Emperor Romanus II and the younger brother of the eminent Basil... Empress Zoe as depicted in a mosaic from the Hagia Sophia Zoe (in Greek Î–Ï‰Î®, meaning life), (c. ... Romanus III. Romanos III Argyros or Romanus III Argyrus (Greek: Î¡Ï‰Î¼Î±Î½ÏŒÏ‚ Î“Î„ Î‘ÏÎ³Ï…ÏÏŒÏ‚, RÅmanos III Argyros), (968 â€“ April 11, 1034) was Byzantine emperor (November 15, 1028 - April 11, 1034). ... Michael IV (1010 â€“ December 10, 1041), called the Paphlagonian (in Greek, ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î Î±Ï†Î»Î±Î³ÏŽÎ½, meaning from the province of Paphlagonia), was Byzantine emperor from April 11, 1034 to December 10, 1041. ... Michael V Calaphates (1015 - August 24, 1042) (in Greek Μιχαήλ Καλαφάτης, meaning the caulker), was the nephew and successor as Byzantine emperor of Michael IV and adoptive son of his wife Zoë. His surname reflected the early... Mosaic of Constantine IX and Empress Zoe Constantine IX Monomachus (c. ... Theodora (in Greek Θεοδώρα, literally meaning Gift of God, lived 981 - August 31, 1056) ruled as Byzantine Empress from January 11, 1055 to August 31, 1056. ... Michael VI Stratioticus, the warlike, was Byzantine emperor (1056 - 1057). ... Isaac coin. ... Constantine X Ducas (1006 - May, 1067) was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire (1059 - 1067). ... Michael VII Ducas or Parapinakes, was the eldest son of Constantine X Ducas and Eudocia Macrembolitissa. ... Diptych of Romanus and Eudocia Macrembolitissa. ... Nicephorus Botaniates. ... Emperor Alexios I Komnenos Emperor Alexios I Komnenos depicted in a mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Alexios I Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (Greek: ; Latin: ) (1048 â€“ August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081â€“1118), was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassena and the nephew of Isaac I... John II Komnenos or Comnenus (Greek: Î™Ï‰Î¬Î½Î½Î·Ï‚ Î’Î„ ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, IÅannÄ“s II KomnÄ“nos) (September 13, 1087 â€“ April 8, 1143) was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. ... Manuel I Komnenos, or Comnenus, (Greek: ÎœÎ±Î½Î¿Ï…Î®Î» Î‘ ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, ManouÄ“l I KomnÄ“nos), November 28, 1118 â€“ September 24, 1180), was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean. ... Alexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus (Greek: Î‘Î»ÎÏ‡Î¹Î¿Ï‚ Î’â€™ ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, Alexios II KomnÄ“nos) (September 10, 1169 â€“ October 1183), Byzantine emperor (1180-1183), was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch. ... Billon trachy (a cup-shaped coin) of Andronikos I Komnenos (1183-1185) Andronikos I Komnenos or Andronicus I Comnenus (Greek: Î‘Î½Î´ÏÏŒÎ½Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï‚ Î‘â€™ ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, Andronikos I KomnÄ“nos) (c. ... Isaac II Angelos or Angelus (Greek: Î™ÏƒÎ±Î¬ÎºÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î’â€™ Î†Î³Î³ÎµÎ»Î¿Ï‚, Isaakios II Angelos) (September 1156 - January, 1204) was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204. ... Alexios III Angelos or Alexius III Angelus (Greek: Î‘Î»ÎÎ¾Î¹Î¿Ï‚ Î“ Î†Î³Î³ÎµÎ»Î¿Ï‚) (c. ... Emperor Alexios IV Alexios IV Angelos or Alexius IV Angelus (Greek: Î‘Î»ÎÎ¾Î¹Î¿Ï‚ Î” Î†Î³Î³ÎµÎ»Î¿Ï‚) (c. ... Nikolaos Kanabos was elected Emperor of Byzantium on the 25. ... Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos or Alexius V Ducas Murtzuphlus (Greek: Î‘Î»ÎÎ¾Î¹Î¿Ï‚ Î•Î„ Î”Î¿ÏÎºÎ±Ï‚ ÎœÎ¿ÏÏÏ„Î¶Î¿Ï…Ï†Î»Î¿Ï‚) (d. ... Constantine Laskaris (Greek ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î›Î¬ÏƒÎºÎ±ÏÎ·Ï‚) was Byzantine emperor for a few months in 1204. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... John III Doukas Vatatzes or Ducas Vatatzes (Greek: Î™Ï‰Î¬Î½Î½Î·Ï‚ Î“Î„ Î”Î¿ÏÎºÎ±Ï‚ Î’Î±Ï„Î¬Ï„Î¶Î·Ï‚, IÅannÄ“s III Doukas BatatzÄ“s) (c. ... Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Greek: Î˜ÎµÏŒÎ´Ï‰ÏÎ¿Ï‚ Î’Î„ Î”Î¿ÏÎºÎ±Ï‚ Î›Î¬ÏƒÎºÎ±ÏÎ¹Ï‚, TheodÅros II Doukas Laskaris) (1221/1222â€“August 18, 1258) was emperor of Nicaea, 1254â€“1258. ... John IV Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Greek: Î™Ï‰Î¬Î½Î½Î·Ï‚ Î”Î„ Î”Î¿ÏÎºÎ±Ï‚ Î›Î¬ÏƒÎºÎ±ÏÎ¹Ï‚, IÅannÄ“s IV Doukas Laskaris), December 25, 1250 - c. ... The Byzantine Empire in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: ÎœÎ¹Ï‡Î±Î®Î» Î—Î„ Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, MikhaÄ“l VIII Palaiologos) (1224/1225 â€“ December 11, 1282) reigned as Byzantine emperor 1259â€“1282. ... Andronikos II Palaiologos or Andronicus II Palaeologus (Greek: ) (1259/1260 â€“ February 13, 1332), reigned as Byzantine emperor 1282â€“1328. ... Andronikos III Palaiologos or Andronicus III Palaeologus (Greek: Î‘Î½Î´ÏÏŒÎ½Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï‚ Î“ Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) (March 25, 1297 - June 15, 1341) reigned as Byzantine emperor 1328â€“1341, after being rival emperor since 1321. ... John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: , IÅannÄ“s V Palaiologos), (1332 â€“ February 16, 1391) was the son of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos and Anna of Savoy. ... John VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzene (Greek: Î™Ï‰Î¬Î½Î½Î·Ï‚ Î£Î¤Î„ ÎšÎ±Î½Ï„Î±ÎºÎ¿Ï…Î¶Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, IÅannÄ“s VI KantakouzÄ“nos) (c. ... Matthew Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzenus (Greek: ÎœÎ±Ï„Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Ï‚ Î‘ÏƒÎ¬Î½Î·Ï‚ ÎšÎ±Î½Ï„Î±ÎºÎ¿Ï…Î¶Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, Matthaios AsanÄ“s KantakouzÄ“nos) (c. ... Andronikos IV Palaiologos or Andronicus IV Palaeologus (Greek: Î‘Î½Î´ÏÏŒÎ½Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï‚ Î” Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) (April 2, 1348â€“June 28, 1385), was Byzantine emperor from 1376 to 1379. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Andronikos V Palaiologos or Andronicus V Palaeologus (Greek: Î‘Î½Î´ÏÏŒÎ½Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï‚ Î• Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) (c. ... Emperor Manuel II Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: ÎœÎ±Î½Î¿Ï…Î®Î» Î’Î„ Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, ManouÄ“l II Palaiologos) (June 27, 1350 â€“ July 21, 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. ... John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek Î™Ï‰Î¬Î½Î½Î·Ï‚ Î— Î Î±Î»Î±Î¹Î¿Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚, IÅannÄ“s VIII Palaiologos) (December 18 1392 â€“ October 31, 1448), was Byzantine Emperor from 1425 to 1448. ... Constantine XI: The last Byzantine emperor is considered a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. ...