NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ruhollah Khomeini

^ ^a ^b ^c DeFronzo 2007, p. 286. "born September 24, 1902..."
^ ^a ^b ^c Karsh 2007, p. 220. "Born on September 24, 1902, into a devout small-town family, Khomeini..."
^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p.138
^ ^a ^b Khomeini & Algar 2002, p. ix
^ ^a ^b Moin 2000, p. 2
^ Some sources place Khomeini's birth date on May 17, 1900, or another date in September 1902. See Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ Moin 2000, pp. 2-3
^ Moin 2000, p. 3. "Five years or so later, in 1839,... remain in his family for well over a century and a half."
^ Karsh 2007, p. 220. "...Khomeini lost his father when he was five months old."
^ Anderson, Raymond H.. "Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, 89, the Unwavering Iranian Spiritual Leader", The New York Times, 1989-06-04. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
^ Moin 2000, pp. 6-8
^ Daniel 2001, p. 176. "His father was murdered... (in a dispute with a rival family..."
^ ^a ^b ^c Moin 2000, p. 18
^ ^a ^b Reich 1990, p. 311
^ ^a ^b Milani 1994, p. 85
^ Moin 2000, p. 22
^ Brumberg 2001, p. 45. "By 1920, the year Khomeini moved to Arak..."
^ Moin 2000, p. 28. "Khomeini's madraseh in Qom was known as the Dar al-Shafa..."
^ Moin 2000, p. 42
^ ^a ^b Brumberg 2001, p. 46
^ Rāhnamā 1994, pp. 70-1
^ BBC - History - Ayatollah Khomeini (1900-1989)
^ [1]
^ Ruhollah Khomeini - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
^ [2]
^ Kashf al-Asrar
^ Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatullah
^ Philosophy as Viewed by Ruhollah Khomeini
^ Kashful-Asrar, p. 33 by Ruhollah Khomeini (
^ Philosophy as Viewed by Ruhollah Khomeini
^ Imam Khomeini's Poems
^ [3]
^ Encyclopedia of World Biography on Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Ayatollah
^ [4]
^ [5], Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 104.
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p. 112.
^ Khomeini's speech against capitalism, IRIB World Service.
^ Shirley, Know Thine Enemy (1997), p. 207.
^ The Unknown Ayatullah Khomeini - TIME
^ Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton (2005), p. 250.
^ nyt.com The People's Shah
^ Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.246
^ Islam and Revolution (1981), pp. 29-30.
^ Islam and Revolution (1981), p. 59.
^ Islam and Revolution, (1981), p.31, 56
^ Islam and Revolution (1981), p.54.
^ Khomeini on a cassette tape [source: Gozideh Payam-ha Imam Khomeini (Selections of Imam Khomeini’s Messages), Tehran, 1979, (Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.193)
^ Parviz Sabeti, head of SAVAK's `anti-subversion unit`, believed the number of cassettes "exceeded 100,000." (Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.193)
^ Mackay, Iranians (1996), p.277; source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25
^ Harney, The Priest (1998), p.?
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.203
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2001), p.199
^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.241
^ امروز در آینه تاریخ
^ Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.204
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.205-6
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.206
^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ World: Middle East Analysis: The forces for change
^ Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises
^ Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.219
^ Bakhash, Shaul The Reign of the Ayatollahs p.68-9
^ Schirazi, Constitution of Iran Tauris, 1997 p.22-3
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.228
^ Example of anti-theocratic support for the hostage crisis in Nafisi, Azar, Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books, Random House, 2003, p.105-6, 112
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.228
^ (Resalat, 25.3.1988) (quoted on p.69, The Constitution of Iran by Asghar Schirazi, Tauris, 1997
^ 1980 April 8 - Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam and his regime. Al-Dawa al-Islamiya party in Iraqi is the hoped for catalyst to start rebellion. From: Mackey, The Iranians, (1996), p.317
^ Wright, In the Name of God, (1989), p.126
^ Time Magazine [6]
^ The Iran-Iraq War: Strategy of Stalemate [7]
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.252
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.285
^ Bernard Lewis's comment on Rushdie fatwa in The Crisis of Islam (2003) by Bernard Lewis, p.141-2
^ Moin, Khomeini, (2000), p.284
^ "Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain", WEISMAN, Steven R. www.nytimes.com, July 13 1991.
^ Iran Bulletin
^ DFN: Entrance Exam and the Time of Resurrection
^ Holy Crime, crime of clergy, clergical crime, Ecclesiastical crime, spritual,purity, inocent, Iran, Iranian, Persia, Persian Culture, Art, History Land and People, Poetry, religion, Organizations and directories,Daneshjoo, Nothing but Iran
^ BBC NEWS
^ [8]^{[dead link]}
^ "Khomeini:We want to improve your economic and spiritual lives..."
^ (Khomeini July 1979) [quoted in The Government of God p.111. "see the FBIS for typical broadcasts, especially GBIS-MEA-79-L30, July 5, 1979 v.5 n.130, reporting broadacasts of the National Voice of Iran.]
^ Gobal Security, Intelligence: Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij - Mobilisation Resistance Force
^ Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Brief history of the SCCR
^ Democracy? I meant theocracy By Dr. Jalal Matini, The Iranian, August 5, 2003
^ Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs (1984), p.61
^ Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, (1984), p.111
^ Massacre 1988 (Pdf)
^ Memories of a slaughter in Iran
^ Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'
^ The Millimeter Revolution By ELIZABETH RUBIN .
^ Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs (1984), p.146
^ Wright, Last Revolution (2000), p.207
^ IRAN: Life of Jews Living in Iran
^ R. Khomeini `The Report Card on Jews Differs from That on the Zionists,` Ettelaat, 11 May 1979]
^ Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran
^ "4% belong to the Sunni branch", http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/people/index.html
^ Wright, The Last Great Revolution, (2000), p.210
^ Wright, The Last Great Revolution, (2000), p.216
^ Wright, The Last Great Revolution, (2000), p.207
^ Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran, by Said Amir Arjomand, Oxford University Press, 1988, p.169
^ Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
^ from Poll Tax, 8. Tributary conditions, (13), Tahrir al-Vasileh, volume 2, pp. 497-507, Quoted in A Clarification of Questions : An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini, Westview Press/ Boulder and London, c1984, p.432
^ Cockroft, James (1979-02-23). "{{{title}}}". Seven Days.
^ "U.S. Jews Hold Talks With Khomeini Aide on Outlook for Rights", The New York Times, 1979-02-13.
^ source: Kayhan International, May 30, 1983; see also Firuz Kazemzadeh, `The Terror Facing the Baha'is` New York Review of Books, 1982, 29 (8): 43-44.]
^ Afshari, Reza (2001). Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 132. ISBN 978-0-8122-3605-7.
^ Iran's Economic Morass: Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic ISBN 0-944029-67-1
^ Huge cost of Iranian brain drain By Frances Harrison
^ Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, `The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution,` Middle East Journal 46, n.3 (summer 1992): 421)
^ Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises
^ {{Spencer, William. The Middle East. Global Studies Series. Eleventh Edition]June 2007}}
^ Moin, Khomeini (2000), p.312
^ In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade by Robin Wright, (1989), p.204
^ The Islamic Republic Will Be Run By the Most Learned Jurist
^ Ahmad Khomeini’s letter, in Resalat, cited in The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, rev. ed. by Shaul Bakhash, p.282
^ Moin, Khomeini (2000) p.293
^ Mackey, SandraThe Iranians (1996), p.353
^ Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam, translated by Carol Volk Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173-4
^ «آیت الله خامنه ای با ولایت فرد مخالف بود» - radiofarda.com
^ [http://khabarnameh.gooya.com/politics/archives/006610.php
^ خبرگزاری آفتاب - توضیحات هاشمی درباره شورای رهبری
^ Profile: Iran's dissident ayatollah BBC NEWS
^ [9]
^ Redirect
^ 1942 book/pamphet Kashf al-Asrar quoted in Islam and Revolution
^ 1970 book Hukumat Islamiyyah or Islamic Government, quoted in Islam and Revolution
^ Hamid Algar, `Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,` paper presented at London Conference on wilayat al-faqih, in June, 1988] [p.135-8] Also Ressalat, Tehran, 7 January 1988, Khomeini on how Laws in Iran will strictly adhere to God's perfect and unchanging divine law
^ The Failure of Political Islam by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.173-4
^ Ganji, Sorush and Mesbah Yazdi(Persian)
^ The principles of Islamic republic from viewpoint of Imam Khomeini in the speeches of the leader(Persian)
^ About Islamic republic(Persian)
^ Ayatollah Khomeini and the Contemporary Debate on Freedom
^ "Democracy? I meant theocracy", by Dr. Jalal Matini, Translation & Introduction by Farhad Mafie, August 5, 2003, The Iranian, http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/
^ Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs (1984), p.73
^ Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, (1982), p.56
^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival Norton, (2006), p.137
^ Bayan, No.4 (1990), p.8)
^ Iran president bans Western music
^ Nasr, Vali The Shia Revival, Norton, 2006, p.138
^ wright, Sacred Rage, (2001), p.28, 33,
^ for example the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing see:Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117
^ in Qom, Iran, October 22, 1979, quoted in, The Shah and the Ayatollah : Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution by Fereydoun Hoveyda, Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003, p.88
^ p.47, Wright. source: Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School, August 24, 1979; reproduced in Rubin, Barry and Judith Colp Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader, Oxford University Press, 2002, p.34
^ Roy, The Failure of Political Islam. 1994, p.175
^ source: Meeting in Qom "Broadcast by radio Iran from Qom on 20 August 1979." quoted in Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985) p.259
^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 49
^ According to a daughter quoted in In the Name of God by Robin Wright c1989, p.45
^ Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini, (2001), p.53
^ Mackay, Iranians (198?) p.224
^ from a meeting in Qom "Broadcast by radio Iran from Qom on 20 August 1979.")(Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p.259
^ Personal communications from Dr. Mansur Farhang, a biographer and supporter of Khomeini who was the former Iranian representative at the United Nations, with Ervand Abrahamian. Quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism : Essays on the Islamic Republic University of California Press, (1993)
^ fatwa #83 from A Clarification of Questions : An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael'
by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini, Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London c1984, p.48
^ Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.383
^ (Mackay Iranians, p.277. Source: Quoted in Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.25
^ Moin, Khomeini (2000), p.201
^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p.131
^ source: Navid n.28][Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, p.238
^ Harney, The Priest and the King (1998) p.173-4
^ Benard/Khalilzad "The Government of God", 1984, p.121
^ Moin Khomeini, (2000), p.297
^ Wright, In the Name of God, (1989) (p.21-22)
^ Molavi, The Soul of Iran, (2005), p.256
^ In the Name of God : The Khomeini Decade by Robin Wright c1989, p.21-22
^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 90-1
^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 90-1
^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 90-1
^ "Make Iran Next, Says Ayatollah's Grandson", Jamie Wilson, August 10, 2003, The Observer
^ Veiled Threats Lure Ayatollah's Grandson Home By Michael A. Ledeen, January 6, 2004
^ Ayatollah's grandson calls for US overthrow of Iran, By PHILIP SHERWELL 19/06/2006
^ Khomeini grandson returns to poll, 13 February 2008,

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Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim... The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Belligerents MPLA Republic of Cuba AAF Mozambique[1] Soviet Union UNITA FNLA South Africa Republic of Zaire United States Commanders Agostinho Neto JosÃ© Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Holden Roberto Casualties and losses Over 500,000 militants[2] and hundreds of thousands of civilians The Angolan Civil War began in... The Mozambican Civil War started in Mozambique during the 1970s following independence in 1975. ... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba South Yemen Somalia WSLF Commanders Mengistu Haile Mariam Vasily Petrov[1][2] Siad Barre Strength 217,000 Ethiopians 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans 2,000 South Yemenis SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 20,000 killed or wounded 1/2 of the Air... Combatants Peoples Republic of China Socialist Republic of Vietnam Commanders Yang Dezhi VÄƒn Tiáº¿n DÅ©ng Strength 300,000+[1] 100,000+ from regular army divisions and divisions of the Public Security Army Casualties Disputed. ... This article is about the 1979 revolution in Iran. ... Belligerents DRA USSR Mujahideen of Afghanistan Commanders Soviet 40th Army: Sergei Sokolov Valentin Varennikov Boris Gromov DRA: Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Rashid Dostum Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Ismail Khan Ahmad Shah Massoud Strength Soviet forces: 80,000-104,000 Afghan forces: 329,000 (in 1989)[1] 45... TIME magazine cover depicting Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa and the Solidarity movement shaking up communism shows that Solidarity received wide international recognition. ... Beginning in the late 1970s, major civil wars erupted in the Central American region, and became one of the major foreign policy crises of the 1980s. ... Able Archer 83 was a ten-day NATO exercise starting on November 2, 1983 that spanned the continent of Europe and simulated a coordinated nuclear release. ... The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. ... Combatants United States Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Cuba Commanders Ronald Reagan Joseph Metcalf H. Norman Schwarzkopf Hudson Austin Pedro Tortolo Strength 7,300 Grenada: 1,500 regulars Cuba: about 722 (mostly military engineers)[1] Casualties 19 killed; 116 wounded[2... People on the streets of Bucharest The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and protests in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu. ... alternative Chinese name Traditional Chinese: Simplified Chinese: Literal meaning: Tiananmen Incident The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, widely known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, in China referred to as the June Fourth Incident to avoid confusion with the two other Tiananmen Square protests and as an act of official censorship... Baltic Way, reflecting the peak of the Singing Revolution The Singing Revolution is the common title for events between 1987 and 1990 that led to the regaining of independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... View in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the walls infamous death strip Walls poster in memory of the fall. ... The Eastern Bloc prior to the political upheavals of 1989. ... An animated series of maps showing the breakup of the second Yugoslavia; The different colors represent the areas of control. ... This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ... Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment to limit the treaty power of the United States government. ... // (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... Warsaw Pact countries to the east of the Iron Curtain are shaded red; NATO members to the west of it â€” blue. ... A 1947 comic book published by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society warning of the supposed dangers of a Communist takeover. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: OperaciÃ³n CÃ³ndor, Portuguese: OperaÃ§Ã£o Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... CIA redirects here. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ... The European Community (EC) was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ... The term arms race in its original usage, describes a competition between two or more parties for military supremacy. ... U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006. ... For a list of key events, see Timeline of space exploration. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... For architecture, see Stalinist architecture. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Communism Portal Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), is a variant of Communism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: Mao Tse-tung). Marxism consists of thousands of truths, but they all... The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... The Ulbricht Doctrine, named after East German leader Walter Ulbricht, was the assertion that normal diplomatic relations between East Germany and West Germany could only occur if both states fully recognised each others sovereignty. ... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... This article is about foreign policy. ... The domino theory was a mid-20th century foreign policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. ... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to the United States Congress on January 5, 1957, was the foreign policy of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed during the Cold War among Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist states. ... The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... The Truman Doctrine was a proclamation by U.S. president Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947. ... Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... // At its simplest, the Cold War is said to have begun in 1947. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Sadat redirects here. ... Deng Xiaoping (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 â€“ February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Reagan redirects here. ... WaÅ‚Ä™sa redirects here. ... A stylised illustration of a personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals, intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. ... Reagan redirects here. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: , Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov) (June 15 [O.S. June 2] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death fifteen months later. ... Ueberroth (front right) watches President Ronald Reagan throw the first pitch prior to a game. ... Deng Xiaoping (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 â€“ February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... For other persons named Ted Turner, see Ted Turner (disambiguation). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... PeaceMaker is a 1997 self-released demo by Sonata Arctica (under the name Tricky Beans). ... Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ... Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936) was the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. ... For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela. ... For other persons named Rabin, see Rabin (disambiguation). ... Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: , Polish: ) born IPA: ; 18 May 1920 â€“ 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City from 16 October 1978, until his death, almost 27 years later, making his the second-longest... Newton Leroy Gingrich, (born June 17, 1943), served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. ... Dr. David Ho David Da-i Ho (ä½•å¤§ä¸€, pinyin: HÃ© DÃ yÄ«) (born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese American AIDS researcher famous for pioneering the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients with his team. ... Dr. Andrew Stephen Grove (born September 2, 1936 in Budapest, Hungary) is an American businessman. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Kenneth Winston Starr Kenneth Winston Starr (born July 21, 1946) is an American lawyer and former judge who was appointed to the Office of the Independent Counsel to investigate the death of the deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater land transactions by President Bill Clinton. ... Jeffrey Preston Bezos (born January 12, 1964) is the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of Amazon. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Contents

Early life

Political aspects

Literature and Poetry

Early political activity

Opposition to the White Revolution

Opposition against capitulation

Life in exile

Supreme leader of Islamic Republic of Iran

Return to Iran

Establishment of new government

Islamic constitution and its opposition

Hostage crisis

Relationship with other Islamic and non-aligned countries

Iran-Iraq War

Rushdie fatwa

Life under Khomeini

Suppression of enemies and opposition

Minority religions

Emigration and economy

Death and funeral

Successorship

Political thought and legacy

Appearance, habits

Mystique

Family and descendants

Works

See also

References

Bilbliography

External links