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Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг (help·
info), tr.: Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪˈrburk]) is a city and a federal subject located in Northwestern Federal District of Russia on the Neva River at the east end of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. St. Petersburg's informal name, Piter (Питер), is based on how Peter the Great was called by foreigners. The city's other names were Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924) and Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991)[1] Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia. ...
Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград) may refer to: Saint Petersburg, a Russian city formerly called Leningrad Leningrad Oblast, an administrative region centered on St. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 346 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
The English Embankment with the Constitutional Court of Russia, view from Vasilievsky Island The English Embankment (Russian: ; Angliyskaya Naberezhnaya) or English Quay is a street along the Neva River in Central Saint Petersburg. ...
The cathedral dominates the city skyline St. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_St_Petersburg_(Russia). ...
Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_large_(2003). ...
EXAMPLE:Laughbox,Blondie,BamBam,Pinkie,etc. ...
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This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ...
All of the federal subjects of Russia are grouped into seven federal districts (Russian: , sing. ...
Northwestern Federal District (Russian: СеÌверо-ЗаÌпадный федераÌльный оÌкруг; tr. ...
This article is being considered for deletion, in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ...
Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (Russian: , b. ...
This article is about the physical quantity. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ...
Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ...
Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...
Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth – approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered with water. ...
This article is about the unit of length. ...
Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ...
Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ...
Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Moscow Time (Russian: ) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...
-12 | -11 | -10 | -9:30 | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3:30 | -3 | -2:30 | -2 | -1 | -0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7...
Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Moscow Time (Russian: ) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...
Moscow Summer Time Category: ...
Postcodes are generally clearly visible outside Australia Post offices. ...
A telephone numbering plan is a system that allows subscribers to make and receive telephone calls across long distances. ...
// Introduction A license plate, number plate or registration plate (often referred to simply as a plate, or colloquially tag) is a small metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. ...
Image File history File links Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter. ...
For romanization of Russian on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian. ...
Types of inhabited localities in Russia, Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states have certain peculiarities with respect to the English language traditions. ...
Russia is a federation which consists of 86 subjects[1]. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Russian parliament). ...
Northwestern Federal District (Russian: СеÌверо-ЗаÌпадный федераÌльный оÌкруг; tr. ...
River Neva (Нева́) is a 74 km long Russian river flowing from the Lake Ladoga (Ладожское Озеро - Ladozhskoye Ozero) through the Carelian Isthmus (Карельский П...
The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to the city of Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. ...
For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ...
Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27, 1703, it was capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years (1712-1728, 1732-1918). St. Petersburg ceased being the capital in 1918 after the Russian Revolution of 1917.[2] It is Russia's second largest and Europe's fourth largest city (by city limit) after Moscow,London and Paris. At latitude 59°56′N, Saint Petersburg is the world's largest city north of Moscow (55°45′N). 4.6 million people live in the city, and over 6 million people in the city with its vicinity. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. The city, as federal subject, has a total area of 1439 square km. Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ...
Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I ÐлекÑеевич Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, Пётр Великий Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his...
is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy April 21 - Company of Quenching of Fire (ie. ...
The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ...
For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
This article is about the capital of France. ...
This table lists statistics (2002) (Gdańsk, Gdynia, Świnoujście, Szczecin, Helsinki and Tallinn 2004)( Klaipėda 2005) for the major ports of the Baltic Sea. ...
St. Petersburg enjoys the image of being the most European city of Russia.[3] Among cities of the world with over one million people, Saint Petersburg is the northernmost. The historic center of St. Petersburg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Russia's political and cultural center for 200 years, the city is impressive, and is sometimes referred to in Russia as "the Northern Capital" (северная столица, severnaya stolitsa). A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...
History - Further information: History of Saint Petersburg
Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27, 1703 as a window to Europe[1], Saint Petersburg was capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years (1712-1728, 1732-1918). ...
The new capital On May 1, 1703 Peter the Great took the Swedish fortress of Nyenskans and the city Nyen on the Neva river. On May 27, 1703 (May 16, Old Style) he founded the city after reconquering the Ingrian land from Sweden in the Great Northern War. He named the city after his patron saint, the apostle Saint Peter. The original name Sankt Pieterburg (pronounced Sankt Piterburh) was borrowed from Dutch (Modern Dutch Sint Petersburg), because Peter had lived and studied in the Netherlands; he also spent three months in Britain and was influenced by his experience in the rest of Europe.[4] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 290 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 290 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
The Bronze Horseman is a poem by Aleksandr Pushkin which is widely considered to be one of the most significant works of Russian literature. ...
Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ...
is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy April 21 - Company of Quenching of Fire (ie. ...
Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ...
Nyenschantz model at the museum Nyenschantz (Swedish: , Finnish: , Russian: , although generally known in the 17th century as Канцы) was a Swedish fortress built in 1611 at the mouth of the Neva river in Swedish Ingria. ...
Nyen (Skantsen, Nyenskans, in Finnish: Nevanlinna, also Skantsi, in Russian: Kantsy) was a Swedish fortress built in 1611 at the mouth of the Neva river in Swedish Ingria. ...
The River Neva (Russian: ÐеваÌ) is a 74 km-long Russian river flowing from Lake Ladoga (ЛадожÑкое Озеро, Ladožskoe Ozero) through the Karelian Isthmus (КарельÑкий Перешеек, Karelskij PereÅ¡eek) and the city of Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург, Sankt-Peterburg) to the Gulf of Finland (ФинÑкий Залив, Finskij Zaliv). ...
is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy April 21 - Company of Quenching of Fire (ie. ...
is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ...
Ingria may be seen represented in the easternmost part of the Carta Marina (1539) Ingria (Finnish: , Russian: , Swedish: , Estonian: ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the...
Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire (1710–1714) Ukrainian Cossacks Russia Denmark-Norway Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Saxony after 1718 Prussia Hanover Commanders Charles XII of Sweden Ahmed III Ivan Mazepa Peter the Great Frederick IV of Denmark Augustus II the Strong Strength 77,000 in the beginning of the war. ...
St Peter redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
The city was built under adverse weather and geographical conditions. High mortality rate required a constant supply of workers. Peter ordered a yearly conscription of 40,000 serfs, one conscript for every nine to 16 households. Conscripts had to provide their own tools and food for the journey of hundreds of kilometers, on foot, in gangs, often escorted by military guards and shackled to prevent desertion. Many escaped, however, and others died from disease and exposure under the harsh conditions.[4] The new city's first building was the Peter and Paul Fortress, it originally also bore the name of Sankt Pieterburg. It was laid down on Zaiachiy (Hare's) Island, just off the right bank of the Neva, three miles (5 km) inland from the gulf. The marshland was drained and the city spread outward from the fortress under the supervision of German and Dutch engineers whom Peter had invited to Russia. Peter restricted the construction of stone buildings in all of Russia outside of St. Petersburg, so that all stonemasons would come to help build the new city.[5] Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ...
The Peter and Paul Fortress (ПетропавловÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ) is in St. ...
Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
At the same time, Peter hired a large number of engineers, architects, shipbuilders, scientists and businessmen from all countries of Europe. Substantial immigration of educated professionals eventually turned St. Petersburg into a much more cosmopolitan city than Moscow and the rest of Russia. Peter's efforts to push for modernization in Moscow and the rest of Russia were completely misunderstood by the old-fashioned Russian nobility and eventually failed. This caused him much trouble with opposition, including several attempts on his life and the treason involving his own son.[6]
Peter moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the Treaty of Nystad. It was a seaport and also a base for Peter's navy, protected by the fortress of Kronstadt. The first person to build a home in St. Petersburg was Cornelis Cruys, commander of the Baltic Fleet. Inspired by Venice and Amsterdam, Peter the Great proposed boats and coracles as means of transport in his city of canals. Initially there were only 12 permanent bridges over smaller waterways, while the Bolshaya Neva was crossed by boats in the summertime and by foot or horse carriages during winter. A pontoon bridge over the Neva was built every summer. Today there are more then 800 bridges. The Treaty of Nystad (1721), signed at the present-day Finnish town of Uusikaupunki (Swedish Nystad), ended the Great Northern War, in which Russia received the territories of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria, as well as much of Karelia and Tsar Peter I of Russia replaced King Frederick I of Sweden...
1888 map of the Kronstadt bay Kronstadt (Russian: ), also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt (German: for Crown and Stadt for City) is a Russian seaport town, located on Kotlin Island, thirty kilometers west of Saint Petersburg near the head of the Gulf of Finland. ...
Admiral Cornelius Cruys Cornelis Cruys (1655-1727) - was a Vice Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. ...
Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign The Baltic Fleet (Russian: БалтийÑкий флот, in the Soviet period - The Double Red Banner Baltic Fleet - Дважды КраÑнознамённый БалтийÑкий флот) is located at the Baltic Sea and headquartered in Kaliningrad, the other major base is at Kronstadt, located in the Gulf of Finland. ...
For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ...
The River Neva (ÐеваÌ) is a 74 km-long Russian river flowing from Lake Ladoga (ЛадожÑкое Озеро — Ladozhskoye Ozero) through the Karelian Isthmus (КарельÑкий Перешеек — Karelskii Peresheyek) and the city of Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург — Sankt Peterburg) to the Gulf of Finland (ФинÑкий Залив — Finskii Zaliv). ...
Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Virginia, 1865. ...
Peter was impressed by Versailles and other palaces in Western Europe. His official palace of a comparable importance in Peterhof was the first suburban palace permanently used by the tsar as the primary official residence and the place for official receptions and state balls. The waterfront palace, Monplaisir, and the Great Peterhof Palace were built between 1714 and 1725.[7] In 1716, Prussia's King presented a gift to Tsar Peter: the Amber Room.[8] This article is about the city of Versailles. ...
Peterhof (Russian: , Petergof, originally named Peterhof: Peters Court), is a series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the Russian Versailles. It is located about twenty kilometers west and six kilometers south of St. ...
Peterhof (Russian: , Petergof, originally named Peterhof: Peters Court), is a series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the Russian Versailles. It is located about twenty kilometers west and six kilometers south of St. ...
The original Amber Room (Russian Ð¯Ð½Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ‚Ð°, German: ) in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. ...
Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, Peter's best friend, was the first Governor General of Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1703-1727. In 1724 St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was established in the city. After the death of Peter the Great, Menshikov was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In 1728 Peter II of Russia moved the capital back to Moscow. But four years later in 1732, St. Petersburg again became the capital of Russia and remained the seat of the government for about two centuries. Menshikov in Exile Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (ÐлекÑандр Данилович Меншиков) (1673 – 1729) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Izhora. ...
Map of Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1900. ...
Map of Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1900. ...
Russian Academy of Sciences main building Russian Academy of Sciences (РоÑÑиÌйÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐкадеÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ ÐауÌк) is the national academy of Russia. ...
Peter II (Russian: Пётр II ÐлекÑеевич or Pyotr II Alekseyevich) (October 23, 1715 – January 29, 1730) was Emperor of Russia from 1727 until his death. ...
St. Petersburg prospered under the rule of two most powerful women in Russian history. Peter's daughter, Empress Elizabeth, reigned from 1740 to 1762, without a single execution in 22 years. She cut taxes, downsized government and was known for masquerades and festivities, amassing a wardrobe of about 12,000 dresses, most of them now preserved as museum art pieces. She supported the Russian Academy of Sciences and completed both the Winter Palace and the Summer Palace, which then became residencies of Empress Catherine the Great, who reigned for 34 years, from 1762 to 1796. Under her rule, which exemplified that of an enlightened despot, more palaces were built in St. Petersburg than in any other capital in the world.[7] Charles van Loo. ...
Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (РоÑÑиÌйÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐкадеÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ ÐауÌк) is the national academy of Russia. ...
Located between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, the Winter Palace (Russian: Зимний Дворец) in Saint Petersburg, Russia was built between 1754 and 1762 as the winter residence of the Russian tsars. ...
South side - view from the garden. ...
Catherine the Great redirects here. ...
Enlightened absolutism (also known as benevolent or enlightened despotism) is a form of despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. ...
Revolutions Several revolutions, uprisings, assassinations of Tsars, and power takeovers in St. Peterburg had shaped the course of history in Russia and influenced the world. In 1801, after the assassination of the Emperor Paul I, his son became the Emperor Alexander I. Alexander I ruled Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and expanded his Empire by acquisitions of Finland and part of Poland. His mysterious death in 1825 was marked by the Decembrist revolt, which was suppressed by the Emperor Nicholas I, who ordered execution of leaders and exiled hundreds of their followers to Siberia. Nicholas I then pushed for Russian nationalism by suppressing non-Russian nationalities and religions.[9] personal collection File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
personal collection File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Church as seen from Griboedov Canal. ...
Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (Russian: ÐлекÑандр II Ðиколаевич) (Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St. ...
Paul I of Russia (Russian: ; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1, 1754-March 23, 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. ...
Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: ÐлекÑандр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777 – December 1, 1825?), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ...
Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia Spain[d] Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack...
Decembrists at the Senate Square The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising (Russian: ) was attempted in Imperial Russia by army officers who led about 3,000 Russian soldiers on December 14 (December 26 New Style), 1825. ...
Nicholas I (Russian: Ðиколай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. ...
Cultural revolution that followed after the Napoleonic wars, had further opened St. Petersburg up, in spite of repressions. The city's wealth and rapid growth had always attracted prominent intellectuals, scientists, writers and artists. St. Petersburg eventually gained international recognition as a gateway for trade and business, as well as a cosmopolitan cultural hub. The works of Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and numerous others brought Russian literature to the world. Music, theatre and ballet became firmly established and gained international stature. Aleksandr Pushkin by Vasily Tropinin Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: ÐлекÑаÌндр СергеÌевич ПуÌшкин, Aleksandr SergeeviÄ PuÅ¡kin, ) (June 6, 1799 [O.S. May 26] – February 10, 1837 [O.S. January 29]) was a Russian Romantic author who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet[1] [2][3] and the founder of modern Russian...
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian: ; IPA: ; Ukrainian: ) (April 1, 1809 — March 4, 1852) was a Russian-language writer of Ukrainian origin. ...
Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) “Turgenev†redirects here. ...
Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...
For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation). ...
The son of Tsar Nicholas I, Tsar Alexander II implemented the most challenging reforms[10] undertaken in Russia since the reign of Peter the Great. The emancipation of the serfs (1861) caused the influx of large numbers of poor into the capital. Tenements were erected on the outskirts, and nascent industry sprang up, surpassing Moscow in population and industrial growth. By 1900, St. Petersburg had grown into one of the largest industrial hubs in Europe, an important international center of power, business and politics, and the 4th largest city in Europe. Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (Russian: ÐлекÑандр II Ðиколаевич) (Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St. ...
The Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia performed by tsar Alexander II of Russia amounted to liquidation of serf dependence of Russian peasants. ...
With the growth of industry, radical movements were also astir. Socialist organizations were responsible for the assassinations of many public figures, government officials, members of the royal family, and the Tsar himself. Tsar Alexander II was killed by a suicide bomber Ignacy Hryniewiecki in 1881, in a plot with connections to the family of Lenin and other revolutionaries. The Revolution of 1905 initiated here and spread rapidly into the provinces. During World War I, the name Sankt Peterburg was seen to be too German, so the city was renamed Petrograd.[11] Socialism is a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ...
Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich (Russian: ÐлекÑандр II Ðиколаевич) (Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St. ...
Ignacy Hryniewiecki (Игнатий Гриневицкий in Russian, or Ignatiy Grinevitskiy) (August of 1855, or fall of 1856 - 1881), Polish-Russian revolutionary, murderer of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. ...
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a...
‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
1917 saw next stages of the Russian Revolution[12], and re-emergence of the Communist party led by Lenin, who declared "Guns give us the power" and "All power to the Soviets!"[13] After the February Revolution, the Tsar Nicholas II was arrested and the Tsar's government was replaced by two opposing centers of political power: the "pro-democracy" Provisional government and the "pro-communist" Petrograd Soviet.[14] Then the Provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution[15], causing the Russian Civil War. In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ...
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Nicholas II can refer to: Pope Nicholas II Tsar Nicholas II of Russia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the abdication of the Tsars. ...
An assembly of the Petrograd Soviet, 1917 The Petrograd Soviet, or the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, was the council set up in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg, Russia) in March 1917 as the representative body of the citys workers. ...
Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...
For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ...
Combatants Local Soviet powers led by Russian SFSR and Red Army Chinese mercenaries White Movement Central Powers (1917-1918): Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire German Empire Allied Intervention: (1918-1922) Japan Czechoslovakia Greece United States Canada Serbia Romania UK France Foreign volunteers: Polish Italian Local nationalist movements, national states, and decentralist...
The city's proximity to anti-Soviet armies, forced communist leader Vladimir Lenin to move his government to Moscow on March 5, 1918. The move was disguised as temporary, but Moscow has remained the capital ever since. On January 24, 1924, three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. The Communist party's reason for renaming the city again was that Lenin had led the revolution. Deeper reasons existed at the level of political propaganda: Saint Petersburg had stood as the symbol of capitalist culture and the Tsarist empire, but the Soviet empire needed to destroy that.[16] After the Civil War, and murder of the Tsar Nicholas II and his family, as well as millions of anti-Soviet people, the renaming to Leningrad was designed to destroy last hopes among the resistance, and show strong dictatorship of Lenin's communist party and the Soviet regime. [17] [18] Lenin redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the day. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ...
In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ...
For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ...
Nicholas II can refer to: Pope Nicholas II Tsar Nicholas II of Russia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
St. Petersburg was devastated by Lenin's Red Terror[19] then by Stalin's Great Purge[20] in addition to crime and vandalism in the series of revolutions and wars. Between 1917 and 1930s, about two million people fled the city, including hundreds of thousands of educated intellectuals and aristocracy, who emigrated to Europe and America. At the same time many political, social and paramilitary groups had followed the communist government in their move to Moscow, as the benefits of capital status had left the city. In 1931 Leningrad administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast. For other uses, see Red Terror (disambiguation). ...
The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) refers collectively to several related campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the 1930s, which removed all of his remaining opposition from power. ...
Leningrad Oblast (Russian: , tr. ...
In 1934 the popular governor of Leningrad, Kirov, was assassinated, because Stalin apparently became increasingly paranoid about Kirov's growth[21]. The death of Kirov was used to ignite the Great Purge[22] where supporters of Trotsky and other suspected "enemies of the Soviet state" were arrested. Then a series of "criminal" cases, known as the Leningrad Centre and Leningrad Affair[23], were fabricated and resulted in death sentences for many top leaders of Leningrad, and severe repressions of thousands of top officials and intellectuals. Sergey Kirov Sergei Mironovich Kirov (Russian: ) (March 27 [O.S. March 15] 1886 – December 1, 1934) was a prominent early Bolshevik leader whose assassination marked the beginning of the Great Purge, the final removal of Joseph Stalins enemies and all remaining Old Bolsheviks from the Soviet government. ...
The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) refers collectively to several related campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the 1930s, which removed all of his remaining opposition from power. ...
The Leningrad Affair (ЛенинградÑкое дело in Russian, or Leningradskoye delo), a series of criminal cases, fabricated in the late 1940s–early 1950s in order to accuse a number of prominent members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of treason and intention to create an anti-Soviet organization out of the...
Siege of Leningrad -
 People starved and froze to death in Leningrad under the German siege During World War II, Leningrad was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, a total of 29 months. By Hitler's order the Wehrmacht constantly shelled and bombed the city and systematically isolated it from any supplies, causing death of more than 1 million civilians in 3 years; 1942 alone saw 650,000 people die. [24]The secret instruction from 23 September 1941 said: "the Führer is determined to eliminate the city of Petersburg from the face of earth. There is no reason whatsoever for subsequent existence of this large-scale city after the neutralization of the Soviet Russia." Starting in early 1942, the Ingermanland region was included into the Generalplan Ost annexation plans as the "German settlement area". This implied the genocide of 3 million Leningrad residents, who had no place in Hitler's "New East European Order". Combatants Germany Spanish Blue Division Soviet Union Commanders Wilhelm von Leeb Georg von Küchler AgustÃn Muñoz Grandes Kliment Voroshilov Georgiy Zhukov Strength 725,000 930,000 Casualties Unknown Red Army: 332,059 KIA 24,324 non-combat dead 111,142 missing 16,470 civilians 1 million civilians...
Image File history File links Blokada_01. ...
Image File history File links Blokada_01. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ...
is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...
is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...
Ingria may be seen represented in the easternmost part of the Carta Marina (1539) Ingria (Finnish: , Russian: , Swedish: , Estonian: ) is a historical region, now situated mostly in Russia, comprising the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Hitler ordered preparations for victory celebrations at the Tsar's Palaces. The Nazis looted art from museums and palaces, as well as from private homes. All looted treasures, such as the Amber Room, gold statues of Peterhof, paintings and other valuable art were taken to Germany. Hitler also prepared a party to celebrate his victory at the hotel Astoria. A printed invitation to Hitler's reception ball at the Hotel Astoria is now on display at the City Museum of St. Petersburg. Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ...
The original Amber Room (Russian Ð¯Ð½Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ‚Ð°, German: ) in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. ...
Peterhof (Russian: , Petergof, originally named Peterhof: Peters Court), is a series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the Russian Versailles. It is located about twenty kilometers west and six kilometers south of St. ...
During the Nazi siege of 1941 - 1944, the only ways to supply the city, and suburbs, inhabited by several millions, were by aircraft or by cars crossing the frozen Lake Ladoga. The Nazis systematically shelled this route, called the Road of Life, so thousands of cars with people and food supplies had sank in the lake. The situation in the city was especially horrible in the winter of 1941 - 1942. The German bombing raids destroyed most of the food reserves. Daily food ration was cut in October to 400 grams of bread for a worker and 200 grams for a woman or child. On 20 November 1941, the rations were reduced to 250 and 125 grams respectively. Those grams of bread were the bulk of a daily meal for a person in the city. The water supply was destroyed. The situation further worsened in winter due to lack of heating fuel. In December 1941 alone some 53,000 people in Leningrad died of starvation, many corpses were scattered in the streets all over the city. Map of lake Ladoga Towpath Bridge between Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega (from a photograph taken ca. ...
Supply trucks on their way to Leningrad on the Road of Life The Road of Life (Russian: Дорога жизни, doroga zhizni) was the transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad in the winter months during the Great Patriotic War. ...
is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...
"Savichevs died. Everyone died. Only Tanya is left," wrote 11-year-old Leningrad girl Tanya Savicheva in her diary. This diary became one of the symbols of the blockade tragedy and was shown as one of many documents at the Nuremberg trials. Tatyana Nikolayevna Savicheva (Russian: ТатьÑна Ðиколаевна Савичева), commonly referred to as Tanya Savicheva (Ð¢Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¡Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÐ²Ð°) (January 25, 1930 - July 1, 1944) was a Russian child diarist who died during the Siege of Leningrad during World War II. The diary that survives her is brief yet heartbreaking. ...
For the 1947 Soviet film about the trials, see Nuremberg Trials (film). ...
The city suffered severe destruction - the Wehrmacht fired about 150,000 shells at Leningrad and the Luftwaffe dropped about 100,000 air bombs. Many houses, schools, hospitals and other buildings were leveled, and those in the occupied territory were plundered by German troops.
As a result of the Nazi siege, about 1.2 million of 3 million Leningrad civilians lost their lives because of bombardment, starvation, infections and stress. Hundreds of thousands of unregistered civilians, who lived in Leningrad prior to WWII, had perished in the Nazi siege without any record at all. About 1 million civilians escaped with evacuation, mainly by foot. After two years of the siege, Leningrad became an empty "ghost-city" with thousands of ruined and abandoned homes.
Historians speak about the Nazi genocide of the Leningrad residents in terms of the "racially motivated starvation policy" which became the integral part of the unprecedented German war of extermination against the civilian population of the Soviet Union. [25] National Socialism redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ...
For the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Nazi Siege, Leningrad was the first city in the former USSR awarded the title Hero City in 1945. Hero City (город-герой or gorod-geroy in Russian) is an honorary title awarded to twelve cities and one city-fortress in the Soviet Union for outstanding heroism during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945. ...
After the war The war damaged the city and killed many old Petersburgers who had not fled after the revolution and did not perish in the mass purges before the war. Nonetheless, Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to the pre-war plans. In 1950 the Kirov Stadium was opened and soon set a record when 110,000 fans attended a football match. In 1955 the Leningrad Metro, the second underground rapid transit system in the country, was opened with its first seven stations decorated with marble and bronze. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (380x2112, 124 KB) Saint Petersburg TV tower as seen from the Medikov street. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (380x2112, 124 KB) Saint Petersburg TV tower as seen from the Medikov street. ...
Saint Petersburg TV Tower as seen from the Medikov street The Saint Petersburg TV Tower is a 310 metre high lattice steel tower in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...
Kirov Stadium SM Kirov Stadion is a multi-use stadium in St. ...
Saint Petersburg Metro (Russian: ) is an underground rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...
However, during the late 1940s and 1950s, the entire political and cultural elite of Leningrad suffered from more harsh repressions under dictatorship of Stalin[26], hundreds were executed and thousands were imprisoned in repressions known as the Leningrad Affair.[27]Independent thinkers, writers, artists and other intellectuals were attacked, magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad" were banned, Akhmatova and Zoshchenko were repressed[28], and tens of thousands Leningraders were exiled to Siberia. More crackdowns on the Leningrad's intellectual elite, known as the "Second Leningrad affair", were part of the economic policies of the Soviet state. Leningrad's economy was producing about 6% of the USSR GNP, having less than 2% of the country's population, but such economic efficiency was negated by the Soviet Communist Party which diverted the income from people of Leningrad to other Soviet places and programs. As a result during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the city of Leningrad was seriously underfunded in favor of Moscow. Leningrad suffered from the imbalanced distribution of wealth because the Soviet leadership drained the city's resources to subsidise higher standards of living in Moscow as well as some underperforming parts of the Soviet Union and beyond. Such redistribution of wealth caused struggle within the Soviet government and Communist Party, which lead to their fragmentation and played a role in the eventual collapse of the USSR.[citation needed] The Leningrad Affair (ЛенинградÑкое дело in Russian, or Leningradskoye delo), a series of criminal cases, fabricated in the late 1940s–early 1950s in order to accuse a number of prominent members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of treason and intention to create an anti-Soviet organization out of the...
Akhmatova in 1922 (Portrait by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin) Anna Akhmatova (Russian: , real name ÐÌнна ÐндреÌевна ГореÌнко) (June 23 [O.S. June 11] 1889 — March 5, 1966) was the pen name of Anna Andreevna Gorenko, the leader and the heart and soul of the Saint Petersburg tradition of Russian poetry for half a century. ...
Mikhail Mikhailovich Zoshchenko (1895 - 1958) was a Russian satirist of the Soviet period. ...
Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ...
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = К...
On June 12, 1991, the day of the first Russian presidential election, in a referendum 54% of voters chose to restore "the original name, Saint Petersburg, on September 6, 1991. In the same election Anatoly Sobchak became the first democratically elected mayor of the city.[29] Among the first initiatives of Sobchak was his efforts to minimise the federal control by Moscow to keep the income from St. Petersburg's economy in the city. is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on June 12, 1991. ...
is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
Official photography of Anatoly Sobchack as Mayor of Saint Petersburg Anatoly Alexandrovich Sobchak (Russian: , August 10, 1937 - February 20, 2000) was a Russian politician, co-author of Constitution of the Russian Federation, first democratically-elected Mayor of Saint-Petersburg and mentor of Vladimir Putin. ...
// From 16 May 1703 -------------> Saint Petersburg From 19 Jul 1914 -------------> Petrograd From 26 Jan 1924 -------------> Leningrad From 6 Sep 1991 -------------> Saint Petersburg Chairpersons of the Executive Committee: 25 Oct 1917 - 11 Dec 1917: Lev Davydovich Trotsky (b. ...
Original names returned to 39 streets, six bridges, three Saint Petersburg Metro stations and six parks. Older people sometimes use old names and old mailing addresses. The name Leningrad was heavily promoted in media, mainly in connection with the siege, so even authorities may call it "Hero city Leningrad." Young people may use Leningrad as a vague protest against some social and economic changes. A popular ska punk band from Saint Petersburg is called Leningrad Official Logo The Saint Petersburg Metro (Russian: ) is an underground rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Leningrad in San Francisco, June 2003 Leningrad (Ленинград in Russian) is a Russian ska punk band from Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad). ...
Leningrad Oblast retained its name after a popular vote. It is a separate federal subject of Russia of which the city of St. Petersburg is the capital. Leningrad Oblast (Russian: , tr. ...
Russia is a federation which consists of 89 subjects (Russian: субъект(ы); English transliteration: subyekty, sing. ...
In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev was elected the head of the Saint Petersburg City Administration, and changed his title from "mayor" to "governor." In 2003, Yakovlev resigned a year before his second term expired. Valentina Matviyenko was elected governor. In 2006 she was reapproved as governor by the city legislature. Vladimir Anatolyevich Yakovlev (Russian: Владимир Ðнатольевич Яковлев) (born November 25, 1944, in Olyokminsk, Yakutia, Soviet Union) is a Russian politician. ...
The Saint Petersburg City Administration is the superior executive body of Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Russian Federation. ...
Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (Russian: , b. ...
The building of the Assembly, Mariinsky Palace The Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly (Russian: ) is the legislative power body of Saint Petersburg, Federal subject of Russia, which has existed since 1994 and succeeded the Leningrad Council of People Deputies (Lensovet). ...
The Constitutional Court of Russia is scheduled to move to the former Senate and Synod buildings at the Decembrists Square in St. Petersburg by 2008. The move will partially restore Saint Petersburg's historic status, making the city the second judicial capital. Constitutional Court of Russian Federation (Russian: КонÑтитуционный Суд РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации) is a high court which is empowered to rule on whether or not certain laws or presidential decrees are in fact contrary to the Constitution of Russia. ...
The Bronze Horseman Saint Isaacs Cathedral Decembrists Square russian: Площадь Декаб
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